Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common chronic urinary disease in middle-aged and older men, yet the impact of long-term exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on its pathogenesis remains unclear. Objective To investigate the association between PM exposure and the risk of incident BPH in middle-aged and older men. Methods Based on four waves of follow-up data (2011–2018) from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), 4766 participants were enrolled. Robust Poisson regression models were employed to assess the association between exposure to PM (PM₁, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀) and the risk of incident BPH. Relative risks (RR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Dose-response relationships were fitted using restricted cubic splines (RCS). Subgroup analyses were performed to explore potential effect modifications, and multiple imputation was used to handle missing data. Results Over a mean follow-up of 6 years, 914 incident BPH cases were identified among the4766 participants (cumulative incidence: 19.18%). After adjusting for confounders, each 10 μg·m⁻³ increase in PM₁, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ concentrations was associated with a 13.1% (RR=1.131, 95%CI: 1.063, 1.203), 8.5% (RR=1.085, 95%CI: 1.050, 1.122), and 5.1% (RR=1.051, 95%CI: 1.034, 1.069) increased risk of BPH, respectively. RCS analysis showed that no nonlinear relationship was found between PM₁ and PM_2.5 and the risk of BPH (P>0.05); however, a nonlinear association was observed for PM₁₀ (P=0.03), with the risk increment slowing beyond 100 μg·m⁻³. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. Conclusion Long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter may be associated with an increased risk of incident BPH in middle-aged and older men.

Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common chronic urinary disease in middle-aged and older men, yet the impact of long-term exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on its pathogenesis remains unclear. Objective To investigate the association between PM exposure and the risk of incident BPH in middle-aged and older men. Methods Based on four waves of follow-up data (2011–2018) from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), 4766 participants were enrolled. Robust Poisson regression models were employed to assess the association between exposure to PM (PM₁, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀) and the risk of incident BPH. Relative risks (RR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Dose-response relationships were fitted using restricted cubic splines (RCS). Subgroup analyses were performed to explore potential effect modifications, and multiple imputation was used to handle missing data. Results Over a mean follow-up of 6 years, 914 incident BPH cases were identified among the4766 participants (cumulative incidence: 19.18%). After adjusting for confounders, each 10 μg·m⁻³ increase in PM₁, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ concentrations was associated with a 13.1% (RR=1.131, 95%CI: 1.063, 1.203), 8.5% (RR=1.085, 95%CI: 1.050, 1.122), and 5.1% (RR=1.051, 95%CI: 1.034, 1.069) increased risk of BPH, respectively. RCS analysis showed that no nonlinear relationship was found between PM₁ and PM_2.5 and the risk of BPH (P>0.05); however, a nonlinear association was observed for PM₁₀ (P=0.03), with the risk increment slowing beyond 100 μg·m⁻³. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. Conclusion Long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter may be associated with an increased risk of incident BPH in middle-aged and older men.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanisms of Qingchang Wenzhong Decoction （清肠温中方， QWD） in treating ulcerative colitis （UC）. MethodsA total of 100 male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to a pseudo-germ-free group （n=45） and a conventional group （n=55） using a random number table. Pseudo-germ-free model was established by giving antibiotic treatment and subsequently subjected to acute UC induction. After the model was successfully established， the 45 pseudo-germ-free acute UC mice were randomly allocated to a pseudo-germ-free model group， a pseudo-germ-free QWD group， and a pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group， with 15 mice in each group. The 55 conventional mice were randomly divided into a normal control group （n=10）， as well as a conventional model group， a conventional QWD group， and a conventional mesalazine group， with 15 mice in each group. Except for the normal control group， acute UC models were established in all other groups. Mice in the control group received no intervention. From day 32 of the experiment， mice in the pseudo-germ-free QWD group and the conventional QWD group were administered with QWD granules at a dose of 9.71 g/（kg·d） by gavage with deionized water， while those in the pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group and the conventional mesalazine group were given mesalazine enteric-coated tablets at a dose of 151.67 mg/（kg·d） by gavage. Mice in the remaining groups received an equal volume of deionized water once daily for 7 consecutive days. On day 25 of the experiment， six mice were randomly selected from both the pseudo-germ-free group and the conventional group to measure body weight， and fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing to compare differences in gut microbiota， including operational taxonomic units （OTUs）， Shannon index， Observed_species index， and phylogenetic diversity （PD whole tree）. On day 39， body weight was measured in all groups， and the disease activity index （DAI） was evaluated. Colon length and colon wet weight were recorded. Histopathological changes in colonic tissues were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining， and histological injury scores were determined. In addition， the expression levels of mucopolysaccharides and mucin 2 （MUC2） in colonic tissues were measured. ResultsOn day 25， there was no significant difference in body weight between the pseudo-germ-free group and the conventional microbiota group （P＞0.05）. Compared to the conventional microbiota group， the pseudo-germ-free group showed significantly reduced OTUs， Shannon index， Observed_species index， and PD whole tree （P＜0.01）. On day 39， compared to the normal control group， mice in the conventional model group showed a significant decrease in the body weight and an increase in DAI， along with increased colon wet weight， shortened colon length， markedly elevated histopathological scores， and reduced expression of mucopolysaccharides and MUC2 （P＜0.01）. In contrast， no significant differences were observed in these parameters in the pseudo-germ-free model group （P＞0.05）. Compared to the conventional model group， the conventional QWD group showed significant improvement in all measured parameters， whereas the conventional mesalazine group showed reductions only in DAI scores and colon wet weight （P＜0.01）. No statistically significant differences were observed among the pseudo-germ-free model group， the pseudo-germ-free QWD group， and the pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group （P＞0.05）. ConclusionQWD may promote the reconstruction of the intestinal mucus barrier by regulating the intestinal flora， thereby exerting a therapeutic effect on acute UC.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanisms of Qingchang Wenzhong Decoction （清肠温中方， QWD） in treating ulcerative colitis （UC）. MethodsA total of 100 male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to a pseudo-germ-free group （n=45） and a conventional group （n=55） using a random number table. Pseudo-germ-free model was established by giving antibiotic treatment and subsequently subjected to acute UC induction. After the model was successfully established， the 45 pseudo-germ-free acute UC mice were randomly allocated to a pseudo-germ-free model group， a pseudo-germ-free QWD group， and a pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group， with 15 mice in each group. The 55 conventional mice were randomly divided into a normal control group （n=10）， as well as a conventional model group， a conventional QWD group， and a conventional mesalazine group， with 15 mice in each group. Except for the normal control group， acute UC models were established in all other groups. Mice in the control group received no intervention. From day 32 of the experiment， mice in the pseudo-germ-free QWD group and the conventional QWD group were administered with QWD granules at a dose of 9.71 g/（kg·d） by gavage with deionized water， while those in the pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group and the conventional mesalazine group were given mesalazine enteric-coated tablets at a dose of 151.67 mg/（kg·d） by gavage. Mice in the remaining groups received an equal volume of deionized water once daily for 7 consecutive days. On day 25 of the experiment， six mice were randomly selected from both the pseudo-germ-free group and the conventional group to measure body weight， and fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing to compare differences in gut microbiota， including operational taxonomic units （OTUs）， Shannon index， Observed_species index， and phylogenetic diversity （PD whole tree）. On day 39， body weight was measured in all groups， and the disease activity index （DAI） was evaluated. Colon length and colon wet weight were recorded. Histopathological changes in colonic tissues were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining， and histological injury scores were determined. In addition， the expression levels of mucopolysaccharides and mucin 2 （MUC2） in colonic tissues were measured. ResultsOn day 25， there was no significant difference in body weight between the pseudo-germ-free group and the conventional microbiota group （P＞0.05）. Compared to the conventional microbiota group， the pseudo-germ-free group showed significantly reduced OTUs， Shannon index， Observed_species index， and PD whole tree （P＜0.01）. On day 39， compared to the normal control group， mice in the conventional model group showed a significant decrease in the body weight and an increase in DAI， along with increased colon wet weight， shortened colon length， markedly elevated histopathological scores， and reduced expression of mucopolysaccharides and MUC2 （P＜0.01）. In contrast， no significant differences were observed in these parameters in the pseudo-germ-free model group （P＞0.05）. Compared to the conventional model group， the conventional QWD group showed significant improvement in all measured parameters， whereas the conventional mesalazine group showed reductions only in DAI scores and colon wet weight （P＜0.01）. No statistically significant differences were observed among the pseudo-germ-free model group， the pseudo-germ-free QWD group， and the pseudo-germ-free mesalazine group （P＞0.05）. ConclusionQWD may promote the reconstruction of the intestinal mucus barrier by regulating the intestinal flora， thereby exerting a therapeutic effect on acute UC.

Chronic heart failure （CHF）， as the terminal stage of various cardiovascular diseases， is characterized by a prolonged course and a high mortality rate， posing a serious threat to human health and life. According to physician Sun Yikui's theory of "Mingmen Dongqi" （dynamic Qi of life gate） in the Ming Dynasty and the modern medicine concept of mitochondrial quality control （MQC）， this paper systematically explores the pathogenic mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of CHF， as well as its intrinsic connection with microstructural homeostasis， and further proposes potential traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） intervention strategies. CHF is often caused by damage to the heart Qi at the early stage. As the disease progresses， prolonged illness affects the kidneys， leading to the dynamic Qi decline of life gate. Further， it results in the failure of the functions of sustaining and consolidating， causing the disintegration of the physical form， which corresponds to mitochondrial kinetic disorders. The deficiency in primary driving force results in impaired Qi transformation， corresponding to mitochondrial autophagy dysfunction， forming a pathological transmission chain of "life gate-mitochondrion" that ultimately leads to myocardial structural disintegration and energy metabolism failure. Modern research indicates that patients with CHF exhibit significant MQC imbalance. Disrupted mitochondrial dynamics lead to network fragmentation， and impaired autophagy causes metabolic blockage， constituting the key microscopic mechanisms underlying ventricular remodeling and pump failure. Chinese herbal medicines， such as those with the effects of warming and tonifying kidney Yang or reinforcing healthy Qi， can intervene in multiple signaling pathways-including PTEN-inducible kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkin and AMP-activated protein kinase/dynamin-related protein 1 （AMPK/Drp1）-to regulate mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy activity. This repairs damaged MQC networks and improves the microenvironment of myocardial energy metabolism. These intervention strategies align closely with the TCM therapeutic principles of warming and tonifying life gate， replenishing Qi， and activating blood， demonstrating the advantages of holistic regulation based on kidney-centered treatment and mitochondrial-targeted approaches. By integrating the "Mingmen Dongqi" theory with the MQC mechanism， this paper establishes a theoretical framework for the integrated prevention and treatment of CHF， offering new perspectives and insights for clinical practice and future research.

Chronic heart failure （CHF）， as the terminal stage of various cardiovascular diseases， is characterized by a prolonged course and a high mortality rate， posing a serious threat to human health and life. According to physician Sun Yikui's theory of "Mingmen Dongqi" （dynamic Qi of life gate） in the Ming Dynasty and the modern medicine concept of mitochondrial quality control （MQC）， this paper systematically explores the pathogenic mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of CHF， as well as its intrinsic connection with microstructural homeostasis， and further proposes potential traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） intervention strategies. CHF is often caused by damage to the heart Qi at the early stage. As the disease progresses， prolonged illness affects the kidneys， leading to the dynamic Qi decline of life gate. Further， it results in the failure of the functions of sustaining and consolidating， causing the disintegration of the physical form， which corresponds to mitochondrial kinetic disorders. The deficiency in primary driving force results in impaired Qi transformation， corresponding to mitochondrial autophagy dysfunction， forming a pathological transmission chain of "life gate-mitochondrion" that ultimately leads to myocardial structural disintegration and energy metabolism failure. Modern research indicates that patients with CHF exhibit significant MQC imbalance. Disrupted mitochondrial dynamics lead to network fragmentation， and impaired autophagy causes metabolic blockage， constituting the key microscopic mechanisms underlying ventricular remodeling and pump failure. Chinese herbal medicines， such as those with the effects of warming and tonifying kidney Yang or reinforcing healthy Qi， can intervene in multiple signaling pathways-including PTEN-inducible kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkin and AMP-activated protein kinase/dynamin-related protein 1 （AMPK/Drp1）-to regulate mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy activity. This repairs damaged MQC networks and improves the microenvironment of myocardial energy metabolism. These intervention strategies align closely with the TCM therapeutic principles of warming and tonifying life gate， replenishing Qi， and activating blood， demonstrating the advantages of holistic regulation based on kidney-centered treatment and mitochondrial-targeted approaches. By integrating the "Mingmen Dongqi" theory with the MQC mechanism， this paper establishes a theoretical framework for the integrated prevention and treatment of CHF， offering new perspectives and insights for clinical practice and future research.

This paper conducts a systematic literature review to analyze and summarize the current status, admission standards, practical scope, competency requirements, and talent cultivation of public health nursing teams both domestically and internationally, in order to provide reference for the development of public health nursing in China and assist in the improvement of the public health talent team.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Neurogenic bladder(NB)is one of the most challenging urinary system disorders,with spinal cord injury(SCI)being an important etiological factor.Animal models provide crucial tools for investigating the pathogenesis,therapeutic strategies,and novel drug screening for NB subsequent to SCI.We reviewed and synthesized recent literature on NB animal models after SCI from both domestic and international sources.This review summarizes and analyzes research advancements using these models in terms of animal species,SCI segments,modeling techniques,and evaluation indicators,with the aim of offering insights and guidance for future experimental research based on animal models of NB following SCI.

Objective To analyze the disability level and long-term care needs assessment policies issued by 49 pilot cities in China's long-term care insurance system,providing insights for further improvement of the system.Methods Policy documents related to long-term care insurance,published between June 2016 and December 2024 on official platforms of local governments,the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security,the National Healthcare Security Administration,and the National Public Service Platform for Standards Information,were retrieved.A comparative analysis was used to summarize and compare the content of these policy texts.Results Currently,there are 49 pilot cities implementing the long-term care insurance system in China.47 cities have issued disability level assessment standards,with 38 cities adopting the trial standards issued by the National Healthcare Security Administration.In 42 pilot cities,the disability level assessment includes indicators such as activities of daily living,cognitive function,and sensory and communication abilities.22 cities have issued policies related to care needs assessment.In most cities,the care needs assessment partially or fully includes indicators from the disability level assessment.Conclusion There is no national uniformity in disability level assessment standards,and the care needs assessment framework needs further improvement.It is recommended to standardize disability level assessment criteria,clearly delineate the boundaries and content of disability level and care needs assessments,and enhance the development of the care needs assessment system.