Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of gonorrhea in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, from 2015 to 2024, so as to provide reference for formulating and optimizing regionalized sexually transmitted disease prevention and control strategies, thereby reducing the risk of infection and transmission. Methods: Data on gonorrhea cases in Jinhua City from 2015 to 2024 were collected through the Infectious Disease Surveillance System of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, including information on gender, age, region, and time of onset. A descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of gonorrhea in Jinhua City, and the annual percentage change (APC) was used to analyze the trend of incidence of gonorrhea from 2015 to 2024. Results: From 2015 to 2024, a total of 18 851 gonorrhea cases were reported in Jinhua City , with an average annual reported incidence of 30.57/105. The reported incidence of gonorrhea decreased from 44.99/105 in 2015 to 15.54/105 in 2024, showing a downward trend (APC=-14.775%, P<0.05). Yongkang City, Yiwu City, and Dongyang City had higher average annual reported incidences, 45.60/105, 36.38/105, and 35.54/105, respectively. From 2015 to 2024, the reported incidence of gonorrhea in Wucheng District, Jindong District, Pujiang County, Pan'an County, Yiwu City, Dongyang City, and Yongkang City showed downward trends (APC=-9.063%, -14.791%, -9.142%, -10.219%, -22.402%, -14.665%, and -15.278%, all P<0.05). The average annual reported incidence was higher in males than in females (45.73/105 vs. 13.96/105, P<0.05). The predominant age group was aged 20-<50 years, with 14 793 cases (78.47%). From 2015 to 2024, the reported incidence of gonorrhea in the age groups of 0-<15, 20-<30, 30-<40, 40-<50, 50-<60, and 60-<70 years showed declining trends (APC=-21.896%, -13.268%, -15.288%, -11.896%, -14.276%, and -11.954%, all P<0.05). The predominant occupational group was farmers, with 8 761 cases (46.47%). Conclusions From 2015 to 2024, the overall incidence of gonorrhea in Jinhua City showed a downward trend, but the incidence level remained relatively high. Yongkang City, Yiwu City, and Dongyang City were high-incidence areas. Males, young and middle-aged adults, and farmers were high-risk populations.

Objective: To analyse the trend in new diagnosis rates of HIV/AIDS cases in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province from 2012 to 2024, so as to provide evidence for formulating localized comprehensive AIDS intervention strategies. Methods: Data on HIV/AIDS cases, including gender, age, current residential address and transmission routes from 2012 to 2024 were collected through the HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Control System of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive analysis was performed on new diagnosis rates stratified by gender, age group, administrative district and transmission route. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was used to examine the changing trend of the new diagnosis rate of HIV/AIDS cases. Results: A total of 7 293 newly reported HIV/AIDS cases were identified, with 5 730 male cases accounting for 78.57% and 1 563 female cases accounting for 21.43%. The age-group aged 25-<50 years contained 4 139 cases, accounting for 56.75%. From 2012 to 2024, the new diagnosis rate of HIV/AIDS cases in Jinhua City fluctuated between 5.66/105 and 12.46/105. No statistically significant overall trend was observed (AAPC=-0.767%, P>0.05), and the average annual new diagnosis rate reached 9.36/105. The average annual new diagnosis rate of HIV/AIDS cases among males was 14.31/105, which was higher than the female counterpart of 4.22/105 (P<0.05). The proportion of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in the ≥50 years age group increased from 14.10% in 2012 to 35.66% in 2024 and presented an upward trend (AAPC=6.707%, P<0.05). Yiwu City had the highest annual average new diagnosis rate of HIV/AIDS cases at 14.24/105. Upward trends were found in Jindong District and Lanxi City (AAPC=8.506% and 4.261%, both P<0.05). The average annual new diagnosis rate of HIV/AIDS cases was relatively high among males attributed to male-to-male sexual transmission, at 6.51/105. Among females transmitted through non-marital non-commercial heterosexual contact, the average annual new diagnosis rate was also relatively high, at 2.79/105. Conclusions The overall new diagnosis rate of HIV/AIDS cases remained stable in Jinhua City from 2012 to 2024. Males and middle-aged and elderly population constitute high-risk populations, and Yiwu City, Jindong District and Lanxi City belong to high-risk regions. Targeted interventions should prioritize male-to-male sexual transmission, as well as female transmission through non-marital non-commercial heterosexual contact.

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of patients with hepatitis C in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2023, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of hepatitis C. MethodsThe data on patients with hepatitis C, as well as whose current address is in Jinhua City, from 2005 to 2023 were collected from the infectious disease surveillance system of the China Disease Control and Prevention Information Management System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, spatial and demographic distribution characteristics of hepatitis C. ResultsA total of 2 326 cases of hepatitis C were reported in Jinhua from 2005 to 2023, including 2 death cases, with an average annual incidence rate of 2.19/100 000, showing a trend which rose first and then declined and then rose again. Hepatitis C was reported all the year round without significant seasonal pattern. In terms of the number of reported cases and the average annual incidence rate, Yiwu City ranked the first place. From 2005 to 2023, a total of 1 438 (61.82%) male cases and 888 (38.18%) female cases were reported, and the reported incidence rate was higher for males (2.62/100 000) than that for females (1.74/100 000), showing a statistically significant difference (χ²=92.937, P<0.001). Most cases aged between 30 to <50 years old (1 175, 50.52%), and the incidence rate of hepatitis C among the age group of 40‒<50, 50‒<60, 60‒<70 years old was showing an upward trend, with farmers (1 024, 44.02%) as the main occupation . ConclusionThe prevalence of hepatitis C in Jinhua City is generally at a low level, with an incidence rate of increasing and then decreasing, but rise up again after 2019. Therefore, epidemic surveillance and health education among the male, middle-aged and elderly people and farmers, as well as the key regions where the migrant workers flows in should be enhanced.

ObjectiveTo understand the human immunodeficiency virus（HIV） infection status and related factors by using the HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance data of men who have sex with men（MSM） in Jinhua City， Zhejiang Province. MethodsSnowball sampling method was used to recruit MSM receiving HIV sentinel surveillance from 2016 to 2021.The inclusion criteria were aged 18 years old and above， reported having anal sex with man in recent 6 months. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted on a one-on-one basis. Data including the characteristics of demography and ethology were collected. Five milliliter of blood samples were taken after the questionnaire. HIV and syphilis was screened. The time trend was analyzed with χ² test. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors associated with HIV infection status among MSM. ResultsThe positive rate of HIV was 8.0% （127/1 597）， with an increasing trend （P=0.002）， but the linear correlation was weak（r=0.075）. The positive rate of syphilis was 5.2% （83/1 597）， with no significant difference （P=0.661）.The constituent ratios showed an increasing trend （P<0.05） in using condoms consistently， finding male sexual partners through Internet or dating software， having anal sex in the past week， using condoms every time during anal sex in the past 6 months， accepting prevention services of AIDS in the last year， and the overall awareness of AIDS related knowledge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that who was from national minority （OR=2.27， 95%CI： 1.08‒4.73） and from other provinces （OR=1.68， 95%CI： 1.08‒2.62）， who failed to consistently use condoms every time during anal sex in the past six months （OR=3.03， 95%CI： 2.02‒4.54）， who never accepted prevention services of AIDS in the last year （OR=2.17，95%CI：1.44‒3.27）， who don’t know the knowledge of AIDS （OR=1.86， 95%CI： 1.12‒3.07）， and who was infected with syphilis （OR=2.35， 95%CI： 1.20‒4.61） were at higher risk for HIV infection among MSM. ConclusionThe positive rate of HIV remains at a certain level among MSM in Jinhua. High-risk groups such as the patients with syphilis infections and floating population from other provinces need to be paid close attention. It is suggested to further strengthen the promotion of the use of condoms， awareness of AIDS and syphilis， warning education and comprehensive intervention services.

FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) is a treatment modality that delivers ultra-high dose rate and ultra-fast radiation for cancer treatment. Compared to conventional dose rate radiotherapy, FLASH-RT can yield similar efficacy for tumors and achieve normal tissue protection, translating to an increased therapeutic window. Due to this unique feature, FLASH-RT is attracting increasing attention from the radiotherapy community, both academia and industry. Due to its unique Bragg peak as well as intrinsic high dose rate, application of FLASH has more value and profound significance in proton therapy while achieving highly conformal dose deposition simultaneously. This article reviews research progress on FLASH-RT, relevant cell and animal studies, experimental conditions and results. Moreover, this article also investigates the potential biological mechanisms, technical challenges for implementation and potential clinical applications of FLASH-RT.