Cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1(CYFRA21-1)is a new biomarker which has received much attention in recent years for cancer screening,and has shown great potentials for screening and diagnosis of various cancers,especially non-small cell lung cancer.CYFRA21-1 level in human serum has important clinical significance in the diagnosis,prognosis and treatment of lung cancer.Recently,a variety of detection techniques have been established to effectively enrich the detection technology system of CYFRA21-1,such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,chemiluminescence,fluorescence,immunochromatography,electrochemical method,and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy,etc.These techniques provide technical support for early diagnosis of lung cancer.However,the research progress of CYFRA21-1 detection methods is rarely reported.In this paper,CYFRA21-1 and its clinical significance were briefly introduced,and the progress of detection technology in recent ten years was reviewed,which was expected to provide reference for developing more sensitive,accurate,fast and convenient detection methods.

Risks of food safety induced by small molecule drug residues in animal food and environment have become an increasing public concern,so it is necessary to develop highly sensitive and easy-to-operate techniques to detect small molecules.Herein,a metasurface plasma resonance(MetaSPR)sensor chip coupled with gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)was developed for detection of enrofloxacin(ENR)based on competitive immunoassay.The detection range of the sensor for ENR was 0.025-3.2 ng/mL,and the detection limit(3σ)was 20 pg/mL.The biosensor showed excellent performance including high selectivity,good stability,ease to operate and high throughput,etc.The developed method was applied to detection of ENR residues in real samples,with recoveies of 96.0% -105.0%.The proposed sensing strategy provided new technique reference for detection of other small molecules in the field of residue analysis in food safety and environment monitoring.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of Ferrostatin-1(Fer-1),a ferroptosis inhibitor,on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI).Methods Rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes were ran-domly divided into five groups:Control group,H/R medium group,H/R medium+Fer-1 group,H/R medium+Nec-1 group,and H/R medium+emricasan group.Cell morphology was observed using electron mi-croscopy.Cell proliferation activity was assessed via CCK-8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)release.I-ron ion levels were measured using an iron detection kit.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)and mitochondrial su-peroxide levels were detected by flow cytometry and MitoSOXTM fluorescence staining,respectively.Western blot was employed to analyze the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4(ACSL4),nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase(NOX1),and cycloox-ygenase 2(COX2).Results Compared to the Control group,the H/R medium group exhibited significantly increased cytotoxicity(LDH levels)and reduced cell viability,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Treatment with Fer-1,Nec-1,or emricasan in the H/R medium group increased cell adherence,reduced vacuolization,enhanced cell viability,and decreased cytotoxicity(LDH relative releasing rate)compared to the H/R medium group.Intracellular ferrous iron and total iron levels were elevated in the H/R medium group compared to the Control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05),while Fer-1 treatment sig-nificantly reduced these levels(P<0.05).ROS levels were higher in the H/R medium group than in the Con-trol group,and Fer-1 treatment attenuated this increase(P<0.05).Western blot analysis revealed elevated ACSL4,NOX1,and COX2 levels,alongside reduced GPX4 levels,in the H/R medium group compared to the Control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Fer-1 treatment reversed these trends,de-creasing ACSL4,NOX1,and COX2 levels while increasing GPX4 expression,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion Ferroptosis plays a critical role in MIRI.Fer-1 mitigates oxidative stress injury and alleviates MIRI by inhibiting ferroptosis.

Objective To analyze the relationship between different degrees of cerebral venous sinus stenosis and the trans-stenotic pressure gradient using a 3D-printed hemodynamic simulation system for cerebral venous sinuses.Methods Based on the double elastic cavity model,a complete morphological model of the superior sagittal sinus,transverse sinus,and sigmoid sinuses was constructed using 3D printing technology.An in vitro hemodynamic simulation system incorporating pulsatile blood flow was established to simulate the hemodynamic environment of cerebral venous sinus stenosis.Using this system,both unilateral dominant drainage and bilateral balanced drainage were simulated.The degree of stenosis and the pressure upstream and downstream of the stenosis were measured.The pressure difference and pressure ratio were calculated to analyze the correlation between stenosis degree and the trans-stenotic pressure gradient.Results In the unilateral dominant drainage model,as the stenosis severity increased,the upstream pressure increased,whereas the downstream pressure remained relatively stable,leading to an increased pressure gradient between the two ends.The regression equation for stenosis degree(X)and pressure gradient(pressure difference ΔP)was:YΔP=1.962X-1.417(R=0.867,R2=0.753,P<0.001).In the bilateral balanced drainage model of cerebral venous sinuses,when the stenosis degree on one side of the model increased,the pressure gradient between the two ends changed slightly and eventually reached a stable state.The regression equation between X and ΔP was:YΔP=0.62X+1.047(R=0.98,R2=0.96,P<0.001).Conclusions Stenosis in cerebral venous sinuses with unilateral dominant drainage has a more significant impact on the pressure gradient,while unilateral stenosis in bilateral cerebral venous sinuses with balanced drainage has a smaller impact on the pressure gradient.This result suggests that for bilateral venous sinus stenosis,stent implantation can be prioritized in one side of the cerebral venous sinuses.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of shear wave elastography(SWE)for clinically significant prostate cancer(csPCa).Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 359 cases with suspected prostate cancer(PCa)in Baoji Central Hospital from June 2017 to July 2023.All the patients underwent the following examinations in the order of serum prostate-spe-cific antigen(PSA)testing,transrectal ultrasonography(TRUS),measurement of the stiffness of the entire prostate gland by SWE,and TRUS-guided prostate puncture biopsy.The stiffness of the entire prostate gland was defined as the average of Young's modulus at both sides of the base,middle,and apex of the prostate,including the maximum Young's modulus(Emax),mean Young's modulus(Emean),and minimum Young's modulus(Emin).We analyzed the correlation of the parameters of the stiffness of the entire prostate gland with the pathological results,focusing on their diagnostic performance for csPCa.Results:Of the 359 cases,189 were diag-nosed by pathological puncture biopsy as BPH,26 as non-csPCa,and 144 as csPCa.The PSA level,Emax,Emean and Emin were significantly higher in the csPCa than those in the BPH and non-csPCa groups(all P＜0.01),but showed no statistically significant difference between the BPH and non-csPCa groups(all P＞0.05).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),optimal cut-off value,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV),negative predictive value(NPV)and accura-cy of Emax in the diagnosis of csPCa were 0.852,143.92 kPa,72.22％,84.65％,75.91％,81.98％and 79.67％;those of Emean were 0.868,82.42 kPa,67.36％,91.16％,83.62％,80.66％and 81.62％;and those of Emin were 0.682,32.73 kPa,47.22％,89.30％,73.91％,71.54％and 72.14％,respectively.In the non-csPCa group,Emax,Emean and Emin were found be-low the optimal cut-off value in 73.08％(19/26),92.31％(24/26)and 88.46％(23/26),respectively.Conclusion:The stiff-ness of the entire prostate gland measured by SWE contributes to the diagnosis of csPCa,reduces unnecessary detection of non-csPCa,and provides some reference for its active surveillance.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of grain-sized moxibustion at "Zhongwan （RN12）" "Tianshu （ST25）" and "Shangjuxu （ST37）" on the colon tissue of mice with ulcerative colitis （UC）， and to analyze the potential mechanism. MethodsForty C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into blank group， model group， moxibustion group and mesalazine group， with 10 mice in each group. In all the groups except for the blank group， UC mouse model was prepared by freely drinking 3% sodium dextran sulfate solution. After successful modeling， the moxibustion group was treated with grain-sized moxibustion at Zhongwan， Tianshu and Shangjuxu ， 3 cones per acupoint， 30 s of each cone. The mesalazine group was given 300 mg/kg of mesalazine enteric-coated tablet solution by gavage. The blank group and the model group were only fixed by grasping without any intervention. Each group was intervened once a day for 7 consecutive days. The general condition of mice in each group was observed， and the disease activity index （DAI） score was evaluated. The colon length， intestinal weight and colon mucosal injury score were detected. The contents of serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1）， interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） were detected by ELISA. The pathological changes of colon tissue were observed by HE staining. The mRNA and protein expressions of non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase 2 （JAK2）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3） and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 （SOCS3） in colon tissue of mice were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry， respectively. The mean fluorescence intensity of JAK2 and SOCS3 in colon tissue of mice was detected by immunofluorescence double staining. ResultsCompared to the blank group， the mice in the model group had unclean perianal area， unformed stool， destroyed colonic mucosal morphology， shortened body weight and colon length， increased DAI score， intestinal weight index， colonic mucosal injury and pathological score， serum ICAM-1， IL-6 and TNF-α levels， increased mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3 in colon tissue， and decreased mRNA and protein expression of SOCS3 （P＜0.01）. Compared to those in the model group， the perianal area of mice in the moxibustion group and the mesalazine group was improved， and the colonic mucosal morphology was more complete； body weight and colon length increased， while DAI score， intestinal weight index， colonic mucosal injury and pathological score， serum ICAM-1， IL-6 and TNF-α levels decreased， with decreased mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3 in colon tissue， and increased SOCS3 mRNA and protein expression （ P＜0.01 or P＜0.05 ）. There was no significant difference in any index between the moxibustion group and the mesalazine group. ConclusionGrain-sized moxibustion at "Zhongwan"， "Tianshu" and "Shangjuxu" can improve the damage of colon mucosa in UC model mice， and the mechanism may be related to the key factors regulating JAK2 / STAT3 signaling pathway based on SOCS3.

Objective:To investigate the changes of artemin protein expression in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and to explore the regulatory effect of human adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) exosomes on the change of artemin protein expression.Methods:This research was a prospective observational clinical research combined with experimental research. Thirteen DPN patients (9 males and 4 females, aged 32 to 68 years) who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University (hereinafter referred to as our hospital) from May 2022 to October 2023 and met the inclusion criteria were selected as DPN group, and 5 non-diabetes patients (4 males and 1 female, aged 29 to 61 years) who were admitted to our hospital in the same period of time and met the inclusion criteria were selected as control group. The toe nerve or sural nerve tissue in the abandoned tissue after debridement or amputation of patients in the two groups was collected. The pathological changes of nerve tissue were observed after hematoxylin-eosin staining; the protein expressions of S100β and artemin in nerve tissue were observed after immunofluorescence staining, and the artemin protein expression was quantified; the protein and mRNA expressions of artemin were detected by Western blotting and real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively (the sample number in DPN group and control group was 13 and 5, respectively). Twelve male C57BL/6 mice aged 3 to 5 days were collected to isolate Schwann cells, and the cells were divided into conventional culture group cultured routinely, high glucose alone group (cultured with high concentration of glucose solution only), and high glucose+exosome group (cultured with high concentration of glucose solution and extracted human ADSC exosomes). After 24 hours of culture, the cell proliferation activity was detected by cell counting kit 8 ( n=6). After 48 hours of culture, the protein expression of artemin was detected by Western blotting ( n=3). Results:Compared with those in control group, the neural supporting cells decreased and the inflammatory cells increased in the nerve tissue of patients in DPN group, showing typical manifestations of nerve injury. Immunofluorescence staining showed that compared with those in control group, the nuclei was more, and the protein expression of S100β was lower in nerve tissue of patients in DPN group. The protein expression of artemin in nerve tissue of patients in DPN group was 71±31, which was significantly lower than 1 729±62 in control group ( t=76.92, P<0.05). Western blotting detection showed that the protein expression of artemin in nerve tissue of patients in DPN group was 0.74±0.08, which was significantly lower than 0.97±0.06 in control group ( t=5.49, P<0.05). The artemin mRNA expression in nerve tissue of patients in DPN group was significantly lower than that in control group ( t=7.65, P<0.05). After 24 hours of culture, compared with that in conventional culture group, the proliferation activities of Schwann cells in high glucose alone group and high glucose+exosome group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05); compared with that in high glucose alone group, the proliferation activity of Schwann cells in high glucose+exosome group was significantly increased ( P<0.05). After 48 hours of culture, compared with those in conventional culture group, the protein expressions of artemin of Schwann cells in high glucose alone group and high glucose+exosome group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05); compared with that in high glucose alone group, the protein expression of artemin of Schwann cells in high glucose+exosome group was significantly increased ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The protein expression of artemin in nerve tissue of DPN patients is lower than that in normal nerve tissue, which may be related to the reduction of proliferation activity of Schwann cells by high glucose. Human ADSC exosomes may improve the proliferation activity of Schwann cells by increasing artemin protein expression, thereby delaying the progression of DPN.

Objective The aim of this study was to screen and verify the proteins interacting with Vimentin,investigate the regulatory relationship between FABP5 and candidate proteins,and further explore the mechanism of FABP5 in hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods Immunoprecipitation combined with tandem mass spectrometry(IP-MS)was used to screen the proteins that bind to FABP5.The binding relationship between FABP5 and candi-date interacting proteins was verified from the exogenous and endogenous levels by Co-immune precipitation assay(Co-IP).RT-qPCR,Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to observe the effect of knockdown FABP5 on the transcription and translation of Vimentin in HCC cells.The effect of overexpressing FABP5 on the cytoskeleton of HCC cell was observed by phalloidin staining.Results 336 potential target proteins that bind to FABP5 were identi-fied through IP-MS.Based on literature,five candidate proteins related to tumors were selected,namely PRDX1,PRSS3,PKM,HSP90AA1,and Vimentin.The binding relationship between FABP5 and Vimentin protein was con-firmed through both exogenous and endogenous Co-IP.Knockdown FABP5 has no significant effect on the expression of Vimentin mRNA,but it can inhibit the expression of Vimentin protein,and overexpression of FABP5 can affect the cytoskeleton of HCC cell.Conclusions FABP5 promotes the migration and invasion of HCC cells by the regula-tion of Vimentin and the influence of cytoskeletal remodeling,and thus it is expected to be a potential target for anti-HCC and provide new ideas for the treatment of HCC.

Objective:To investigate the efficiency and safety of the pulsatile GnRH therapy in the treatment of male congeni-tal hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(CHH).Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data on 45 CHH males treated by pulsatile GnRH therapy in our hospital from January 2013 to March 2023.We treated the patients with gonadorelin at 7-15 μg,one pulse/90 min,and followed them up every month in the first 3 months and then every 3 to 6 months after treatment,for an average of 19.1±4.3 months,during which we recorded the height,body weight,penile length,testis volume,Tanner stages,levels of FSH,LH and T,semen parameters and adverse reactions of the patients,followed by comparison of the data obtained with the baseline.Results:The levels of FSH,LH and T of the patients were dramatically elevated after treatment(P<0.01).The T level of the6 ca-ses of cryptorchidism,however,failed to reach the normal value within 18.2±8.6 months of follow-up.Significant improvement was seen in the external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics of all the patients,and spermatogenesis was observed in the semen in 33 cases(73.3% ),with a mean sperm concentration of(18.2±6.2)106/ml,sperm progressive motility of(19.7±6.5)%,and semen volume of(1.8±0.6)ml.Eight of the cases achieved natural fertility,and another 3 achieved childbirth by assisted re-productive technology.As for adverse events,gynecomastia was observed in 8,subcutaneous induration in 6,and allergic reaction to therapeutic agent in 3 cases.Conclusion:Pulsatile GnRH therapy is an effective and safe strategy for male CHH.However,clini-cians should choose appropriate approaches to different individual cases.