INTRODUCTION: Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) frequently complicates the course of patients following hip and knee arthroplasty. Intrathecal morphine (ITM) was identified as a significant risk factor for POUR. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors for POUR in fast-track total joint arthroplasty (TJA) under spinal anaesthesia (SA) with ITM. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of our institutional joint registry of patients who underwent primary TJA under SA with ITM between October 2017 and May 2021. Preoperative (baseline demographics) and perioperative data were collected. The primary outcome was the incidence of POUR after 8 h or earlier, either due to lack of voiding or according to patient's complaints of bladder distension. Univariate and adjusted analyses were performed to identify predictors of POUR. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and 36 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) under SA with ITM were included in the study. POUR requiring bladder catheterisation was diagnosed in 21% of patients. Independent predictors of POUR were age over 65 years and male gender. CONCLUSIONS SA with ITM for TJA is associated with high rates of POUR in males older than 65 years of age. Other previously identified risk factors such as intraoperative fluid administration or comorbidities may not be as influential.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Urinary Retention/epidemiology* ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/adverse effects* ; Anesthesia, Spinal/adverse effects* ; Female ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/adverse effects* ; Morphine/adverse effects* ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology* ; Injections, Spinal ; Incidence ; Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects* ; Aged, 80 and over

BACKGROUND: The incidence of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is increasing gradually. However, it poses therapeutic challenges due to limited effective interventions. Intrathecal Pemetrexed (IP) holds broad application prospects in the therapeutic domain of LM. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and optimal combination strategies of IP in NSCLC-LM patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive status, with the aim of providing real-world data support for exploring more precise personalized treatment strategies for these patients. METHODS: 104 EGFR-mutated NSCLC-LM patients who received IP treatment at Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School from January 2018 to June 2024 were analyzed retrospectively. Clinical parameters, treatment regimens, and survival outcomes were collected. The overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), clinical response rate and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. RESULTS: The cohort demonstrated a median PFS of 9.6 months and OS of 13.0 months with 6-month and 1-year OS rates of 80.8% and 56.5%, respectively. Clinical response was observed in 77.9% of patients. The common AEs were myelosuppression (58.7%) and elevation of hepatic aminotransferases (25.0%). Nine (8.7%) patients experienced grade 4 myelosuppression and recovered to normal after receiving symptomatic treatment. Subgroup analyses revealed prolonged OS in patients with Karnofsky performance status (KPS) ≥60 versus <60 (14.4 vs 9.0 months, P=0.0022) and those receiving Bevacizumab therapy versus not (19.2 vs 10.5 months, P=0.0011). CONCLUSIONS IP exhibits promising efficacy and manageable toxicity in EGFR-mutated NSCLC-LM patients. When combined with Bevacizumab, it exerts synergistic antitumor effects with the potential to further improve clinical outcomes.
Humans ; Pemetrexed/therapeutic use* ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Aged ; Mutation ; Adult ; Retrospective Studies ; Injections, Spinal ; Meningeal Neoplasms/genetics* ; Treatment Outcome ; Aged, 80 and over

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether xenon post-conditioning affects mTOR signaling as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-apoptosis pathway in rats with spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Fifty male rats were randomized equally into sham-operated group (Sham group), I/R model group (I/R group), I/R model+ xenon post-conditioning group (Xe group), I/R model+rapamycin (a mTOR signaling pathway inhibitor) treatment group (I/R+ Rapa group), and I/R model + xenon post- conditioning with rapamycin treatment group (Xe + Rapa group).. In the latter 4 groups, SCIRI was induced by clamping the abdominal aorta for 85 min followed by reperfusion for 4 h. Rapamycin (or vehicle) was administered by daily intraperitoneal injection (4 mg/kg) for 3 days before SCIRI, and xenon post-conditioning by inhalation of 1∶1 mixture of xenon and oxygen for 1 h at 1 h after initiation of reperfusion; the rats without xenon post-conditioning were given inhalation of nitrogen and oxygen (1∶ 1). After the reperfusion, motor function and histopathologic changes in the rats were examined. Western blotting and real-time PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expressions of GRP78, ATF6, IRE1α, PERK, mTOR, p-mTOR, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in the spinal cord. RESULTS: The rats showed significantly lowered hind limb motor function following SCIRI (P < 0.01) with a decreased count of normal neurons, increased mRNA and protein expressions of GRP78, ATF6, IRE1α, PERK, and caspase-3, and elevated p-mTOR/mTOR ratio and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (P < 0.01). Xenon post-conditioning significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of GRP78, ATF6, IRE1α, PERK and caspase-3 (P < 0.05 or 0.01) and reduced p-mTOR/mTOR and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios (P < 0.01) in rats with SCIRI; the mRNA contents and protein levels of GRP78 and ATF6 were significantly decreased in I/R+Rapa group (P < 0.01). Compared with those in Xe group, the rats in I/R+Rapa group and Xe+Rapa had significantly lowered BBB and Tarlov scores of the hind legs (P < 0.01), and caspase-3 protein level and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were significantly lowered in Xe+Rapa group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). CONCLUSION By inhibiting ERS and neuronal apoptosis, xenon post- conditioning may have protective effects against SCIRI in rats. The mTOR signaling pathway is partially involved in this process.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Caspase 3/metabolism* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Endoribonucleases/pharmacology* ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Male ; Neurons/pathology* ; Nitrogen/metabolism* ; Oxygen/metabolism* ; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism* ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism* ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury/metabolism* ; Sirolimus/pharmacology* ; Spinal Cord Ischemia/pathology* ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism* ; Xenon/therapeutic use* ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism*

OBJECTIVES: There are clinical reports of nerve injury caused by ropivacaine. The mechanism for nerve injury induced by ropivacaine has not been fully clarified. This study aims to investigate the changes of pain threshold and L₃ spinal cord genomics at 6 h and 24 h after intrathecal injection of 0.5% and 1.0% ropivacaine, and to explore the underlying mechanisms for nerve injury caused by ropivacaine. METHODS: A total of 30 male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 220-260 g were successfully implanted with microspinal catheter. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (each n=6): a control group (given saline), a ropivacaine group 1 and a ropivacaine group 2 (both given 1% ropivacaine), a ropivacaine group 3 and a ropivacaine group 4 (both given 0.5% ropivacaine). The rats received continuous intrathecal injection of corresponding drugs at 8.3 μL/h for 24 h via an implanted intrathecal catheter followed by 24 h-pause of injection for the ropivacaine group 2, the ropivacaine group 4 and the control group, 6 h-pause of injection for the ropivacaine group 1 and the ropivacaine group 3. For each group, the observation of behavioral change and the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) was conducted immediately after the injection and again after the pause of injection. After the PWMT observation, the rats were dissected to acquire L₃ spinal cords. Illumina sequencing was applied to construct gene libraries. Then the statistical methods were used to find out differentially expressed genes between the groups. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway analysis were conducted for those genes. Real-time RT-PCR was used to determine different expressions of some of those genes. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the PWMT got higher in the ropivacaine group 1-4 and was positively correlated with concentration, negatively correlated with discontinuation duration. Compared with control group, the ropivacaine group 1 had 488 differentially expressed genes, of which 456 were up-regulated and 32 were down-regulated; the ropivacaine group 2 had 1 194 differentially expressed genes, of which 1 092 were up-regulated and 102 were down-regulated; the ropivacaine group 3 had 518 differentially expressed genes, of which 384 were up-regulated and 134 were down-regulated; and the ropivacaine group 4 had 68 differentially expressed genes, of which 46 were up-regulated and 22 were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG signaling pathway analysis showed that most of these differentially expressed genes were related to signaling pathways of inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS After intrathecal injection of 0.5% ropivacaine and 1.0% ropivacaine for 24 h, the differentially expressed genes in L₃ spinal cord of rats are mainly related to signaling pathways of inflammatory response.
Animals ; Genomics ; Injections, Spinal ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ropivacaine ; Spinal Cord/metabolism*

Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects the cardio-pulmonary function of pregnant women, the anesthetic management and protection of medical staff in the cesarean section is significantly different from that in ordinary surgical operation. This paper reports a case of cesarean section for a woman with COVID-19, which was successfully performed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine on February 8, 2020. Anesthetic management, protection of medical staff and psychological intervention for the pregnant woman during the operation were discussed. Importance has been attached to the preoperative evaluation of pregnant women with COVID-19 and the implementation of anesthesia plan. For moderate patients, intraspinal anesthesia is preferred in cesarean section, and try to reduce its influence in respiration and circulation in both maternal and infant; general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation should be adopted for severe or critically ill patients. Ensure the safety of medical environment, and anesthetists should carry out level-Ⅲ standard protection. Special attention and support should be paid to maternal psychology: fully explanation before operation to reduce anxiety; relieve the discomfort during operation, so as to reduce tension; avoid the bad mood due to pain after operation.
Anesthesia ; Betacoronavirus ; isolation & purification ; Cesarean Section ; methods ; Coronavirus Infections ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Injections, Spinal ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; complications ; Pregnancy

Since the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects the cardio-pulmonary function of pregnant women, the anesthetic management in the cesarean section for the patients, as well as the protection for medical staff is significantly different from that in ordinary surgical operation. This paper reports a pregnant woman with COVID-19, for whom a cesarean section was successfully performed in our hospital on February 8, 2020. Anesthetic management, protection of medical staff and psychological intervention for the patients during the operation are discussed. Importance should be attached to the preoperative evaluation of pregnant women with COVID-19 and the implementation of anesthesia plan. For ordinary COVID-19 patients intraspinal anesthesia is preferred in cesarean section, and the influence on respiration and circulation in both maternal and infant should be reduced; while for severe or critically ill patients general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation should be adopted. The safety of medical environment should be ensured, and level-Ⅲ standard protection should be taken for anesthetists. Special attention and support should be given to maternal psychology. It is important to give full explanation before operation to reduce anxiety; to relieve the discomfort during operation to reduce tension; to avoid the bad mood of patients due to pain after operation.
Anesthesia ; Betacoronavirus ; Cesarean Section ; Coronavirus Infections ; complications ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Injections, Spinal ; Pneumonia, Viral ; complications ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; surgery ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Preoperative Care

To explore whether Wnt3a exerts a role in neuropathic pain through Jumonji C domain 6 (JMJD6)-associated epigenetic modification. 
 Methods: SD rats were divided into 4 groups: A sham group, a chronic constriction injury (CCI) group, a CCI+negative lentiviral expression vector (LV-NC) group and a CCI+lentiviral overexpression vector (LV-JMJD6) group. The sciatic nerve CCI model of SD rat and JMJD6 lentiviral expression vector were constructed. On the third day after CCI, the intrathecal catheter was prepared, and 20 μL of normal saline and lentivirus-containing reagent (virus titer 1×108 TU/mL) were administered. The rats' paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) were monitored, and Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Wnt3a and NR2B protein in the spinal cord. Co-immunoprecipitation was applied to detect the interaction between JMJD6 and Wnt3a.
 Results: Compared with the sham group, the PWMT of the rats in each group after CCI was significantly decreased and the PWTL was significantly shortened (P<0.05). Compared with the CCI group and the CCI+LV-NC group, PWMT in the CCI+LV-JMJD6 group was increased significantly on the 10th day and the 14th day after CCI, and the PWTL was significantly prolonged on the 14th day after CCI (P<0.05). On the 14th day after CCI, the expression levels of Wnt3a and NR2B in the CCI group and the CCI+LV-NC group were significantly higher than those in the sham group. After intrathecal injection of lentiviral vector, Wnt3a and NR2B protein expression levels in the CCI+LV-JMJD6 group were lower compared with the CCI+LV-NC group (P<0.05). The results of co-immunoprecipitation showed no direct interaction between Wnt3a and JMJD6.
 Conclusion: Wnt3a is involved in mediating neuropathic pain, and its effect may be related to the epigenetic modification of JMJD6, which is likely regulated through indirect interaction.
Animals ; Injections, Spinal ; Neuralgia ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord ; Wnt3A Protein

BACKGROUND: Lumbosacral transforaminal epidural injection (TFEI) is an effective treatment for spinal disease. However, TFEI may have several types of complications, some of which can be attributed to intravascular injection. We reviewed studies to compare the intravascular injection rate among different needle types. METHODS: We searched the literature for articles on the intravascular injection rate among different needle types used in TFEI. The search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science. RESULTS: A total of six studies comprising 2359 patients were identified. Compared with the Quincke needle, the Whitacre needle reduced the intravascular injection rate (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = [0.44–0.73], P < 0.001). However, compared with the Quincke needle, the Chiba needle did not reduce the intravascular injection rate (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = [0.44–1.45], P = 0.46). In one study, the intravascular injection rate using a blunt-tip needle was lower than that using a sharp needle. In another study, the Whitacre and the blunt-tip needle have similar intravascular injection rates, while, the catheter-extension needle showed a reduced intravascular injection rate. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis showed that the Whitacre needle reduced the intravascular injection rate as compared with the Quincke needle, but failed to establish that the Chiba needle can decrease the intravascular injection rate in TFEI. Moreover, the blunt-tip needle can reduce the intravascular injection rate compared with the Quincke needle, and the catheter-extension needle can reduce the intravascular injection rate compared with the Whitacre and the blunt-tip needle.
Anesthesia, Epidural ; Humans ; Injections, Epidural ; Needles ; Spinal Diseases

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze and report the results of caudal epidural injections using a catheter in patients in whom conventional epidural block had failed. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Epidural nerve block is often used to treat chronic back pain and radicular pain in degenerative lumbar disease, and percutaneous epidural neuroplasty or surgery may be an alternative if it fails. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 146 patients who were treated with caudal epidural block using a catheter were recruited for this study from January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2019. Forty-five patients who had not undergone any epidural block in the past were excluded from the study. Among patients who did not have a fracture and were followed up for at least 1 month, the medical records of 61 patients with degenerative disc herniation, spondylosis, and stenosis were reviewed retrospectively. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were evaluated before and after the procedure. RESULTS: Of the 61 patients who had undergone epidural block through a transforaminal caudal approach with no pain control effect, there were 18 males and 43 females. Their mean age was 66.3 years and the average follow-up period was 2.64 months. There were 46 cases of spinal stenosis, 33 cases of spondylosis, 2 cases of spondylolisthesis, 9 cases of disc herniation and 1 case of ankylosing spondylitis. The mean number of epidural blocks was 5.85 (times) before the procedure. The mean initial VAS score was 5.34 and the final follow-up VAS score was 2.70. There was a significant difference between before and after the procedure (p<0.05). The mean duration of effect after the procedure was 1.84 months and the mean number of procedures was 2.30. After the procedure, there were 4 cases of surgical treatment, 2 cases of neuroplasty, and 3 cases of epidural block using other methods over more than 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The result of this clinical study suggests that caudal epidural injections using a catheter may be effective for patients with low back pain who have not responded to previous epidural blocks before surgical treatment.
Back Pain ; Catheters ; Clinical Study ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Injections, Epidural ; Low Back Pain ; Male ; Medical Records ; Nerve Block ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Stenosis ; Spondylitis, Ankylosing ; Spondylolisthesis ; Spondylosis

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that sequential intrathecal injection of fentanyl and hyperbaric bupivacaine for cesarean section (CS) anesthesia provides a superior anesthetic effect than use of bupivacaine alone, and prolongs postoperative analgesia. Herein, we investigated whether rapid intrathecal injection of fentanyl followed by slow injection of hyperbaric bupivacaine affects the duration of postoperative analgesia, the effectiveness of anesthesia, and hemodynamic status. METHODS: Fifty-six parturients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, aged 18–40 years, and scheduled to undergo elective CS were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 28 patients each. The normal sequential group received sequential intrathecal injections of fentanyl and hyperbaric bupivacaine at the same rate, each with a 5 ml syringe. The rapid sequential group received a rapid intrathecal injection of fentanyl with an insulin syringe, followed by a slow injection of hyperbaric bupivacaine with a 5 ml syringe. The onset of sensory block, the timing of the first rescue analgesia, the doses of rescue analgesics, the degree of postoperative pain, the onset and duration of motor block, the incidence and duration of hypotension, and spinal anesthesia-related complications were recorded. RESULTS: While both approaches had comparable spinal anesthesia-related complications, incidence and duration of hypotension, and doses of ephedrine, the rapid sequential group exhibited a more rapid onset of sensory block, a higher sensory level, and more prolonged postoperative analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid sequential injection of fentanyl and hyperbaric bupivacaine produced superior anesthesia and more prolonged postoperative analgesia than sequential injections of both at the same rate.
Analgesia ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Anesthetics ; Bupivacaine ; Cesarean Section ; Ephedrine ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Incidence ; Injections, Spinal ; Insulin ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pregnancy ; Syringes