Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is a precise targeted therapy that selectively treats certain benign diseases and malignant tumors by combining therapeutic light sources,photosensitizers,and oxygen molecules.The wavelength range of the light source,as a key factor in inducing PDT,has a decisive impact on the triggering and therapeutic effect of the treatment.However,there is a lack of relevant reviews on the selection of light sources for photodynamic therapy.This article reviews the PDT-related applications of commonly used light sources with different wavelength ranges of excitation,such as visible light,near-infrared,and X-ray,including the excitation characteristics of this band of light,as well as the multi-therapy combination and multi-range breakthroughs of PDT cancer treatment under the excitation of this band of light.The aim is to provide feasible directions for the development of photodynamic therapy bands and subsequent applications.

Gasdermin family proteins play critical roles in cell pyroptosis.Previous studies mainly focused on the function of Gasdermin D and Gasdermin E,less attention has been paid to Gasdermin C.Recently,accumulating studies revealed some distinctive characters of Gasdermin C different from other Gasdermin proteins and the impact of Gasdermin C on the prognosis of different types of tumor.This review summarized the recent study progresses in terms of molecular structure of Gasdermin C,the Gasdermin C mediated pyroptotic pathway as well as the prognostic significance of Gasdermin C in tumors,by which to provide informative references for corresponding researchers.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang (BZYQT) combined with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after fracture fixation in aged rabbits.Methods:Thirty-two elderly New Zealand rabbits of either sex, aged 36 months, weighing 3.5-4.0 kg, were divided into 4 groups ( n=8 each) using the random number table method: control group (C group), fracture fixation group (F group), low molecular weight heparin group (L group) and BZYQT combined with LMWH group (BL group). A model of fixation surgery for right femoral shaft fracture was established in anesthetized rabbits in F, L and BL groups. Starting from postoperative day 1, BL group received BZYQT at 3.6 ml/kg via gavage, F and L groups received normal saline at 3.6 ml/kg via gavage, L and BL groups received subcutaneous injection of LMWH at 200 IU/kg, and all the administrations were performed daily at 08: 00 for 7 consecutive days. On postoperative day 7, ultrasound examination was performed to assess lower limb DVT. Blood samples were collected from the marginal ear vein for determination of the serum concentrations of cortisol (COR), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Femoral vein specimens were obtained under anesthesia for microscopic examination of the pathological changes of the femoral vein lumen and endothelial tissues (by HE staining) and of the morphology of vascular endothelial cells (by the transmission electron microscopy). Results:Compared with C group, the concentrations of serum COR, TNF-α, IL-6 and ET-1 were significantly increased in F, L and BL groups, and the incidence of lower limb DVT within 7 days after surgery was significantly increased in F and L groups ( P<0.05). Compared with F group, the incidence of lower limb DVT within 7 days after surgery was significantly decreased in L and BL groups, and the concentrations of serum COR, TNF-α, IL-6 and ET-1 were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the pathological damage was significantly reduced in BL group. Compared with L group, the incidence of lower limb DVT and concentration of IL-6 were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and pathological damage was significantly alleviated in BL group. Conclusions:BZYQT combined with LMWH can prevent the occurrence of lower limb DVT after fracture fixation in aged rabbits.

To investigate the infection status of two arboviruses,akabane orthobunyavirus(AKAV)and bluetongue virus(BTV),in cattle herds of Guizhou Province,we employed the indirect ELISA method to detect AKAV and BTV antibody levels in the present experiment.A total of 1504 bovine serum samples from 37 large-scale farms and 88 free-range households from 26 districts or coun-ties of 7 cities(prefectures)of Guizhou Province were collected to detect AKAV antibody levels.Additionally,1 241 serum samples from 30 large-scale farms and 15 free-range households in 19 districts or counties of 3 cities(prefectures)were tested for BTV antibody levels.Moreover,two influencing factors,breeding mode and sampling season,were statistically analyzed for their effects.The results showed that the overall positive rate of AKAV antibodies was 11.64％(175/1 504),with individual positive rates of 13.20％(123/934)and 9.12％(52/570)in large-scale farms and free-range households,respectively.No significant differences were observed between the two groups.However,the farm positive rate(64.86％,24/37)in large-scale farms was significantly higher than that(26.14％,23/88)in free-range households.Seasonal statistics showed that the positive rate was highest during the summer season at 60.00％(12/20).The total positive rate of BTV antibodies was 25.42％(222/1 241).The farm positive rate and individual positive rate in free-range households were 66.67％(10/15)and 41.91％(57/136),respectively.For large-scale farms,these rates were 60.00％(18/30)and 14.93％(165/1 105),respectively.The individual pos-itive rate in free-range households was significantly higher than that in large-scale farms.Seasonal statistics showed that the positive rates in summer and autumn seasons were 50.00％(5/10)and 72.41％(21/29),respectively,both of which were significantly higher than those in winter and spring seasons.All these findings indicated that both AKAV and BTV were present to a certain ex-tent in Guizhou Province,with seasonality.Furthermore,differences were observed between the different breeding modes.Our results could provide a data reference for the formulation of preven-tion and control measures for the two insect-borne diseases.

To establish a rapid visual detection method for Akabane virus(AKAV)on site,specific primers and probes based on the S fragment of AKAV were designed in this experiment.Corre-sponding groups were added to the primers or probes to fulfil the requirement of the combination of recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)with lateral flow dipstick(LFD).The reaction temperature and time,concentrations of the primer and probe were optimized to establish the RPA-LFD method for detecting AKAV.After that,the specificity,sensitivity and clinical reliability of the method were evaluated.The results showed that after 20 minutes of reaction at 37 ℃,the test results could be read on LFD paper.There was no cross reaction against blue tongue virus,Pasteurella multocida,bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus and bovine Mycoplasma bovis,and the detection limit was 2.5 × 100 copies/μL of standard plasmid.Detection of clinical samples showed a consistent results with that by RT-PCR method.These findings indicated that the RPA-LFD method established had the advantages of good specificity,high sensitivity,simple operation and visualization,and could be applied to clinical detection,which provides new technical support for the rapid diagnosis and prevention and control of AKAV.

In the era of intelligence and individualization, gastric cancer surgery is under-going multidimensional advancements. The authors focus on the cutting-edge progress and future challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) in the diagnosis and decision-making, treatment and drug development, as well as postoperative rehabilitation in gastric cancer surgery. In terms of diagnosis, AI integrates imaging, liquid biopsy, pathology, and multimodal technologies to enhance diagnostic comprehensiveness and accuracy. Regarding decision-making, AI assists in formulating personalized treatment plans, conducting risk assessments, and predicting prognoses. In the treatment domain, AI facilitates the advancement of individualized surgical approaches, supports postoperative follow-up, and aids in physician education and training. In drug development, the introduction of virtual cell models and AlphaFold has improved the efficiency and accuracy of mechanistic and clinical research. For postoperative rehabilitation guidance, AI provides personalized recommendations to optimize treatment outcomes.AI holds great promise in gastric cancer surgery across diagnosis and decision-making, treatment and drug development, and postoperative rehabilitation. However, current AI technologies face challenges such as data sharing and privacy protection, multicenter research and model generalization, human-machine collaboration, interpretability, ethical considerations, sustaina-bility, and widespread adoption. Addressing these challenges will require collective efforts to fully leverage AI′s advantages in gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To explore the molecular mechanisms by which cucurbitacin B(CuB)regulates the mitochondrial ap-optosis pathway through the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase(NAMPT)/forkhead transcription factor O subfamily member 3a(FoxO3a)axis to affect the biological function of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)cells.Methods Gefitinib(GEF)and CuB were used to intervene in A549 cells.Network pharmacology was employed to analyze the targets and downstream pathways,and different vector-transfected cell groups were set up.Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay,cell invasion by Transwell assay,and cell apoptosis by flow cytometry.The mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)level was measured using a JC-1 kit,and intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were detected using a kit.Western blot was used to detect the expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins(DRP1,Mfn1),as well as the protein levels of NAMPT and FoxO3a in A549 cells.The mRNA expression of NAMPT was detected by qRT-PCR.Additionally,a xenograft model in nude mice was es-tablished to verify the therapeutic effects of CuB in vivo.Results Compared with the control group,GEF and CuB intervention significantly inhibited the viability and invasion of A549 cells and induced cell apoptosis.Moreover,CuB intervention significant-ly decreased the MMP level,increased ROS concentration,and upregulated the expression of DRP1 while downregulating Mfn1 in A549 cells(P＜0.05).NAMPT,a therapeutic target,was highly expressed in A549 cells and was inhibited by CuB.Compared with the vector group,overexpression of NAMPT significantly promoted the growth of A549 cells and inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis.Compared with the vector+CuB(100 nmol/L)group,overexpression of NAMPT reversed the effects of CuB on A549 cells(P＜0.05).Compared with the si-NAMPT-NC group,silencing NAMPT significantly inhibited the growth of A549 cells and promoted mitochondrial apoptosis,while knockdown of FoxO3a enhanced the viability and invasion of A549 cells and re-versed the damaging effects of si-NAMPT on cancer cells(P＜0.05).In vivo experimental results showed that CuB inhibited tumor weight and volume in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion CuB regulates the NAMPT-FoxO3a axis through the mito-chondrial apoptosis pathway to inhibit the progression of NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo.

To investigate the infection status of two arboviruses,akabane orthobunyavirus(AKAV)and bluetongue virus(BTV),in cattle herds of Guizhou Province,we employed the indirect ELISA method to detect AKAV and BTV antibody levels in the present experiment.A total of 1504 bovine serum samples from 37 large-scale farms and 88 free-range households from 26 districts or coun-ties of 7 cities(prefectures)of Guizhou Province were collected to detect AKAV antibody levels.Additionally,1 241 serum samples from 30 large-scale farms and 15 free-range households in 19 districts or counties of 3 cities(prefectures)were tested for BTV antibody levels.Moreover,two influencing factors,breeding mode and sampling season,were statistically analyzed for their effects.The results showed that the overall positive rate of AKAV antibodies was 11.64％(175/1 504),with individual positive rates of 13.20％(123/934)and 9.12％(52/570)in large-scale farms and free-range households,respectively.No significant differences were observed between the two groups.However,the farm positive rate(64.86％,24/37)in large-scale farms was significantly higher than that(26.14％,23/88)in free-range households.Seasonal statistics showed that the positive rate was highest during the summer season at 60.00％(12/20).The total positive rate of BTV antibodies was 25.42％(222/1 241).The farm positive rate and individual positive rate in free-range households were 66.67％(10/15)and 41.91％(57/136),respectively.For large-scale farms,these rates were 60.00％(18/30)and 14.93％(165/1 105),respectively.The individual pos-itive rate in free-range households was significantly higher than that in large-scale farms.Seasonal statistics showed that the positive rates in summer and autumn seasons were 50.00％(5/10)and 72.41％(21/29),respectively,both of which were significantly higher than those in winter and spring seasons.All these findings indicated that both AKAV and BTV were present to a certain ex-tent in Guizhou Province,with seasonality.Furthermore,differences were observed between the different breeding modes.Our results could provide a data reference for the formulation of preven-tion and control measures for the two insect-borne diseases.

To establish a rapid visual detection method for Akabane virus(AKAV)on site,specific primers and probes based on the S fragment of AKAV were designed in this experiment.Corre-sponding groups were added to the primers or probes to fulfil the requirement of the combination of recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)with lateral flow dipstick(LFD).The reaction temperature and time,concentrations of the primer and probe were optimized to establish the RPA-LFD method for detecting AKAV.After that,the specificity,sensitivity and clinical reliability of the method were evaluated.The results showed that after 20 minutes of reaction at 37 ℃,the test results could be read on LFD paper.There was no cross reaction against blue tongue virus,Pasteurella multocida,bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus and bovine Mycoplasma bovis,and the detection limit was 2.5 × 100 copies/μL of standard plasmid.Detection of clinical samples showed a consistent results with that by RT-PCR method.These findings indicated that the RPA-LFD method established had the advantages of good specificity,high sensitivity,simple operation and visualization,and could be applied to clinical detection,which provides new technical support for the rapid diagnosis and prevention and control of AKAV.

Objective To explore the molecular mechanisms by which cucurbitacin B(CuB)regulates the mitochondrial ap-optosis pathway through the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase(NAMPT)/forkhead transcription factor O subfamily member 3a(FoxO3a)axis to affect the biological function of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)cells.Methods Gefitinib(GEF)and CuB were used to intervene in A549 cells.Network pharmacology was employed to analyze the targets and downstream pathways,and different vector-transfected cell groups were set up.Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay,cell invasion by Transwell assay,and cell apoptosis by flow cytometry.The mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)level was measured using a JC-1 kit,and intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were detected using a kit.Western blot was used to detect the expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins(DRP1,Mfn1),as well as the protein levels of NAMPT and FoxO3a in A549 cells.The mRNA expression of NAMPT was detected by qRT-PCR.Additionally,a xenograft model in nude mice was es-tablished to verify the therapeutic effects of CuB in vivo.Results Compared with the control group,GEF and CuB intervention significantly inhibited the viability and invasion of A549 cells and induced cell apoptosis.Moreover,CuB intervention significant-ly decreased the MMP level,increased ROS concentration,and upregulated the expression of DRP1 while downregulating Mfn1 in A549 cells(P＜0.05).NAMPT,a therapeutic target,was highly expressed in A549 cells and was inhibited by CuB.Compared with the vector group,overexpression of NAMPT significantly promoted the growth of A549 cells and inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis.Compared with the vector+CuB(100 nmol/L)group,overexpression of NAMPT reversed the effects of CuB on A549 cells(P＜0.05).Compared with the si-NAMPT-NC group,silencing NAMPT significantly inhibited the growth of A549 cells and promoted mitochondrial apoptosis,while knockdown of FoxO3a enhanced the viability and invasion of A549 cells and re-versed the damaging effects of si-NAMPT on cancer cells(P＜0.05).In vivo experimental results showed that CuB inhibited tumor weight and volume in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion CuB regulates the NAMPT-FoxO3a axis through the mito-chondrial apoptosis pathway to inhibit the progression of NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo.