Objective: To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, so as to provide insights into prevention and intervention strategies for viral hepatitis for these populations. Methods: Data on hepatitis B and hepatitis C cases in Hotan Prefecture from 2016 to 2022 were collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The temporal, demographic and regional distribution characteristics of hepatitis B and hepatitis C incidence were analyzed using the descriptively epidemiological method. The trends in the incidence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C from 2016 to 2022 were analyzed using average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: A total of 8 910 hepatitis B cases and 4 106 hepatitis C cases were reported in Hotan Prefecture from 2016 to 2022, with average annual incidences of 55.60/105 and 25.61/105, respectively. The average annual incidence of hepatitis B in males was 66.78/105, which was higher than that in females (43.83/105, P<0.05). The average annual incidence of hepatitis C in males was 25.70/105, while in females it was 25.36/105, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). With increasing age, the incidence of hepatitis B showed an "M"-shaped trend, with the highest average annual incidence in the age group of 20-<30 years (97.20/105); the incidence of hepatitis C first increased and then decreased, with the highest average annual incidence in the age group of 70-<80 years (102.50/105). The majority of the cases were farmers/migrant workers, with 5 610 (62.96%) and 2 963 cases (72.16%), respectively. The top three counties with higher average annual incidences of hepatitis B were Minfeng County (84.78/105), Karakax County (81.69/105) and Lop County (72.20/105), and the top three counties with higher average annual incidences of hepatitis C were Pishan County (46.92/105), Karakax County (35.62/105) and Hotan County (26.31/105). The incidences of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Hotan Prefecture showed downward trends from 2016 to 2022 (AAPC=-10.711% and -16.594%, both P<0.05), with consistent trends observed in Hotan City, Hotan County, Pishan County and Qira County (all P<0.05). Conclusions From 2016 to 2022, the incidences of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Hotan Prefecture both showed downward trends. Young and middle-aged adults, males, and farmers/migrant workers were the high-risk populations for hepatitis B, while middle-aged and elderly adults and farmers/migrant workers were the high-risk populations for hepatitis C.

Lactate, the end product of glycolysis within the central nervous system (CNS), functions not only as a crucial neuronal energy source but also as a potent signaling molecule. Recently, lactate-mediated protein lactylation has been recognized as a novel post-translational modification influencing CNS pathophysiology. Lactate-mediated protein lactoylation modification regulates key pathological processes such as neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by modulating the structure and function of histones and non-histones, thereby influencing the occurrence and development of CNS diseases. This article reviews the research progress on mechanism of lactylation modification in CNS diseases, aiming to explore the regulatory potential of lactylation modification in CNS diseases and provide new ideas for the study of CNS diseases.

Lactate, the end product of glycolysis within the central nervous system (CNS), functions not only as a crucial neuronal energy source but also as a potent signaling molecule. Recently, lactate-mediated protein lactylation has been recognized as a novel post-translational modification influencing CNS pathophysiology. Lactate-mediated protein lactoylation modification regulates key pathological processes such as neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by modulating the structure and function of histones and non-histones, thereby influencing the occurrence and development of CNS diseases. This article reviews the research progress on mechanism of lactylation modification in CNS diseases, aiming to explore the regulatory potential of lactylation modification in CNS diseases and provide new ideas for the study of CNS diseases.

[Objective] To establish a real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR nucleic acid detection method of human parvovirus B19 and validate the method systematically. [Methods] Specific primers and probes for the highly conserved regions of the three genotypes of B19 virus were designed, and B19 quantitative amplification standard curves were established. The accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), linear range, quantification limit, detection limit, specificity, anti cross contamination, genotyping and anti-interference ability of this method were verified. [Results] When the quantitative reference range for B19 virus was 2.0×10¹ to 1.0×10⁸ IU/mL, a double logarithmic regression analysis was performed between the measured values and the theoretical values, and the regression equation R²≥0.98 showed good linear correlation. The quantification limit was 20 IU/mL, with a detection rate of 100%. The detection limit was 10 IU/mL, and the detection rate is 95.23%. Three genotypes of B19 virus samples can be effectively detected. The plasma of seven non B19 pathogens, including hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immuno-deficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis E virus and Treponema pallidum, was non reactive and has good species specificity. Simultaneously, in the presence of seven other concurrent pathogens, positive samples with a weak positive concentration of E3 IU/mL could be stably detected, and the B19 nucleic acid testing method was not interfered with. When the hemoglobin concentration was 431 mg/dL, triglycerides (1 269 turbidity) and unconjugated bilirubin concentration was 20 mg/dL, this method was non reactive for all three common plasma interfering substances. In the presence of three common plasma interfering substances, positive samples with a weak positive concentration of E3 IU/mL could be stably detected, and the B19 nucleic acid testing method was not interfered with. The deviation between the detection values of standard substances at two concentration levels of S1 (E5 IU/mL) and S2 (E4 IU/mL) and the target values were≤±0.5 log value. The CV values of positive sample 1 (concentration level E5 IU/mL) and positive sample 2 (concentration level E4 IU/mL) for daily precision confirmation and continuous 5-day intra-day precision confirmation were both≤5%. [Conclusion] This method has strong specificity, high sensitivity, wide linear range, stability, reliability and high accuracy, and can be used for the detection of human parvovirus B19 nucleic acid in plasma.

Objective:To explore the clinical outcome and applicability of the comb flap technique and stepwise design concept in plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.Methods:The clinical data of patients who underwent plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery with the comb flap technique in Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The application of the comb flap technique follows the concept of stepwise design, that was, preoperative and intraoperative design and adjustment were carried out step by step and in sequence, and the design was combined with the surgical procedure. Its main operations included: an incision was designed along the edge of the target area, the tissue flap was widely separated at the base of the target area. The tissue flap was cut in sequence perpendicular to the cutting edge and temporarily sutured and fixed, the edge was cut and fixed. During the operation, the tension of the incision and the local appearance could be adjusted. The incisal edge was finely sutured, and the temporary suture was finally removed. The healing of surgical incision and complications were observed after the operation, and the facial recovery and surgical effect were followed up.Results:Six patients were enrolled, including 3 males and 3 females, aged from 2 to 58 years. One patient underwent upper eyelid tightening and lower eyelid blepharoplasty through subeyebrow incision. One patient underwent middle and lower face rhytidectomy. One patient underwent thick lip thinning and right facial liposuction. One patient underwent facial congenital melanocytic nevi resection. One patient underwent eyebrow congenital melanocytic nevus resection. One patient underwent facial flap repair. All patients had primary healing of incision, and no surgery-related complications occurred. All patients were followed up for 3 to 18 months, and all patients were satisfied with the surgical effect.Conclusion:The application of comb flap technique and stepwise design concept in plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery can delicately adjust the alignment of the incision margin, make the tension evenly distributed, and reduce the risk of scar formation and deformity after the operation. It has a wide range of clinical applications and good applicability.

Objective:To explore the clinical outcome and applicability of the comb flap technique and stepwise design concept in plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.Methods:The clinical data of patients who underwent plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery with the comb flap technique in Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2018 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The application of the comb flap technique follows the concept of stepwise design, that was, preoperative and intraoperative design and adjustment were carried out step by step and in sequence, and the design was combined with the surgical procedure. Its main operations included: an incision was designed along the edge of the target area, the tissue flap was widely separated at the base of the target area. The tissue flap was cut in sequence perpendicular to the cutting edge and temporarily sutured and fixed, the edge was cut and fixed. During the operation, the tension of the incision and the local appearance could be adjusted. The incisal edge was finely sutured, and the temporary suture was finally removed. The healing of surgical incision and complications were observed after the operation, and the facial recovery and surgical effect were followed up.Results:Six patients were enrolled, including 3 males and 3 females, aged from 2 to 58 years. One patient underwent upper eyelid tightening and lower eyelid blepharoplasty through subeyebrow incision. One patient underwent middle and lower face rhytidectomy. One patient underwent thick lip thinning and right facial liposuction. One patient underwent facial congenital melanocytic nevi resection. One patient underwent eyebrow congenital melanocytic nevus resection. One patient underwent facial flap repair. All patients had primary healing of incision, and no surgery-related complications occurred. All patients were followed up for 3 to 18 months, and all patients were satisfied with the surgical effect.Conclusion:The application of comb flap technique and stepwise design concept in plastic aesthetic and reconstructive surgery can delicately adjust the alignment of the incision margin, make the tension evenly distributed, and reduce the risk of scar formation and deformity after the operation. It has a wide range of clinical applications and good applicability.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of serological indicators and evaluate the diagnostic value of a new established combined serological model on identifying the minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in patients with compensated cirrhosis.Methods:This prospective multicenter study enrolled 263 compensated cirrhotic patients from 23 hospitals in 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of China between October 2021 and August 2022. Clinical data and laboratory test results were collected, and the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was calculated. Ammonia level was corrected to the upper limit of normal (AMM-ULN) by the baseline blood ammonia measurements/upper limit of the normal reference value. MHE was diagnosed by combined abnormal number connection test-A and abnormal digit symbol test as suggested by Guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. The patients were randomly divided (7∶3) into training set ( n=185) and validation set ( n=78) based on caret package of R language. Logistic regression was used to establish a combined model of MHE diagnosis. The diagnostic performance was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curve. The internal verification was carried out by the Bootstrap method ( n=200). AUC comparisons were achieved using the Delong test. Results:In the training set, prevalence of MHE was 37.8% (70/185). There were statistically significant differences in AMM-ULN, albumin, platelet, alkaline phosphatase, international normalized ratio, MELD score and education between non-MHE group and MHE group (all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that AMM-ULN [odds ratio ( OR)=1.78, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.05-3.14, P=0.038] and MELD score ( OR=1.11, 95% CI 1.04-1.20, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for MHE, and the AUC for predicting MHE were 0.663, 0.625, respectively. Compared with the use of blood AMM-ULN and MELD score alone, the AUC of the combined model of AMM-ULN, MELD score and education exhibited better predictive performance in determining the presence of MHE was 0.755, the specificity and sensitivity was 85.2% and 55.7%, respectively. Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curve showed that the model had good calibration ( P=0.733). The AUC for internal validation of the combined model for diagnosing MHE was 0.752. In the validation set, the AUC of the combined model for diagnosing MHE was 0.794, and Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed good calibration ( P=0.841). Conclusion:Use of the combined model including AMM-ULN, MELD score and education could improve the predictive efficiency of MHE among patients with compensated cirrhosis.

Objective:Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting the 4-year incidence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a Chinese population was attempted.Methods:This prospective cohort study was conducted in Shijingshan District Pingguoyuan Community (Beijing, China) from December 2011 to April 2012 among adults aged≥40 years not suffering from T2DM. Finally, 8 058 adults free of T2DM were included with a median duration of follow-up of 4 years. Participants were divided into a modeling group and verification group using simple random sampling at a ratio of 7∶3. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk models were applied to identify the independent risk predictors in the modeling group. A nomogram was constructed to predict the 4-year incidence of T2DM based on the results of multivariate analysis. The Concordance Index and calibration plots were used to evaluate the differentiation and calibration of the nomogram in both groups.Results:A total of 5 641 individuals were in the modeling group and 2 417 people were in the validation group, of which 265 and 106 had T2DM, respectively, at 4-year follow-up. In the modeling group, age ( HR=1.349, 95% CI 1.011-1.800), body mass index ( HR=1.347, 95% CI 1.038-1.746), hyperlipidemia ( HR=1.504, 95% CI 1.133-1.996), fasting blood glucose ( HR=4.189, 95% CI 3.010-5.830), 2-h blood glucose level according to the oral glucose tolerance test ( HR=3.005, 95% CI 2.129-4.241), level of glycosylated hemoglobin ( HR=3.162, 95% CI 2.283-4.380), and level of γ-glutamyl transferase ( HR=1.920, 95% CI 1.385-2.661) were independent risk factors for T2DM. Validation of the nomogram revealed the Concordance Index of the modeling group and validation group to be 0.906 (95% CI 0.888-0.925) and 0.844 (95% CI 0.796-0.892), respectively. Calibration plots showed good calibration in both groups. Conclusion:These data suggest that our nomogram could be a simple and reliable tool for predicting the 4-year risk of developing T2DM in a high-risk Chinese population.

Objective:To compare the differences in the prevalence of mild micro-hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) among patients with cirrhosis by using the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) and the Stroop smartphone application (Encephal App) test.Methods:This prospective, multi-center, real-world study was initiated by the National Clinical Medical Research Center for Infectious Diseases and the Portal Hypertension Alliance and registered with International ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05140837). 354 cases of cirrhosis were enrolled in 19 hospitals across the country. PHES (including digital connection tests A and B, digital symbol tests, trajectory drawing tests, and serial management tests) and the Stroop test were conducted in all of them. PHES was differentiated using standard diagnostic criteria established by the two studies in China and South Korea. The Stroop test was evaluated based on the criteria of the research and development team. The impact of different diagnostic standards or methods on the incidence of MHE in patients with cirrhosis was analyzed. Data between groups were differentiated using the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ2 test. A kappa test was used to compare the consistency between groups. Results:After PHES, the prevalence of MHE among 354 cases of cirrhosis was 78.53% and 15.25%, respectively, based on Chinese research standards and Korean research normal value standards. However, the prevalence of MHE was 56.78% based on the Stroop test, and the differences in pairwise comparisons among the three groups were statistically significant (kappa = -0.064, P < 0.001). Stratified analysis revealed that the MHE prevalence in three groups of patients with Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C was 74.14%, 83.33%, and 88.24%, respectively, according to the normal value standards of Chinese researchers, while the MHE prevalence rates in three groups of patients with Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C were 8.29%, 23.53%, and 38.24%, respectively, according to the normal value standards of Korean researchers. Furthermore, the prevalence rates of MHE in the three groups of patients with Child-Pugh grades A, B, and C were 52.68%, 58.82%, and 73.53%, respectively, according to the Stroop test standard. However, among the results of each diagnostic standard, the prevalence of MHE showed an increasing trend with an increasing Child-Pugh grade. Further comparison demonstrated that the scores obtained by the number connection test A and the number symbol test were consistent according to the normal value standards of the two studies in China and South Korea ( Z = -0.982, -1.702; P = 0.326, 0.089), while the other three sub-tests had significant differences ( P < 0.001). Conclusion:The prevalence rate of MHE in the cirrhotic population is high, but the prevalence of MHE obtained by using different diagnostic criteria or methods varies greatly. Therefore, in line with the current changes in demographics and disease spectrum, it is necessary to enroll a larger sample size of a healthy population as a control. Moreover, the establishment of more reliable diagnostic scoring criteria will serve as a basis for obtaining accurate MHE incidence and formulating diagnosis and treatment strategies in cirrhotic populations.

Objective:To explore the dynamic changes of donor derived T cells at different time points in the aplastic anemia mouse model.Methods:The aplastic anemia mouse model was induced and then the proportion of infiltrated donor derived T cells in spleen and bone marrow, expression of activation molecular markers, cell cycle and functional subsets were measured by flow cytometry at different time points to evaluate the functional status of T cells in different periods.Results:①T cell immune-mediated aplastic anemia mouse model was successfully established by half lethal dose irradiation combined with major histocompatibility antigen (MHC) haploidentical lymph node cells infusion. ②The donor derived T cells began to infiltrate significantly in the spleen of aplastic anemia mouse from the 3rd day after transplantation and the ratio of CD4 +/CD8 + gradually inverted. After the 5th day, they gradually entered the bone marrow, predominated by CD8 + cells. ③The expression peak of CD69 in donor CD4 + cells was later than that in CD8 + cells. The trend of CD25 expression in CD4 + cells was the same as that in CD8 + cells, but the expression level in CD8 + cells was higher than CD4 + cells. ④The proportion of donor CD4 + cells in S/G 2/M phase reached the peak in spleen, about 12%, within 3 days after transplantation, while a higher level in CD8 + cells, which was about 20%. And the proportion of both CD4 + and CD8 + cells in S/G 2/M phase increased again after entering bone marrow, which was continued to be higher in CD8 + cells than that in CD4 + cells after 3 days of transplantation. ⑤Immune activated T cells in the spleen rapidly differentiated into effector memory T cells (T EM) after a short central memory T cell (T CM) stage. After entering the bone marrow, some T EM differentiated into effector cells to further function. Conclusion:In the aplastic anemia mouse model, donor derived T cells activated rapidly after entering the allogenic recipient, reached its proliferation booming period and differentiated into T EM cells within 5 days. After 5 days, they began to enter the bone marrow to continue proliferate and damage hematopoiesis.