Grooming,as an evolutionarily conserved repetitive behavior,is common in various animals,including humans,and serves essential functions including,but not limited to,hygiene maintenance,thermoregulation,de-arousal,stress reduction,and social behaviors.In rodents,grooming involves a patterned and sequenced structure,known as the syntactic chain with four phases that comprise repeated stereotyped movements happening in a cephalocaudal progression style,beginning from the nose to the face,to the head,and finally ending with body licking.The context-dependent occurrence of grooming behavior indicates its adaptive significance.This review briefly summarizes the neural substrates responsible for rodent grooming behavior and explores its relevance in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases with aberrant grooming phenotypes.We further emphasize the utility of rodent grooming as a reliable measure of repetitive behavior in neuropsychiatric models,holding promise for translational psychiatry.Herein,we mainly focus on rodent self-grooming.Allogrooming(grooming being applied on one animal by its conspecifics via licking or carefully nibbling)and heterogrooming(a form of grooming behavior directing towards another animal,which occurs in other contexts,such as maternal,sexual,aggressive,or social behaviors)are not covered due to space constraints.

Objective To explore the possible causes of CAST/EiJ mouse susceptibility to multiple pathogens,the immune cell phenotypes in the peripheral blood and spleen of CAST/EiJ mice were analyzed to clarify their composition.Methods Classical dendritic cells(cDCs),natural killer(NK)cells,B lymphocytes,T lymphocytes,and their subsets in the peripheral blood and spleen of CAST/EiJ mice and C57BL/6J mice were detected by flow cytometry using the cell surface markers CD3,CD4,CD8,CD11b,CD11c,CD19,CD27,CD49b,and TCRβ.Results There was no significant difference in the proportion of cDCs between CAST/EiJ and C57BL/6J mice,but the cDC1 cell subset population was smaller in CAST/EiJ.The proportions of NK cells(mainly mature NK cell subsets)and T lymphocytes(mainly CD8+T cells)were both lower in CAST/EiJ mice than C57BL/6J mice,while the proportion of B cells was higher in CAST/EiJ mice than C57BL/6J mice.Conclusions The proportions of NK and T lymphocytes in CAST/EiJ mice were lower than those in C57BL/6J mice.

Objective To evaluate the effect of acupointhot compress with warming moxibustion bag on treating radiation proctitis caused by radiotherapy in cervical cancer. Methods 78 patients of cervical cancer with acute radioactive proctitis caused by radiotherapy were divided into two groups according to the length of hospital stays. The experiment group was given compress Tianshu acupoint with warm moxibustion bag every day, along with drug and retention enema, while the control group was treated with drug and retention enema only. Then observe and evaluate the effect of different treatment on each group. Results The total effective rate of treating radiation proctitis in experimental group was 94.44%(34/36) which was superior to 76.19% (32/42) of the control group (χ2=4.962, P<0.05). The influence of tumor radiotherapy in experimental group was also superior to the control group, nine patients were forced to suspend to radiotherapy by (6.11 ± 1.96) days in the control group, while five cases were suspended to radiotherapy by (2.20±1.09) days in the experiment group (t=4.066,P<0.05). Conclusions Acupoint hot compress with warming moxibustion bag combine with retention enema have an advantage over retention enema only on radiation proctitis caused by radiotherapy in cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the therapeutic effects of VSD combined with irrigation of oxygen loaded fluid on the growth of granulation tissue and macrophage polarization in chronic venous leg ulcers.

METHODSThiry-four patients with chronic venous leg ulcers hospitalized in our department from December 2010 to July 2014 were divided into VSD group ( A, n = 11) , VSD + irrigation group ( B, n = 11) , and VSD + oxygen loaded fluid irrigation group ( C, n = 12) according to the random number table. After admissian, debridement was performed, and granulation tissue in the center of the wound was harvested during the operation. After dehridement, the patients in group A were treated with VSD only (negative pressure from -30 to -25 kPa, the same below) ; the patients in group B were treated with VSD combining irrigation of normal saline; the patients in group C were treated with VSD combining normal saline loaded with oxygen irrigation (flow of 1 L/min) . On post treatment day (PTD) 7, the VSD devices were removed. Cross observation was conducted before debridement and on PTD 7. On PTD 7, the granulation tissue in the center of the wound was harvested for histopathological observation with HE staining and Masson staining, following calculation of granulation tissue coverage rate. After debridement but before the negative pressure therapy (hereinafter referred to as before treatment) and on PTD 7, partial pressure of oxygen of the skin around the wound was measured by transcutaneous tissue oxygen tension survey meter. On PTD 7, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VECF) was determined with immunohistochemistry. Before treatment and on PTD 7, cells with double positive expressions of induced nitric oxide synthase plus CD68 ( type I macro- phage) and arginase 1 plus CD68 ( type II macrophage) were observed with immunofluorescence staining and quantified. Data were processed with Fisher's exact test, one-way analysis of variance, covariance analysis, paired test, and LSD test.

RESULTS(1) The gross observation showed that before debridement there was a certain amount of necrotic tissue and little granulation tissue in the wounds of patients in all the 3 groups. On PTD 7, new granulation tissue was found in the wounds of patients in all the 3 groups, and in group C its amount was the largest. (2) On PTD 7, the granulation tissue coverage rate of wounds in pa- tients of group C was higher than that of group A or B ( P <0.05 or P <0.01). (3) On PTD 7, HE staining showed that there appeared more abundant new born microvessels and fibroblasts in the wounds of patients in group C than those in groups A and B; Masson staining showed that there was more abundant fresh collagen distributed orderly in the wounds of patients in group C compared with group A or B. (4) On PTD 7, it was found that partial pressure of oxygen of the skin around the wounds in patients of group C [(40.7 +/- 4.1) mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa] was higher than that of group A [ (35.0 +/- 3.1) mmHg] or B [(35.4 +/- 2.7) mmHg, with P values below 0.01]; the partial pressure of oxygen of the skin around the wounds of patients in all the 3 groups was increased significantly compared with that before treatment (with values from 10.38 to 22.52, P values below 0.01). (5) On PTD 7, the expression of VECF in the wounds of patients in group C was higher than that in group A or B ( P <0.05 or P < 0.01). (6) On PTD 7, the number of type I macrophages in granulation tissue of patients was respectively 14.3 +/- 2.3, 11.5 +/- 3.0, and 10.7 +/- 2.3 per 400 times vision field in groups A , B, and C ( F = 25.14, P < 0.01), while the number in group C was less than that in group A or B ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with that before treatment, the number of type I macrophages was significantly decreased on PTD 7 in all the 3 groups (with values from 14.76 to 23. 73, P values below 0. 01). On PTD 7, the number of type II macrophages in granulation tissue of patients was respectively 32.7 +/- 3.2, 35.1 +/- 3.3 , and 41.3 +/- 3.2 per 400 times vision field in groups A, B, and C ( F = 81.10, P < 0.01), and the number in group C was lager than that in group A or B ( with P values below 0. 01). Compared with that before treatment, the number of type II macrophages in all the 3 groups was significantly increased (with t values from -69.34 to -47.95, P values below 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSVSD combined with irrigation of oxygen loaded fluid can raise the partial pressure of oxygen of the skin around the wounds effectively, promoting the transition of macrophages from type I to type II, thus it may promote the growth of granulation tissue, resulting in a better recipient for skin grafting or epithelization.

Debridement ; Drainage ; Granulation Tissue ; Humans ; Leg Ulcer ; etiology ; surgery ; Macrophages ; Microvessels ; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy ; methods ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Oxygen ; Skin ; Skin Transplantation ; Skin Ulcer ; Surgical Flaps ; Treatment Outcome ; Vacuum ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Veins ; Wound Healing

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the therapeutic effects of VSD combined with irrigation of oxygen loaded fluid on chronic wounds in diabetic patients.

METHODSTwenty-six diabetic patients hospitalized in Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University from September 2010 to June 2013, with chronic ulcers on lower extremities conforming to the inclusive criteria, were divided into group VSD (n = 8), VSD + irrigation control group (VSD + IC, n = 9), VSD + oxygen loaded fluid irrigation group (VSD OLI, n = 9) according to the random number table. After gross observation was conducted and wound secretion was sent for bacterial culturing right after admission, debridement was performed. During the debridement, granulation tissue of wound center was harvested for determination of the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) with ELISA. After debridement, the patients in group VSD were treated with VSD (negative pressure from -30 to -25 kPa, the same below); the patients in group VSD + IC were treated with VSD combining irrigation of normal saline; the patients in group VSD + OLI were treated with VSD combining normal saline loaded with oxygen (flow of 1 L/min ) irrigation. Drainage tube blockage was recorded and its incidence rate was recorded during the treatment. On post treatment day (PTD) 7, tissue exudates were collected and analyzed with blood gas analyzer for determining the partial pressure of oxygen of the exudate. After the VSD was terminated, bacterial culture was conducted as before, and the bacterial clearance rate was calculated. After the calculation of granulation tissue coverage rate, the granulation tissue in the center of the wound was harvested for histopathological observation with HE staining; morphological characteristics and density of mitochondria were observed with transmission electron microscopy; the activity of LDH and SDH was estimated as before; microvascular density (MVD) was counted after CD31 antibody immunohistochemical staining. Then the second stage operation was performed. The method of second stage operation was recorded and survival rate of grafted skin or flap was calculated. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance, LSD- t test, rank sum test, or Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS(1) The gross observation showed that before debridement there was only necrotic tissue without granulation tissue in the wounds of patients in all the 3 groups. On PTD 7, granulation tissue was found in the wounds of patients in all the 3 groups. HE staining showed that there were more abundant newborn microvessels and regularly arranged fibroblasts in the wounds of group VSD + OLI; less newborn microvessels and relatively sparsely fibroblasts were observed in the wounds of group VSD + IC. There were only sparse newborn microvessels and fibroblasts in the wounds of group VSD. (2) Rates of drainage tube blockage, granulation tissue coverage, and bacterial clearance showed significant differences among the 3 groups (with F values from 10.98 to 770.24, P values below 0.01). The drainage tube blockage rate was significantly lower in groups VSD + IC and VSD + OLI [(2.0 ± 0.4)% and (1.9 ± 0.6)%] than in group VSD [(16.0 ± 1.3)%, with t values respectively 28.77 and 29.20, P values below 0.01]. (3) On PTD 7, the partial pressure values of oxygen of the exudate in groups VSD + IC, VSD + OLI, and VSD were respectively (111 ± 4), (43 ± 4), and (40 ± 4) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa, F = 882.76, P < 0.01). (4) The density of mitochondria in group VSD + OLI was obviously higher than that of the other 2 groups, full in shape, with complete outer membrane and no vacuolization. (5) During debridement, the activity of LDH and SDH in 3 groups showed no significant differences (with F values respectively 0.08 and 1.03, P values above 0.05). On PTD 7, the activity of LDH was lower in group VSD + OLI [(103 ± 15) U/L] than in group VSD + IC [(136 ± 16) U/L, t = 4.49, P < 0.01], while it was higher in group VSD [(155 ± 16) U/L] than in group VSD + IC (t = 2.47, P < 0.05). The activity of SDH was higher in group VSD + OLI [(2.93 ± 0.27) U/L] than that in group VSD + IC [(1.77 ± 0.22) U/L] or group VSD [(1.61 ± 0.19) U/L, with t values respectively 10.21 and 11.65, P values below 0.01]. (6) On PTD 7, there was more positive expression of CD31 in group VSD + OLI than in the other 2 groups. The MVD of groups VSD, VSD + IC, and VSD + OLI were respectively (109 ± 5), (124 ± 5), (141 ± 6) per 400 times visual field (F = 68.78, P < 0.01). (7) The patients in 3 groups mainly received skin or flap grafting as the second stage operation. The survival rates of skin and flap in group VSD + OLI were higher than those of groups VSD + IC and VSD (with t values from 3.32 to 8.26, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the rates were higher in group VSD + IC than in group VSD (with t values respectively 2.67 and 3.18, P values below 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSVSD + OLI is effective in reducing drainage tube blockage, removing necrotic tissue and bacteria, ameliorating ischemia and hypoxia of wound tissue, providing fresh wound bed for wound healing, and improving skin or flap graft survival rates.

Debridement ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Drainage ; Granulation Tissue ; Humans ; Leg Ulcer ; etiology ; surgery ; Male ; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy ; methods ; Oxygen ; Skin ; injuries ; Skin Transplantation ; Surgical Flaps ; Treatment Outcome ; Vacuum ; Wound Healing

Objective To evaluate the effects of surgical and physical therapy on functional reconstruction post severe burn. Methods 21 patients with severe burn accepted comprehensive rehabilitation, while the other 18 cases accepted surgical therapy only. Modified Barthel Index and Vancouver Scar Scale were applied to assess their activities of daily living (ADL) and scar recovery 3 months, 1 year or 2 years post injury. Results Compared with the control group, the observation significantly improved in ADL and scar recovery with fewer operations (P<0.01). Conclusion The surgical and physical therapy facilitates to improve the functional recovery post severe burn.

To observe the effects of ursolic acid (UA) on insulin resistance and cell differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and to explore the mechanisms.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical data of adult patients with total burn surface area (TBSA) greater than 50% in Guangzhou and explore the optimal fluid resuscitation protocols for these patients.

METHODSThe clinical data of 94 adult patients with a TBSA over 50% treated in our center during 1991-2010 were reviewed. and the former decade. Fluid resuscitation volume of various components in shock stage, urine volume, occurrence of visceral complications and mortality rate within 10 days after injury were compared between patients treated in 1991-1999 and those in 2000-2010.

RESULTSThe first 24-h crystalline colloidal fluid ratio, first 24-h infusion volume and the second 24-h crystalloid fluid coefficients were significantly greater in the patients treated in 2000-2010 than in those treated in 1991-1999. The visceral complications and mortality rate were significantly lower in the latter than in the former patients (7.69% vs 27.3% and 2.56% vs 18.18%, respectively, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONFor patients with extensive burns, an individualized fluid resuscitation regimen, an adequately high colloid/crystal rehydration ratio, and a greater total infusion volume according to the local climate of Guangzhou can be beneficial to reduce the incidence of visceral complications and the mortality rate.

Adult ; Burns ; therapy ; Female ; Fluid Therapy ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Resuscitation ; methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

To explore the effects and mechanism of ursolic acid in improving hepatic insulin resistance in KKAy mice with spontaneous type 2 diabetes.

Objective To discuss how to identify the nerve and prevent the injury of the nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery. Methods The clinical data of 3078 patients undergoing thyroid resection were retrospectively analyzed. Results From January 1981 to December 2001,3078 thyroidectomy was performed at our department with the routine exploration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.4241 recurrent laryngeal nerves were identified,among them there were 12 nonrecurrent laryngeal nerves(0.28%,12/4241),ofwhich all were right-sided.One patient was male and 11 female.Of these 12 cases,there were 2 of type Ⅰ(16.67%,2/12),6 of type Ⅱ(50%,6/12)and 4 of type Ⅲ (33.33%,4/12).One ofthe type Ⅰ patients suffered from intraoperative injury of his nonreurrent laryngeal nerve.Conclusions The careful intraoperative identification of the nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve helps prevent it from the inadvertent injury.