Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

Objective To preliminarily investigate the safety and efficacy of donor pancreas needle biopsy in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 7 cases undergoing donor pancreas biopsy were collected retrospectively. All cases underwent donor pancreas biopsy before or during simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Frozen section or paraffin sectioning techniques were used for tissue preparation, and hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining were performed to histologically evaluate the donor pancreas. The quality of donor pancreas was comprehensively assessed by combining histological findings with the donor's clinical data. Postoperative follow-up data of 5 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients were collected to summarize the safety of donor pancreas biopsy and the prognosis of transplant recipients. Results The 7 pancreas donors were aged 28 to 62 years, with a body mass index ranging from 20.76 to 27.68 kg/m². Liver ultrasound indicated fatty liver in 3 cases, while pancreatic ultrasound did not reveal any significant abnormalities. Among them, biopsy was performed on 2 donors after completion of pancreatic procurement and processing, and the frozen section histology showed moderate acute pancreatitis changes (edema of acinar cells, necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration). Combined with a serum amylase level elevated more than 3 times the upper limit of normal value, these two donor pancreases were finally discarded. The remaining 5 cases underwent biopsy immediately after pancreatic vascular anastomosis during simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, and histological evaluation was performed on paraffin-embedded sections. No biopsy-related complications (such as bleeding, pancreatic fistula, etc.) occurred after transplantation. One recipient died of severe infection 2 months after transplantation, while the other 4 recipients were followed up for more than 5 years, with well-functioning transplant kidneys and pancreases. Conclusions Donor pancreas biopsy is relatively safe, and the risk of biopsy-related complications after transplantation is controllable. Comprehensive assessment of donor pancreas quality by combining histological evaluation with the donor's clinical indicators is conducive to improving the accuracy of donor pancreas selection and organ utilization.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the serological and molecular genetic characteristics of a family with subtype B(A)06. METHODS: A neonatal hyperbilirubinemia patient who was treated at Henan Children's Hospital on June 15, 2023 due to "yellowing of the skin and gradual aggravation", and was found to have inconsistent ABO forward and reverse typing through blood type testing, was selected as the research subject. Six milliliters of peripheral blood were collected from the newborn and her family members (grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and aunt) respectively. ABO blood group identification was performed by the blood group serological method. Human genomic DNA was extracted using the nucleic acid extraction or purification reagent BT-01. ABO gene exons 2 to 7 were amplified by PCR. The PCR-specific products that were successfully amplified were sequenced by Sanger method. Taking ABO*A1.01 as the reference sequence, the ABO gene sequences of the newborn and her family members were analyzed to determine the ABO genotype. The procedures followed in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Henan Children's Hospital (Ethics No.: 2022-K-L036). RESULTS: The serological results of ABO blood group showed that the newborn, her grandfather, father and aunt were all incompatible with the forward and reverse typing. The blood group phenotype of the newborn was AwB or B(A), the blood group phenotype of the grandfather was A2B or B(A), the blood group phenotype of the father and aunt were A2B, and the blood group phenotype of the grandmother and mother were both O. The screening test results of hemolytic disease of the newborn showed that the free test detected IgG anti-A1 antibody, while the elution test, direct antiglobulin test and antibody screening results were all negative. The Sanger sequencing results showed that the newborn had variations of c.261delG, c.297A>G, c.526C>G, c.657C>T, c.703G>A, c.796C>A and c.930G>A. Her grandfather had variations of c.297A>G, C.526C>G, c.657C>T, c.703G>A, c.796C>A, c.803G>C and c.930G>A. Her grandmother had variations of c.106G>T, c.188G>A, c.189C>T, c.220C>T, c.261delG, c.297A>G, c.646T>A, c.681G>A, c.771C>T and c.829G>A. Her father and aunt had variations of c.106G>T, c.188G>A, c.189C>T, c.220C>T, c.261delG, c.297A>G, c.526C>G, c.646T>A, c.657C>T, c.681G>A, c.703G>A, c.771C>T, c.796C>A, c.829G>A and c.930G>A. Her mother had variations of c.106G>T, c.188G>A, c.189C>T, c.220C>T, c.261delG, c.297A>G, c.646T>A, c.681G>A, c.771C>T, and c.829G>A.The genotype of the newborn was ABO*BA.06/ABO*O.01.01, her grandfather was ABO*BA.06/ABO*B.01, her grandmother was ABO*O.01.02/ABO*O.01.02, her father and aunt were ABO*BA.06/ABO*O.01.02, and her mother was ABO*O.01.01/ABO*O.01.02. The ABO*BA.06 allele of the newborn, grandfather, father and aunt was caused by the c.803C>G variation in exon 7 based on the ABO*B.01 allele. The ABO*BA.06 allele can be stably inherited in this family. CONCLUSION The blood type of neonatal patients with B(A)06 subtype can be accurately determined by gene sequencing technology. If the forward typing is ≤ 3+ agglutination intensity in newborn ABO blood group identification, the reason should be carefully analyzed, and the molecular biology technology and family gene sequencing results should be used to jointly determine if necessary.
Humans ; ABO Blood-Group System/genetics* ; Female ; Pedigree ; Male ; Infant, Newborn ; Asian People/genetics* ; Genotype ; China ; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching ; Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal/blood* ; East Asian People

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of portal vein tumor thrombus （PVTT） classification on rebleeding in hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） patients with different PVTT subtypes and esophagogastric variceal bleeding （EGVB）， and to provide a reference for formulating rational treatment regimens for such patients. MethodsA retrospective study was performed for 130 patients with HCC and PVTT who were treated due to EGVB in Beijing Ditan Hospital， Capital Medical University， from July 2020 to January 2025， and according to whether endoscopic treatment was performed， the patients were divided into endoscopic treatment group with 97 patients and conservative treatment group with 33 patients. Demographic and clinical data were collected from all patients， and the two groups were compared in terms of hemostasis success rate and rebleeding rate. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between groups， and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between groups； the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative incidence rate of rebleeding in patients with different subtypes of PVTT. Propensity score matching （PSM） was performed for the endoscopic treatment group and the conservative treatment group to balance the baseline data of the two groups. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to perform univariate and multivariate analyses and identify independent risk factors for rebleeding. ResultsThe endoscopic treatment group had a significantly lower cumulative rebleeding rate within 6 months than the conservative treatment group （35.1% vs 57.6%， hazard ratio ［HR］=0.480， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 0.272—0.851， P=0.019）. The PVTT Ⅲ—Ⅳ group had a significantly higher cumulative rebleeding rate within 6 months than the PVTT Ⅱ group （52.2% vs 37.5%， HR=1.744， 95%CI： 1.008 — 3.018， P=0.022）. After PSM， there was no significant difference in rebleeding rate between the endoscopic treatment group and the conservative treatment group （38.1% vs 14.3%，HR=1.500，95%CI：0.125 — 2.002， P=0.588）， while the PVTT Ⅲ—Ⅳ group had a significantly higher cumulative rebleeding rate than the PVTT Ⅱ group （58.8% vs 12.5%，HR=1.561，95%CI：1.195 — 12.499，P=0.033）. The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that PVTT subtype （HR=1.412， 95%CI： 0.998 — 1.997， P=0.049）， platelet count （HR=1.006， 95%CI： 1.001 — 1.010， P=0.021）， C-reactive protein （HR=1.011， 95%CI： 1.001 — 1.021， P=0.026）， and ascites （HR=1.803， 95%CI： 1.059 — 3.068， P=0.030） were independent risk factors for rebleeding. ConclusionFor HCC patients with PVTT and EGVB， endoscopic treatment can successfully achieve hemostasis， while it fails to significantly reduce rebleeding rates. PVTT classification can affect the risk of rebleeding， and patients with PVTT types Ⅲ—Ⅳ have a relatively high rebleeding rate.

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of the active ingredient compatibility（quercetin， quercitrin and kaempferol at a mass ratio of 2∶9∶3）of Dimocarpus longan Lour. leaves（abbreviated as CDL） on ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） rats. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group， model group， metformin hydrochloride group （100 mg/kg）， and CDL high-， medium- and low-dose groups （280， 140， 75 mg/kg）， with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the blank control group were fed with standard chow， while rats in the other groups were given high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish the T2DM rat model. After successful modeling， rats in each administration group were given corresponding drug solution， and rats in the blank control group and model group were intragastrically administered with equal volume of pure water， once a day， for consecutive 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose （FBG） was detected at fixed time every week. The curves of oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test （IPITT） were plotted， and the area under curve （AUC） was calculated. The pancreatic islet function indexes [fasting insulin （FINS）， homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）， insulin sensitivity index （ISI）]，blood lipid indexes [total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）] and hepatic glycogen content were determined. The pathological morphological changes of liver and pancreatic tissues were observed. The protein and mRNA expression levels of molecules related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway in liver tissues were detected. RESULTS Compared with the blank control group， the FBG， AUC of IPITT curve， AUC of OGTT curve， HOMA-IR， the levels of FINS， TC， TG and LDL-C， as well as the protein and mRNA expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog， forkhead box protein O1 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in liver tissues were significantly increased in the model group （ P ＜0.05）. ISI， the levels of HDL-C and hepatic glycogen content， along with the protein and mRNA expression of PI3K， insulin receptor substrate-1， Akt and protein expression of phosphorylated Akt in liver tissues were markedly decreased （ P ＜0.05）. In model group rats， the arrangement of hepatocytes was irregular， the overall structure of pancreatic lobules was disordered， and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration was observed. Compared with the model group， most of the above quantitative indexes were significantly reversed in the CDL high-dose group （ P ＜0.05）， and the pathological lesions of liver and pancreas were obviously alleviated. CONCLUSIONS CDL can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders， elevate insulin sensitivity and relieve insulin resistance in T2DM rats. Its mechanism may be related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of the active ingredient compatibility（quercetin， quercitrin and kaempferol at a mass ratio of 2∶9∶3）of Dimocarpus longan Lour. leaves（abbreviated as CDL） on ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） rats. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group， model group， metformin hydrochloride group （100 mg/kg）， and CDL high-， medium- and low-dose groups （280， 140， 75 mg/kg）， with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the blank control group were fed with standard chow， while rats in the other groups were given high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish the T2DM rat model. After successful modeling， rats in each administration group were given corresponding drug solution， and rats in the blank control group and model group were intragastrically administered with equal volume of pure water， once a day， for consecutive 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose （FBG） was detected at fixed time every week. The curves of oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test （IPITT） were plotted， and the area under curve （AUC） was calculated. The pancreatic islet function indexes [fasting insulin （FINS）， homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR）， insulin sensitivity index （ISI）]，blood lipid indexes [total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）] and hepatic glycogen content were determined. The pathological morphological changes of liver and pancreatic tissues were observed. The protein and mRNA expression levels of molecules related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway in liver tissues were detected. RESULTS Compared with the blank control group， the FBG， AUC of IPITT curve， AUC of OGTT curve， HOMA-IR， the levels of FINS， TC， TG and LDL-C， as well as the protein and mRNA expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog， forkhead box protein O1 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in liver tissues were significantly increased in the model group （ P ＜0.05）. ISI， the levels of HDL-C and hepatic glycogen content， along with the protein and mRNA expression of PI3K， insulin receptor substrate-1， Akt and protein expression of phosphorylated Akt in liver tissues were markedly decreased （ P ＜0.05）. In model group rats， the arrangement of hepatocytes was irregular， the overall structure of pancreatic lobules was disordered， and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration was observed. Compared with the model group， most of the above quantitative indexes were significantly reversed in the CDL high-dose group （ P ＜0.05）， and the pathological lesions of liver and pancreas were obviously alleviated. CONCLUSIONS CDL can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders， elevate insulin sensitivity and relieve insulin resistance in T2DM rats. Its mechanism may be related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Objective To develop a statistical quality control(SQC)program design software to help laboratories design comprehensive SQC programs based on patient risk.Methods Based on the power function diagram,operation process specification diagram,risk-based multi-level internal quality control(IQC)scheme,and online calculator for IQC frequency,corresponding software modules were integrated and designed,and applied the data of potassium project to the software.Results For the power function diagram,operation process specification,and online calculator for IQC frequency,13s/22s/R4s/41s[Number of quality control measurement values(N)=2]was the best choice for potassium for IQC.In the risk-based multi-level IQC scheme,13s/22s/R4s/41s(N=2)could be selected as the startup quality control event,while different subsequent bracketing quality control events could be obtained based on different expected reporting intervals and maximum workloads to achieve the expected quality requirements.Conclusion The development of statistical quality control program design soft is proves beneficial for clinical laboratories to assess the current quality level and select appropriate quality control approaches,and assists the laboratories in enhancing quality.

Objective To develop a statistical quality control(SQC)program design software to help laboratories design comprehensive SQC programs based on patient risk.Methods Based on the power function diagram,operation process specification diagram,risk-based multi-level internal quality control(IQC)scheme,and online calculator for IQC frequency,corresponding software modules were integrated and designed,and applied the data of potassium project to the software.Results For the power function diagram,operation process specification,and online calculator for IQC frequency,13s/22s/R4s/41s[Number of quality control measurement values(N)=2]was the best choice for potassium for IQC.In the risk-based multi-level IQC scheme,13s/22s/R4s/41s(N=2)could be selected as the startup quality control event,while different subsequent bracketing quality control events could be obtained based on different expected reporting intervals and maximum workloads to achieve the expected quality requirements.Conclusion The development of statistical quality control program design soft is proves beneficial for clinical laboratories to assess the current quality level and select appropriate quality control approaches,and assists the laboratories in enhancing quality.

Objective·To investigate the mechanisms by which different subtypes of G protein-coupled receptor kinases(GRKs)regulate the biased signaling transduction mediated by the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1(M1 receptor),focusing on their molecular effects in modulating the binding of the M1 receptor to the downstream heterotrimeric G protein(Gαq-Gβ1-Gγ2)andβ-arrestin 2(βarr2).Methods·By establishing a highly sensitive protein interaction detection system based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer(BRET),six M1 receptor agonists/allosteric modulators were selected to measure the dynamic interactions between the M1 receptor and four GRK subtypes(GRK2/3/5/6),βarr2,and the G protein under stimulation.All BRET data were statistically quantified using the area under the curve(AUC)of the time-response curves.First,concentration-effect curves were established by treatment with gradient concentrations of agonists/allosteric modulators and AUC fitting,to comprehensively analyze the differences in efficacy between each agonist/allosteric modulator and the endogenous agonist acetylcholine chloride(ACh)in promoting the interactions of M1 receptor with GRK3/5,βarr2,and the G protein;next,GRKs were divided into two groups based on subtypes:GRK2/3 and GRK5/6.The maximum AUC values for the interaction between the M1 receptor and the two GRK groups under high concentrations were calculated respectively,to further evaluate the regulatory propensity of different types of GRKs on the binding strength of the M1 receptor to βarr2 or the G protein.Results·All six agonists/allosteric modulators effectively induced the association of the M1 receptor with GRK3,while simultaneousey inducing dissociation of the M1 receptor from GRK5.The allosteric modulator BQCA not only activated the M1 receptor alone and triggered its binding to downstream signaling proteins,but also,when co-treated with ACh,caused a significant leftward shift of the concentration-effect curves in the M1-G protein and M1-βarr2 systems,suggesting that its potentiation effect on ACh was mainly achieved by reducing the half-maximal effective concentration.A moderate positive correlation was observed between the maximum AUC values of M1-βarr2 and M1-G protein interactions induced by the seven groups of drug treatments(r=0.722,P=0.067).Further analysis showed that the ratio of the maximum AUC for M1-GRK2/3 interaction to that for M1-GRK5/6 interaction was also positively correlated with the ratio of the maximum AUC for M1-βarr2 interaction to that for M1-G protein interaction(r=0.760,P=0.047).Conclusion·The M1 receptor may be pre-coupled with GRK5/6 under basal conditions,and they dissociate upon receptor activation,suggesting that GRK5/6 may be involved in M1 receptor inactivation or signal reprogramming.The relative efficiency of the M1 receptor's interaction with different GRK subtypes determines its preference for downstream signaling pathways.

Objective·To investigate the mechanisms by which different subtypes of G protein-coupled receptor kinases(GRKs)regulate the biased signaling transduction mediated by the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1(M1 receptor),focusing on their molecular effects in modulating the binding of the M1 receptor to the downstream heterotrimeric G protein(Gαq-Gβ1-Gγ2)andβ-arrestin 2(βarr2).Methods·By establishing a highly sensitive protein interaction detection system based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer(BRET),six M1 receptor agonists/allosteric modulators were selected to measure the dynamic interactions between the M1 receptor and four GRK subtypes(GRK2/3/5/6),βarr2,and the G protein under stimulation.All BRET data were statistically quantified using the area under the curve(AUC)of the time-response curves.First,concentration-effect curves were established by treatment with gradient concentrations of agonists/allosteric modulators and AUC fitting,to comprehensively analyze the differences in efficacy between each agonist/allosteric modulator and the endogenous agonist acetylcholine chloride(ACh)in promoting the interactions of M1 receptor with GRK3/5,βarr2,and the G protein;next,GRKs were divided into two groups based on subtypes:GRK2/3 and GRK5/6.The maximum AUC values for the interaction between the M1 receptor and the two GRK groups under high concentrations were calculated respectively,to further evaluate the regulatory propensity of different types of GRKs on the binding strength of the M1 receptor to βarr2 or the G protein.Results·All six agonists/allosteric modulators effectively induced the association of the M1 receptor with GRK3,while simultaneousey inducing dissociation of the M1 receptor from GRK5.The allosteric modulator BQCA not only activated the M1 receptor alone and triggered its binding to downstream signaling proteins,but also,when co-treated with ACh,caused a significant leftward shift of the concentration-effect curves in the M1-G protein and M1-βarr2 systems,suggesting that its potentiation effect on ACh was mainly achieved by reducing the half-maximal effective concentration.A moderate positive correlation was observed between the maximum AUC values of M1-βarr2 and M1-G protein interactions induced by the seven groups of drug treatments(r=0.722,P=0.067).Further analysis showed that the ratio of the maximum AUC for M1-GRK2/3 interaction to that for M1-GRK5/6 interaction was also positively correlated with the ratio of the maximum AUC for M1-βarr2 interaction to that for M1-G protein interaction(r=0.760,P=0.047).Conclusion·The M1 receptor may be pre-coupled with GRK5/6 under basal conditions,and they dissociate upon receptor activation,suggesting that GRK5/6 may be involved in M1 receptor inactivation or signal reprogramming.The relative efficiency of the M1 receptor's interaction with different GRK subtypes determines its preference for downstream signaling pathways.