Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of synovial tissue, is divided into two subtypes-anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive and ACPA-negative RA. While the pathogenic mechanisms of ACPA-positive RA are well-understood, the etiology of ACPA-negative RA remains largely unknown. The association between RA and periodontitis (PD) has been observed since the early 1900s, with the two diseases sharing common genetic and environmental risk factors that lead to the progressive destruction of bone and connective tissue. However, the associations between PD and the two subtypes of RA differ. This comprehensive review aims to provide an updated understanding of the epidemiological association between RA and PD, explore potential pathogenic mechanisms linking the two diseases, and highlight the key distinctions between the subtypes of RA and their respective associations with PD. We also discuss the possibility of early intervention or the treatment of the two diseases. Ultimately, this review aims to provide valuable insights for future research in this field.
Humans ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications* ; Periodontitis/complications* ; Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies/immunology* ; Risk Factors

Iron is an essential element for living organisms that plays critical roles in the process of bacterial growth and metabolism. However, it remains to be elucidated whether piuB encoding iron-uptake factor is involved in iron uptake and pathogenicity of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag). To investigate the function of piuB, we firstly generated a piuB deletion mutant (ΔpiuB) by homologous recombination. Compared with the wild-type, the piuB mutant exhibited significantly reduced growth and virulence in host soybean. The mutant displayed markedly increased siderophore secretory volume, and its sensitivity to Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ was significantly enhanced. Additionally, the H₂O₂ resistance, exopolysaccharide yield, biofilm formation, and cell mobility of ΔpiuB were significantly diminished compared to that of the wild-type. The addition of exogenous Fe³⁺ cannot effectively restore the above characteristics of ΔpiuB. However, expressing piuB in trans rescued the properties lost by ΔpiuB to the levels in the wild-type. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PiuB is a potential factor for Xag to assimilate Fe³⁺, and is necessary for Xag to be pathogenic in host soybean.
Iron ; Glycine max ; Virulence ; Xanthomonas axonopodis/genetics* ; Hydrogen Peroxide

Objective To evaluate the value of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in differential diagnosis of familial hypertriglyceridemia (FHTG) and familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL).Methods We recruited 9 FHTG pedigrees (94 subjects) and 24 FCHL pedigrees (94 subjects) and then divided them into affected groups and non-affected groups according to lipid abnormality.Another 10 normal control pedigrees (57 subjects) served as controls.We compared the routine lipid levels such as triglyceride (TAG),total cholesterol (TC),HDL-C and LDL-C and non-HDL-C between the groups.After stratification based on TAG level,we observed the relationship between LDL-C and non-HDL-C.Last we confirmed and analyzed the cut-off value of differential diagnosis between FHTG and FCHL with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results The levels of TAG,TC,and non-HDL-C were significantly higher in the affected group of FHTG than in the non-affected group of FHTG and the normal group (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).The levels of TAG,TC,HDL-C,LDL-C and non-tHDL-C wcrc significantly higher in the affected group of FCHL than in the non-affected group of FCHL and the normal group (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).The levels of TAG were significantly higher (P＜0.01) while TC,HDL-C,LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels were significantly lower (P＜ 0.01 or P＜0.05) in the affected group of FHTG than in the affected group of FCHL.The association between LDL-C and non-HDL-C was positive both in FHTG and FCHL,but the relationship became weaker as TAG level increased.The cut-off value of LDL-C and non-HDL-C was 3.575 mmol/L and 4.525 mmol/L,respectively.Conclusion In addition to the routinely used lipid indexes,non-HDL-C may be a new index for differential diagnosis of FHTG and FCHL,and may be superior to LDL-C in this regard.