Background: Maintaining the concentration of a drug in the blood at a therapeutic level is crucial for enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing adverse effects. Conventional dosage forms are rapidly absorbed, causing a quick rise in the drug concentration in the blood, but it soon declines. As a result, frequent dosing is required in chronic or acute conditions. This can lead to drug concentrations exceeding therapeutic levels, increasing toxicity, or failing to reach the required level. To address these limitations, drug delivery systems (DDS) have been intensively developed over the past few decades. Among these systems, microencapsulation technology enables targeted delivery of the drug within the body, maintains stability, controls release, improves bioavailability, reduces side effects, and protects the active pharmaceutical ingredient from degradation or elimination, delivering it specifically to the necessary tissues. These characteristics provided the rationale for conducting this study. Aim: Select a suitable polymer for microcapsule formation, develop a production technology using the emulsion solvent evaporation method, and evaluate certain morphological characteristics of the resulting microcapsules. Materials and Methods: The microcapsules were prepared using an O/W emulsion solvent evaporation method. Dichloromethane (DCM) was used as the solvent, and the wall materials were solutions of chitosan (2% w/v) and gelatin (5% w/v), which are polymers combining biodegradability and biocompatibility. These solutions were mixed in a total of eight different ratios and emulsified into an aqueous phase containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, 1% w/v) using a high-speed homogenizer at 8000–10000 rpm to form the emulsion, followed by solvent evaporation. The resulting microcapsules were freeze-dried to obtain dry microcapsule forms. The morphology and surface structure of the microcapsules were characterized using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while their size and distribution were analyzed using the ImageJ software. Result: To determine the optimal wall material for the microcapsules, a total of eight formulation ratios were prepared, and the emulsion stability and viscosity were evaluated. Chitosan-dominant formulations (F1, F7, F8) exhibited excessively high viscosity and a tendency for the system to thicken, which reduced the uniformity and stability of the emulsion. In contrast, formulations with low or imbalanced gelatin content (F2, F3) failed to achieve complete emulsion stabilization and showed significant phase separation. The F5 formulation demonstrated the best stability, minimal phase separation, and appropriate viscosity, making it the optimal choice for microcapsule wall preparation. The chitosan-to-gelatin ratio of 1:2 (F5 formulation) was found to be the most suitable in terms of complete microcapsule formation, spherical shape, uniform surface, and proper viscosity. Microcapsules of the F5 formulation had an average diameter of 290±30 µm, were spherical, and maintained shape stability even after freeze-drying. A microcapsule preparation technology based on the emulsion method was developed experimentally, and the most suitable conditions were established. Conclusion 1. The results of the study indicated that a chitosan-to-gelatin ratio of 1:2 was the most suitable formulation for microcapsules in terms of complete formation, spherical shape, and uniform surface characteristics. 2. When the gelatin content increased, microcapsule morphology deteriorated and aggregation tendencies were observed, whereas higher chitosan content increased the viscosity of the solution, which affected the stability of the emulsion and resulted in non-uniform microcapsule sizes. 3. The 1:2 chitosan-gelatin ratio is therefore crucial for microcapsule preparation, and this wall composition can be applied in further studies involving drug-loaded microcapsules.

Background: Honey is a natural biologically active substance with antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regeneration–promoting properties, and it has traditionally been used in wound treatment for centuries. Numerous studies have confirmed that the phenolic compounds, enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, and amino acids contained in honey inhibit bacterial growth and accelerate wound healing. Wound infections are commonly caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli which are major factors that delay wound healing and lead to complications. However, the direct application of honey to wounds presents challenges such as adhesiveness, absorption, dose stability, and sterility. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate honey into a suitable pharmaceutical dosage form to facilitate its use and introduce natural raw materials into therapeutic practice. Thus, incorporating honey as the main active ingredient into a hydrogel dressing could enable the development of a novel therapeutic wound dressing that is physically and chemically stable and capable of maintaining an optimal moist wound environment, which is essential for wound healing. Honey-containing hydrogel dressings differ from other dressings in their ability to balance the wound environment, absorb and retain moisture, provide antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, and support tissue regeneration. The significance of this study lies not only in investigating the antibacterial activity of honey but also in determining the bacterial killing time, thereby providing useful data for future studies. Aim: To investigate the antibacterial activity of honey and determine its bacterial killing time. Materials and Methods: Domestic honey samples were compared with imported honey samples in terms of antibacterial activity and bacterial killing time. Domestic honey samples were coded as D1, D2, D3, C1, and C2, while the imported honey sample was coded as M. A total of six honey samples were evaluated. Using the broth microdilution method, the antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains commonly associated with burn wound infections Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 28583, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 1706, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25218 was determined and compared. Subsequently, bacterial killing time was evaluated using the broth dilution method with honey concentrations prepared at ratios of 7:3 (70%), 5:5 (50%), and 4:6 (40%). Results: The antibacterial activities of D1, D2, D3, C1, C2, and M honey samples against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli were determined. Among them, D3, C2, and M honey samples showed stronger antibacterial activity. Therefore, these three honey samples were further investigated by determining bacterial killing time over an 18-hour period. For D3 honey diluted at a 7:3 ratio, the killing time was 15 hours for S. aureus and 7 hours for P. aeruginosa, while the killing times for K. pneumoniae and E. coli exceeded 18 hours. D3 honey diluted at a 5:5 ratio showed bacterial killing times exceeding 18 hours for all tested bacteria. For C2 honey diluted at a 7:3 ratio, the killing times were 16 hours for S. aureus, 12 hours for P. aeruginosa, 16 hours for K. pneumoniae, and 17 hours for E. coli. C2 honey diluted at a 5:5 ratio killed E. coli in 18 hours, whereas the killing times for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae exceeded 18 hours. For M honey diluted at a 7:3 ratio, the killing times were 8 hours for S. aureus, 7 hours for P. aeruginosa, 9 hours for K. pneumoniae, and 8 hours for E. coli. M honey diluted at a 5:5 ratio killed S. aureus in 9 hours, P. aeruginosa in 10 hours, K. pneumoniae in 10 hours, and E. coli in 9 hours. Conclusions 1. The antibacterial activity of honey against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli varied depending on honey concentration, with honey concentrations of 40–45% demonstrating the highest antibacterial activity. Furthermore, M honey exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity compared to the other honey samples. 2. In determining bacterial killing time, the domestic honey samples killed bacteria within 9 hours, whereas the imported honey sample killed bacteria within 7 hours.

Background: Vitamin E is an oil-soluble compound with antioxidant properties against free radicals. It has been used in cosmetic practice since long time ago. However, it is unstable to light and heat, and even when formulated into pharmaceuticals, it has poor skin penetration, which can reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. Therefore, by encapsulating Vitamin E in liposomes and forming a gel, it is possible to produce a highly therapeutically effective drug form that supports skin homeostasis and provides moisturizing benefits. To this reason, it is necessary to determine the appropriate methods and conditions for encapsulation in liposomes, which is the basis for conducting this study. Aim: The goal of the research is to develop a technology for preparing vitamin E-loaded liposomes and incorporating them into a gel formulation. Materials and Methods: Liposomes were formed using thin film hydration, ethanol injection, and heating methods, each with 5 different concentrations, and liposome formation was determined spectrophotometrically for each sample. The size of the formed liposomes was determined using a Nanophox instrument. Six gel models were prepared and compared for quality parameters. Results: The highest yield was obtained when 75 mg of phospholipids were used in the thin film hydration method, which is 82.3%; the highest yield was obtained when 50 mg of phospholipids were used in the ethanol injection method, which is 86.75%; and the highest yield was obtained when 50 mg of phospholipids were used in the heating method, which is 58.8%. The average size of liposomes prepared by ethanol injection and dissolved in distilled water was 106 nm. The gel bases were prepared using models F1-F6, and the pH values of models F4 and F5 were suitable. Conclusions 1. Among the three methods for liposome formation, the ethanol injection method had the highest yield. 2. The ethanol injection method had the highest encapsulation when prepared with a phospholipid:vitamin E ratio of (1:10). 3. For gel base model F5 was suitable which is carbomer 1.0%, preservative propylparaben 0.02%, pH adjuster sodium hydroxide, and permeability enhancer propylene glycol 10%.

Background: Liposomes have been widely studied in the field of medicine in recent years for they can reduce side effects and regulate drug release by delivering active ingredients to target tissues and cells through active or passive routes. There are many types of methods for formulating liposomes, and comparing those methods and choosing the most suitable one will allow the delivery of active ingredients and their incorporation into pharmaceutical forms, so this research was carried out. Aim: To compare liposome formation methods. Materials and Methods: The research work was carried out with the support of “Drug Design Laboratory” and “Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory” of the School of Pharmacy of MNUMS. To formulate liposomes, 5 different concentrations of samples were prepared using thin-film hydration, ethanol injection, and heating methods. Phospholipid concentration and light absorption were determined by spectrophotometer in each sample. The size of the resulting liposome was determined using a Nanophox. Results: Phosphatidilcholines were dissolved in distilled water at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/ml and a standard curve was established by spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of phospholipids in liposome samples. The highest formulation was 76.98% when 75 mg of phospholipid was used in the preparation by thin film hydration method, when 50 mg of phospholipid was used in the preparation by ethanol injection method, the highest formulation was 85.17%, and for when 50 mg of phospholipid was used in the preparation by heating method, the highest formulation was 58.45%. The mean liposome size by ethanol injection method was 115 nm. Conclusions 1. Ethanol injection method for liposome formulation is more efficient compared to thin-film hydration method and heating method. 2. Liposome size was 115 nm when prepared by ethanol injection.

Background: Gishuun-3 medicine is widely used for mild laxative, reverse elimination of flatulence, constipation, and amennorrhea. Therefore, the basis of our research work is to select the medicine Gishuun-3, keep the medicinal composition intact and make it in the form of granules for easier to consume. Aim: To study the possibility of using the drug Gishuun-3, which has been widely used in traditional medicine, in the form of granules. Materials and Methods: “Gishuun-3” The composition of the drug contains Gishuun, Arur, and Khujir. The following methods and techniques were used to conduct the study. These include: The following methods and methodology were applied in the study: Quality parameters of the granules were determined by Mongolian National First Pharmacopoeia. TLC was used to detect some biologically active substances that are predominant|y present in the granules.Quantitative analysis of some biologically active substances that are predominantly present in the granules were determined by spectrophotometry. Results: Gishuun-3 was weighed in an appropriate amount, and 6 types of granules were produced by the method of wet granulation using glucose, lactose, sucrose, lemon juice, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), and vanilla (sugar) as auxiliary fillers. The M6 type granules were selected for further research and the technological instructions were developed. Gallic acid and polyphenols contained in Gishuun-3 granules were identified by thin-layer chromatography. The amount of polyphenolic compounds mainly contained in the granules was determined by spectrophotometry using Folin-Chikalto reagent. It was determined that the granules meet the requirements for determining the quality criteria required for the formulation of the drug, and it was determined that Gishuun-3 granules can be formulated into the form of granules. 0.202+0.002%. Conclusions 1. Among the 6 types of granular drugs selected in the study, the M6 model granules containing Member-3 tang thick extract, glucose, lactose, sucrose, lemon juice, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), and vanilla (sugar) honey were determined to be the most suitable for further research because they met the technological parameters and quality criteria of the granular drug, and a technological scheme for producing this granular drug was developed. 2. In determining some quality criteria of the extracted granular drug, the moisture content was 1.48±0.16%, the size of small particles was 4.43±0.13%, and the dispersion or distribution was 2.0±0.11% minutes, which met the general requirements for granular drugs. 3. The total polyphenolic compounds contained in Gishuun-3 granules were determined by spectrophotometry to be converted to gallic acid and were 0.202±0.002%.

Background: In Mongolia, 80.1% of women of reproductive age suffer from vitamin D deficiency. This deficiency is associated with an increased risk of rickets, osteomalacia, weakened immunity, hypertension, diabetes, and infectious diseases.Currently, Mongolia imports vitamin D-containing pharmaceutical products, and no research has been conducted on the pharmaceutical formulation technology of orally administered vitamin D3 products. Vitamin D3 is highly sensitive to environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) light, oxidation, and temperature changes, leading to its degradation. Therefore, improving its stability in pharmaceutical formulations is essential. The need for a stable vitamin D3-containing pharmaceutical product serves as the basis for this study. Aim: To develop a tablet formulation containing cholecalciferol. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in collaboration with the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology at the School of Pharmacy, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, and the drug development laboratory of “Monos Pharm” LLC. To enhance the stability and technological properties of cholecalciferol, a spray-drying technique was used to prepare five different emulsions containing various excipients. Microencapsulation was performed to improve stability, and the most suitable formulation and technological parameters were selected. From the microencapsulated cholecalciferol, tablet formulations were developed using both direct compression and wet granulation techniques. The quality parameters of the tablets were assessed according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), and the optimal technological process for tablet production was determined. Results: A stable microencapsulated cholecalciferol formulation was successfully developed, and suitable excipients were selected. The quantitative content of cholecalciferol was determined to be 1791 IU, with variations ranging from -8.38% to -11.38%. Conclusion The study identified appropriate excipients and technological parameters for obtaining microencapsulated cholecalciferol. Additionally, the optimal formulation and processing parameters for developing a tablet dosage form containing microencapsulated cholecalciferol were established.

Introduction: In 2007, ” National innovation Development Program in Mongolia” was adopted by 306th act of Mongolian government and indicated that its important to focus attention to research outcomes become real productions based on scientific knowledges, experiences, skilled personnel and possibility of laboratory and production. In Mongolian and Tibetan traditional medicine have been used many herbal and animal preparations has biological active compound with anti inflammatory effect for the treatment of wound healing and ulcer. One of them, Cacalia hastata L. is a medicinal plant, which is widely used for the treatment of wound healing, cholangitis and gastroduodenal ulcer in the Mongolian and Tibetan traditional medicine. It is appropriate to prepare film coated tablet for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, gel for the treatment of wound healing. Purpose: To prepare film coated tablet for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, gel for the treatment of wound healing from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. and determine their quality criteria. Material and methods: Herb of Cacalia hastata L. was collected as a raw material from Terelj in July 2009; from Batsumber soum, Tuv aimag province in July 2010, 2011. For determining of quality of semi-solid extract and new drug formulations were evaluated biological activity compounds such as alkaloid, carotenoid and flavonoid by spectrophotometric method. We prepared film coated tablet by wet granulation and film coating method and gel by dispersion method. Tests for significant differences between means were performed by one sample t-test and One way ANOVA using the software SPSS 16. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: We prepared tablet from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. For preparing the film coated tablet used mixture solution of 8 % gelatin and 6 % sodium carboxymethylcellulose as a binder, sodium carbonate as diluents. The tablet was coated 5% solution of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose with 10 % polyethyleneglycol as a film former used traditional coating pan. Film coated tablet was standardized by such criteria, as appearance (colour, smell), the average weight, amount of biologically active compound, hardness, disintegration, dissolution and bacterial contamination. We prepared Cacalia gel from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. using various excipients and determined quality criteria, developed technological scheme of preparing. Gel was standardized by such as criteria: appearance (color, smell), the amount of biologically active compound, pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and bacterial contamination. Conclusions: 1. Developed technology of preparing 0.3 gram film coated tablet from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. and determined quality criteria. 2. Developed technology of gel from semi-solid extract of Cacalia hastata L. and standardized its quality.

In the Traditional Medicine, traditional prescriptions and raw materials of animal, plant and mineral origins have been widely used in order to heal wounds, alleviate inflammation, kill bacteria, and accelerate the development of blood cells. These natural minerals or mountain butter /in the Russian Traditional Medicine, named as каменное масло, in Western Europe and the USA, named as Mountain Butter/ is the aluminum-potassic alum /Telyaiev.V.V, 1985/ including contamination of spunky saline originated in the mountain butter, widely occurred in the mountain zones of the world. The alum or mountain butter is widely overspread in Levitan, Leona, Alma in California province of the USA, mountain region in Peris of England, Plaka of Greece, Klara of Germany, Raphid Krik of Canada, mountain region in Sebiria of Russian, areas near Baikal lake, mountain regions in Khuvsgul and Bayan-Ulgii provinces, and mountain region of Khamar Davaa along to the boundary of Russia and Mongolia, consequently regional residents have been using it as a solution for scald and burned skin. However, the scientists have been entitling the mountain butter as tar of mineral origin, mountain butter and alum /A.Jusmin, V.Chulanov/ etc during hundreds of years because it is originated in rock chaps of mountain stony regions, other substances impacted it, mixed with spoils and animal litters, as a result of the spectrum analysis conducted in a chemical and physical laboratory of the Scientific Institute under Sankt Peterburg University of the Russian Federation, /Tabune E.V, Mikhailov. V.V 1999/ it was certified that the mountain butter is metallic pickering containing iron, magnesium, nickel, kali, aluminum, foil and copper or alum (Fe, Mg) x A12 (SO4)4 x 22H20). The scientist confirmed that the mountain butter or alum is the matted yellowish and alkaline organic compound including a variety of macro and micro elements and easily fades in water and it has function to improve renewability of blood cells /Shakirov A.,Uzbek, 1982/. As a result of our analysis, the mountain butter has non-toxic elements (As, Hg, Pb, Cd) for human body but there are a lot of positive elements for human body and improves the digestion and immunity. This is a pure natural product without any negative impact and hindrance (A.Jusman, V.Chulanov, Moskwa, 2009). However, the scald disease of fire, household, chemical and other origins are widely occurred among Mongolians, expensive oil polishes /oitment, Vishnevskii, selimazin and argosulphone etc/ are usually imported from foreign countries. In Mongolianmedicine, the gel drugs of natural origin, made in Mongolia, with active function for scald injuries, is rare, consequently we conducted present research paper. The preparation of gel from mountain butter Objectives: 1. Select the appropriate gel bases from mountain butter 2. To select pH neutralizer of gel spoiler condition and substance improving absorbable quality 3. Preparation of gel and determine the indicator of gel quality Results: In accordance with the requirement for determining the adequate correlation of substances to increase the infiltrating quality in pH adapting dermis of gel originating and stabilizing condition, the research paper was conducted by following way, in order to prepare gel from mountain butter. 1. For the purpose to select the gel originator substance, the clinging quality of the base containing 2% of carbomere was convenient as a result of analysis the bases by absorbing the 5% and 10% of carboxymethyl celluse and 1%,1.2%,1.4%,1.6%,1.8%, 2%, 2.2%, 2.4% of carbometer powder, and medical substance was completely absorbed and originated equable mass, consequently it’s determined to select 5% of carboxymethyl celluse and 2% of carbomere as the gel originator substance. 2. Although, carbomere originates acid reaction in water, base Ph was 2,56 or excessive acidity, thus the crystal unsmooth liquid mass was originated when blending it with main substance, consequently the research to select the adequate doze by choosing trietanolamin as the pH neutlalizer. In order to select the adequate doze of trietanlamin, trietanlamin was increased 0.5 gram to 0.25gram and 3 gram on the carbomere’s base, and it’s determined that 3.0 trietanolamin is required to disperify pH up to 5.75. When studying the substance to improve quality humectants of gel, 5%, 10% and 15% of glycerine was selected as the substance increasing the hatching quality, and variation of the mixing quality and gel’s spreading quality were studied in comparison, and as a result of it, it’s more proper to 15% of glycerine in order to improve the humectant quality of gel. 3. Conservant substances or 0.18 % of metilparaben and 0.02% of propilparaben were prepared, admixed and absorbed in distilled water previoursy heated, and added up carbomere and disperified it. To coordinate the condition, neutralize it with 3% of trietanolamin, the main reactor or 2% of mountain butter on 5-7 of pH was absorbed in distilled water, and added up it on base and originated the smooth gel, in order to increase the humectant quality, the quality requirement for gel pH, color, liquidity, mixing quality, sort, and humectant quality were provided. Discussions: Based on the main positive aspects of the gel drug, including on injured skin or surfaces of injuries effusive covering was originated and effectively stick, not slimmed and tanned, main medical substance is rapidly released, thin effusive covering can completely separate from outer condition, consequently we prepared the gel drug from mountain butter. Researchers, M. Balkkhaev, D. Jambaninj prepared the gel containing the galenical consistent infusion, and studied and compared its quality with рН, humectant quality, and spreading capability. In order to prepare the gel with galenical infusion, carbomere (934) as gel originator substance, trietanolamin as рН adapting substance, metilparaben and propilparaben as conservant substance, glycerine as substance to increase the hatching quality, were used separately and it рН was 7.02, and spreading quality was 21.54. These explorers used the main and accidental substances that are widely used to emulge the gel drug, in their research by the modern methodology of medical technology. We prepared the water emulsion of the mountain butter and in order to formulate the gel , 2% of carbomere as the originator substance, 3% of trietanolamin as рН adapting substance, 0.18% of metilparaben and 0.02% of propilpparaben as conservant substances, and 15% of glycerin as substance to increase the humectant quality, were prepared separately and obtained gel was agreeable with the result of other researchers’ paper and provided the criterions for standardization documents and gel’s quality pharmacopoeia.