Abstract Adolescent health literacy constitutes a fundamental, economical and effective strategy for addressing their health issues and fostering healthy behaviors, while assessing health literacy plays a pivotal role in evaluating adolescents health literacy. The study systematically reviews existing adolescent health literacy assessment tools at both domestically and internationally, and analyzes them through three dimensions:structural components, applicability and scientific validity. It further examines emerging trends in the development of such tools, aiming to offer theoretical underpinnings and practical recommendations for their refinement, thereby more effectively addressing the evolving health needs of adolescents.

Abstract To promote the development of sexuality education for Chinese adolescents, the study analyses Ireland s relationships and sexuality education (RSE) curriculum and concludes that it centers on student development in terms of curriculum philosophy and objectives, emphasizing its educational value. At the content level, it employs a staged teaching approach to achieve comprehensive coverage based on students physical and mental development characteristics. In terms of implementation, it adopts a spiral organization to ensure the scientific integrity of the curriculum. In addition, it utilizes diverse evaluation methods to strengthen the systematic nature of the curriculum. Based on these insights, China could collaborate with multiple stakeholders to advance the development of RSE, establish a scientific and systematic framework for RSE, and constructing a comprehensive implementation and teacher support system, thereby promoting the refinement and innovation of RSE programs.

Abstract To develop a health education curriculum model with Chinese characteristics, literature method and comparative analysis method are used to interpret the U.S. health education curriculum analysis tool (HECAT). HECAT consists of an access component, a design component and an implementation component, which is able to provide a clear and complete analysis of health education curricula, and assists localities in selecting or developing health education curricula. HECAT is characterized by diversified participating entities, structured analysis content, scientific indicator establishment, and systematic practice process. Based on the experience of developing HECAT and building a systematic health education model in the United States, structured thinking to promote the analysis of health education courses, emphasizing the systematic and scientific development of health education courses and establishing an open system for promoting school health education should be applied in China.

Abstract Brain Breaks is a physical activity program that combines cultural classroom based physical activity with modern technology while providing children with multi level guidance. As an intervention for intermittent sedentary activities, Brain Breaks can improve students physical activity level, thereby improving their physical fitness and positively affecting their motivation to participate in physical activities and positive learning behaviors. The paper understands this intervention from the connotation, implementation basis, and application effect of Brain Breaks, and then proposes practical application suggestions and future research directions.When Brain Breaks in the cultural classroom is promoted and practiced in China in the future, attention should be paid to the means of implementation by the teachers, the selection of representative target groups, and the precise implementation plan.At the research level, the effects of motor skills, special group interventions, gender differences, environmental changes, and physiological mechanisms of the Brain Breaks are to be explored.

Abstract In the context of frequent public health events, effective school health education is an important measure to improve students health literacy and public health system of China. The study examined the National Health Education Standards in the U.S., based on a literature review and comparative analysis, to provide guidance for China. Using the method of liberature riview paper interprets the curriculum of National Health Education Standards in the U.S. and provides a mirror for China. Health Education standards in the U.S. are characterized by their academic quality, standardized framework, assessment program, equity principles, and other components. A mirror for China includes promoting the construction of the standards based health education curriculum, developing the skills based health education curriculum system, and constructing a performancebased comprehensive evaluation system.

Uncontrolled and persistent inflammation is closely related to numerous acute and chronic diseases. However, effective targeting delivery systems remain to be developed for precision therapy of inflammatory diseases. Herein we report a novel strategy for engineering inflammation-accumulation nanoparticles via phenolic functionalization. Different phenol-functionalized nanoparticles were first developed, which can undergo in situ aggregation upon triggering by the inflammatory/oxidative microenvironment. Phenolic compound-decorated poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles, in particular tyramine (Tyr)-coated nanoparticles, showed significantly enhanced accumulation at inflammatory sites in mouse models of colitis, acute liver injury, and acute lung injury, mainly resulting from in situ cross-linking and tissue anchoring of nanoparticles triggered by local myeloperoxidase and reactive oxygen species. By combining a cyclodextrin-derived bioactive material with Tyr decoration, a multifunctional nanotherapy (TTN) was further developed, which displayed enhanced cellular uptake, anti-inflammatory activities, and inflammatory tissue accumulation, thereby affording amplified therapeutic effects in mice with colitis or acute liver injury. Moreover, TTN can serve as a bioactive and inflammation-targeting nanoplatform for site-specifically delivering a therapeutic peptide to the inflamed colon post oral administration, leading to considerably potentiated in vivo efficacies. Preliminary studies also revealed good safety of orally delivered TTN. Consequently, Tyr-based functionalization is promising for inflammation targeting amplification and therapeutic potentiation of nanotherapies.

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are widely distributed in the phospholipid bilayer of various cell membranes, which play an important role in maintaining cell membrane stability, and regulate various cellular processes including adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis and recognition, as well as participate in various cellular activities. In addition, GSLs are not only involved in the process of apoptosis, but also regulate multiple signals in tumorigenesis and tumor development. The tumor-associated GSLs are expected to be used as diagnostic markers and immunotherapeutic targets for malignant tumors. These findings have important implications for the study of apoptosis and provide the new direction of tumor therapy. This review summarized the latest research progress of GSLs-mediated apoptosis and its effect on the genesis, development and metastasis of tumor cells. Moreover, we discussed the metabolic pathway of GSLs-mediated apoptosis and its application in tumor therapy, as well as the development prospect of targeted therapy strategies based on GSLs.
Humans ; Glycosphingolipids/metabolism* ; Apoptosis ; Cell Membrane ; Neoplasms/metabolism*

ObjectiveTo investigate the possible mechanism of different doses of L-Borneolum，Borneolum，and Borneolum Syntheticum in the electrophysiology，anti-inflammation，and regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）/vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） cardiovascular protection of the experimental acute myocardial infarction （AMI） rats. MethodSD male adult rats were randomly divided into thirteen groups according to their body weight，namely the sham operation group，the model group，the solvent model group，the nitroglycerin group，the Borneolum high，medium，and low-dose （0.6，0.3， 0.15 g·kg^-1） groups，the L-Borneolum high，medium，and low-dose （0.2，0.1， 0.05 g·kg^-1） groups，and the Borneolum Syntheticum high，medium，and low-dose （0.2，0.1， 0.05 g·kg^-1） groups，with 10 rats in each group. Rats were given 10 mL·kg^-1 by gavage for 3 d of pre-administration. Thirty minutes after the last administration，the left anterior descending coronary artery （LAD） was ligated to induce the model，and the successful rat model was continuously treated for 3 d. BL-420N biosystem was used to analyze the electrocardiogram （ECG） and heart rate variability （HRV） before and after modeling and after 3 d of treatment. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to determine the mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in the myocardial tissue Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the protein expression levels of VEGF receptor 1 （VEGFR1），HIF-1α，and CD34. ResultCompared with the sham operation group，the model group significantly increased the heart rate，ECG ST wave，T wave，QRS duration，QTC interval，and Q wave on the day of modeling and after 3 d of treatment，and significantly changed HRV and T wave （P<0.05，P<0.01）. As compared with the solvent model group，on the day of modeling，the heart rate of the L-Borneolum medium and low-dose groups and the Borneolum groups，the ST wave of the L-Borneolum groups，the Borneolum high and medium-dose groups，and the Borneolum Syntheticum high-dose group，HRV parameters of the L-Borneolum groups，the Borneolum medium and low-dose groups，and the Borneolum Syntheticum high-dose group，LF/HF of the L-Borneolum high and medium-dose group，the Borneolum low-dose group，and the Borneolum Syntheticum groups，T wave of the L-Borneolum high-dose group，the Borneolum Syntheticum high-dose group，and Borneolum medium-dose group，QTC interval of the L-Borneolum medium and low-dose groups and the Borneolum high and medium-dose groups，and QRS duration of the L-Borneolum high and low-dose groups，the Borneolum high and low-dose groups，and the Borneolum Syntheticum groups were significantly reduced or shortened （P<0.05，P<0.01）. After 3 d of treatment，the heart rate of the L-Borneolum groups，the Borneolum high and medium-dose groups，and the Borneolum Syntheticum medium-dose group，ST wave of the L-Borneolum group，the Borneolum high and medium-dose groups，and the Borneolum Syntheticum high-dose group，OTC interval，ORS duration，and Q wave of the L-Borneolum high-dose group，the Borneolum high-dose group，and the Borneolum Syntheticum high and medium-dose groups，QRS duration of the L-Borneolum medium-dose group，QTC interval of the Borneolum medium-dose group，and Q wave of the Borneolum Syntheticum low-dose group were all significantly reduced or shortened（P<0.01）. The mRNA expressions of IL-1β and IL-6 in the L-Borneolum medium and low-dose groups，the Borneolum medium and low-dose groups，and the Borneolum Syntheticum high and medium-dose groups were significantly down-regulated（P<0.01），and LF/HF in the L-Borneolum high and medium-dose groups，the Borneolum high and medium-dose groups，and the Borneolum Syntheticum high and low-dose groups were significantly reduced （P<0.05，P<0.01）. HRV in the L-Borneolum high-dose group，the Borneolum groups，and the Borneolum Syntheticum high and low-dose groups，and T wave in the Borneolum high and medium-dose groups and the Borneolum Syntheticum high-dose group were increased significantly. The protein expressions of HIF-1α，VEGFR1，and CD34 in the L-Borneolum medium and low-dose groups，the Borneolum low-dose group，and the Borneolum Syntheticum high-dose group were significantly up-regulated，as well as those of VEGFR1 and CD34 in the Borneolum medium-dose group （P<0.05，P<0.01）. ConclusionThe 3 kinds of Borneolum improves the heart rate，heart rate variability，and electrocardiogram of AMI model rats to different degrees，and may play a myocardial protective effect by anti-inflammation and promotion of angiogenesis. The combined effect suggests that L-Borneolum has the superior effect next to Borneolum，and Borneolum Syntheticum has the inferior effect.

ObjectiveTo explore the active components and underlying mechanism of Huanglian Houpotang （HHD） against ulcerative colitis（UC） based on network pharmacology and animal experiments. MethodThe active components of HHD were preliminarily obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform （TCMSP） and Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine （BATMAN-TCM） and screened out by TCMSP， SwissADME， and SwissTargetPrediction， and their targets were predicted. Relevant microarrays were searched for disease genes with the help of Gene Expression Omnibus （GEO）. The common targets of HHD and disease genes were screened out to obtain the potential targets of HHD against UC. The drug-active component-target-disease network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.2. The potential therapeutic targets were imported into the DAVID 6.8 for GO-Biological process （GO-BP） analysis to predict related biological processes which were subsequently verified by the animal experiment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the effect of HHD on inflammatory factors in colon tissues of mice. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， and cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease 3 （Caspase-3）. The IVIS system was used to detect the content of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in colon tissues of mice in each group. ResultNineteen active components of HHD were screened out， involving 32 potential therapeutic targets against UC and 158 biological processes. The results of the animal experiment showed that HHD exerted its anti-UC effect by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α and interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， reducing the content of apoptotic proteins， and regulating the expression of ROS. ConclusionThis study revealed the rationality of predictions and guidance of network pharmacology in experimental design， and confirmed that HHD could exert its effects by participating in biological processes such as immune inflammation， apoptosis， and ROS， which is expected to provide a basis for the mechanism research of HHD in the treatment of UC.

Objective : To analyze and compare the gene chip data of normal people and patients with acute myocardial infarction through GEO gene expression database , to screen out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) , and to predict potential Chinese medicines for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Methods : GSE66360 gene microarray was downloaded , DEGs information was obtained by analysis , gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of differential genes were performed , key genes were further analyzed by String database and Cytoscape software , and key genes were mapped to the medical ontology information retrieval platform (Coremine Medical) to screen potential Chinese medicines for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Results : A total of 943 differentially expressed genes were screened. The biological process was mainly enriched in myeloid leukocyte activation , regulation of cytokine production , leukocyte chemotaxis , etc. The cellular component was mainly focused on secretory granule lumen , membrane surface , and extrinsic components of the membrane , etc. Molecular function was mainly in chemokine receptor binding , pattern recognition receptor activity , cytokine binding , etc. KEGG analysis showed that the main signaling pathways involved were tumor necrosis factor (TNF) , hypoxia inducible factor⁃1 (HIF⁃1) , and JAK⁃STAT signaling pathways , etc. The key genes to be screened are formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) , signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) , chemokine (C - X - C motif) ligand 1 ( CXCL1) , chemokine ( C ⁃X ⁃C motif) ligand 8 ( CXCL8) , ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n⁃recognin 4 ( UBR4 ) , jun proto⁃oncogene ( JUN ) , platelet⁃activating factor receptor (PTAFR) , Fc fragment of IgE , high affinity I , receptor for; gamma polypeptide (FCER1G) , G protein⁃coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) , plasminogen activator, urokinase (PLAU) . The potential herbs predicted for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction were Centipede (P = 0. 003 30) , Rithoma Curcuma (P = 0. 002 39) , Curcuma (P = 0. 002 40) , Paris polyphylla Smith (P = 0. 002 48) , Salviae miltiorrhizae (P = 0. 002 72) , Fritillary bulb (P = 0. 003 71) , and Panax ginseng (P = 0. 001 59) . Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicines such as Rithoma curcuma in activating blood and removing blood stasis medicine , Panax ginseng in nourishing Qi , and Fritillary bulb in medicine for the treatment of cough and asthma have protective effects on acute myocardial infarction. The mechanism of action may be related to the regulation of immune and anti⁃inflammatory signaling pathways.