Dental treatments for children and adolescents have unique clinical characteristics that differ from dental care for adults in terms of children's physiology, psychology, and behavior. These differences impose specific requirements on the application of local anesthesia in pediatric dental procedures. This article presents expert consensus on the principles of local anesthesia techniques in pediatric dental therapies, including the use of common anesthetic drugs and dosage control, safety and efficacy evaluation, and prevention and management of complications. The aim is to improve the safety and quality of pediatric dental treatments and offer guidance for clinical application by dentists.
Humans ; Child ; Anesthesia, Local/methods* ; Consensus ; Anesthesia, Dental/methods* ; Adolescent ; Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage* ; Dental Care for Children

Objective : To explore from the perspective of microorganisms the changes in plaque microbial community of children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) before and 3 months after dental treatment. Meanwhile to show the effect of treatment on the maintenance of long- term caries-free state. Methods: S-ECC children completed dental treatment under general anesthesia. We collected plaque from caries-free dental surfaces before treatment (caries, C) and at the postoperative follow-up review time points of 7 days (C-7D), 1 month (C-1 M), and 3 months (C-3 M). We included caries-free children (caries free, CF) as the control group to analyze the dynamic modification process of the plaque microbial community in the short-term pre- and postdental treatment. Results: Species clustering analysis showed that the compositions of the microbial communities of the S-ECC and CF groups were highly similar. The α diversity index was not statistically significant (P>0.05). From the analysis of the relative abundance, Leptotrichia spp. and Aggregatibacter spp. decreased after treatment compared with before treatment (P<0.05). Streptococcus sanguinis in the C-7D group increased compared with that in the C group and gradually decreased within 3 months. Veillonella spp., Actinomyces spp., Allprevotella spp., Capnocytophaga spp., and Streptococcus mutans differed between the C and CF groups (P<0.05), Streptococcus mutans did not differ significantly between the C-7D and C-1 M groups and the CF group after treatment, while C-3 M showed an increase compared with the CF group (P<0.01). Conclusion The rapid change in the structure of the flora of children with S-ECC after treatment. The plaque microbial community structure in a caries-free state gradually starts to be established 1-3 months after treatment. There is a "core microbiota" in the oral plaque community that jointly maintains microecological stability. Veillonella spp., Allprevotella spp. and Streptococcus mutans have potential as possible microbial markers.

Objective: To study the clinical efficacy of biological ceramics (iRoot BP Plus ) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in direct pulp capping of mature permanent teeth, to provide referrence for clinical application. Methods : Seventy-four patients with pulp exposure due to deep caries or reversible pulpitis in 75 mature permanent teeth were selected and were randomly divided into two groups. iRoot BP Plus were used as pulp capping agents in the treatment group and MTA were used as pulp capping agents in the control group respectively. The clinical efficacy and imaging analysis were performed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after operation. Treatment success rate of the two groups were calculated, and the influence of various factors including gender, age, tooth position, cavity, number and size of pulp exposure on the efficacy of direct pulp capping were analyzed. Results : Sixty patients with 61 mature permanent teeth were selected. Twelve mouths after treatment, 61 teeth of 60 patents were completely investigated (iRoot group: 31 teeth 30 patients; MTA group: 30 teeth 30 patients). The success rates of the 2 groups were 90.3% (iRoot BP Plus) and 90.0% (MTA), respectively. There was no statistical difference between 2 groups (P>0.05). Statistical analysis also showed that gender, age, tooth position, cavity, number and size of pulp exposure had no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Both iRoot BP Plus and MTA are effective in direct pulp capping of mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure, while the operation of iRoot is simple and convenient.

Objective To study effects of oxycodone post-operative early analgesia on stress re-sponse with in diabetics undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP).Methods Eighty patients undergoing UPPP,53 males,27 females,aged 28-65 years,ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ were randomly divided in-to two groups(n =40).1 5 minutes before the end of the operation,group O was intravenously given oxycodone 0.07 mg/kg;Group F fentanyl 0.7 μg/kg.The patients of the two groups were sampled venous blood 3 ml in the morning of operation (T1 ),postoperative 1 hour (T2 ),postoperative 3 hours (T3 )for determination of serum cortisol (Cor),serum insulin(Ins),serum C-peptide(C-P)u-sing electrochemical luminescence method.Results Cor at T2 ,T3 was lower than that at T1 , C-P was higher than that at T1 (P <0.05)in group O,respectively;Cor at T2 ,T3 was higher than that at T1 , respectively,C-P was lower than that at T1 (P <0.05);Cor in group F was higher than that in group O,C-P in group F was lower than that in group O(P <0.05).Ins at T2 ,T3 was lower than that at T1 and was lower than that in group O(P <0.05).Conclusion Oxycodone 0.07 mg/kg early analgesia for UPPP significantly inhibits the occurrence of stress response.

Objective To compare the value of pacemaker implantation using the subclavian vein (SCV) puncture and thecephalic vein(CV) cutdown approach.Methods One hundred and forty-six patients were randomized into SCV group (98 patients) and CV group (48 patients).We observed the success rate,surgery duration,fluoroscopy time and complications of the two groups.Results The SCV group had significantly higher success rate,shorter duration of surgery and fluoroscopy than the CV group (success rate:100％ (98/98) vs.89％ (43/48),x2 =10.5,P ＜ 0.05 ; duration of surgery:(118 ± 35) min vs.(256 ± 75)min,t =12.12,P ＜0.01 ; duration of fluoroscopy:(15 ±5) min vs.(35 ± 10) min,t =13.08,P ＜0.01).Both groups had one case who developed compilations which were pocket hematoma and wire electrode dislocation respectively.The rate of complications was not significantly different between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The SCV approach should be considered a preferable access in pacemaker implantation.