OBJECTIVE Aimd to investigate the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction among healthy elderly individuals in China using a large sample size and to explore its correlations with demographic and other factors.METHODS A total of 5 258 participants who aged 60 and above underwent the T&T olfactometer test and completed questionnaires.The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was reported,and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between olfactory dysfunction and other factors.RESULTS The overall prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the study was 26.5%.Independent risk factors for olfactory dysfunction included advanced age,rural residence(OR=1.88,95%CI:1.60-2.22,P<0.01),current smoking(OR=1.45,95%CI:1.15-1.83,P<0.01),and self-reported olfactory dysfunction(OR=10.12,95%CI:8.44-12.14,P<0.01).In contrast,female gender(OR=0.70,95%CI:0.58-0.85,P<0.01)and high educational attainment were independently associated with a lower prevalence of olfactory dysfunction.CONCLUSION The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction among individuals aged 60 and above increased with age.Male gender,rural residence,low educational attainment,current smoking,and self-reported decline in olfactory function were independently associated with olfactory dysfunction.

BACKGROUND:The guinea pig is considered to be the most useful spontaneous model for evaluating primary osteoarthritis in humans because of its similar knee joint structure and close histopathologic features to those of humans. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the pathological process of spontaneous knee osteoarthritis in guinea pigs by analyzing the histopathology of the total knee joint of guinea pigs aged 1 to 18 months. METHODS:Eight healthy female Hartley guinea pigs in each age group of 1,6,10,14,16,and 18 months old were selected.The quadriceps femoris was taken for hematoxylin-eosin staining,and the total knee joint was stained with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue.The histopathology of the cartilage,subchondral bone,synovium,meniscus,and muscles were observed under light microscope.Mankin's score and synovitis score were compared,and the correlation analysis was conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:As the guinea pig age increased,the Mankin's score increased(P<0.05),and the pathological score of synovitis also gradually increased(P<0.05),and there was a significant positive correlation between the two(r=0.641,P<0.001).The incidence rate of subchondral bone marrow lesion in 18-month-old guinea pigs was 50%,and the incidence of meniscus injury was 37.5%.In addition,osteophyte and narrowing of the joint space were observed,and only a few guinea pigs had inflammation in the quadriceps femoris.To conclude,guinea pigs develop significant cartilage defects,synovial inflammation,subchondral bone lesions,meniscus injury,osteophyte formation,and joint space narrowing as they age,all of which are similar to the pathological processes of primary knee osteoarthritis in humans,making it an ideal model of spontaneous knee osteoarthritis.

Objective: To understand 24 h physical activity levels of children aged 8-9 years in Pudong New Area and to explore its association with metabolic syndrome, so as to provide scientific basis for children s participation in physical activities and reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods: A stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to select 13 schools in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. A total of 2 013 primary school students aged 8-9 years old were included as the research subjects. During September 2021 to December 2022, Actigraph GT3X accelerometer, height measuring gauge, electronic sphygmomanometer and waist circumference tape was used to measure physical activity, height, blood pressure and waist circumference, respectively. A total of 5 mL of venous blood was collected from students, and the levels of triglycerides (TG), highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were detected, and online questionnaires were conducted. The ttest and oneway ANOVA were employed to compare the differences in 24 h physical activity levels among children with different characteristics. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the 24 h physical activity levels and metabolic syndrome as well as its components. Results: Among primary school students, the average daily time of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was (34.25±13.49)min, the attainment rate was 1.59%. The average daily sleep (SLP) time was (538.27±28.53) min, attainment rate was 1.89%. The detection rates of metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity (AO), elevated blood pressure (BP), elevated TG, low HDL-C, and elevated FPG were 2.48%, 34.53%, 10.38%, 10.73%, 1.24% and 0.70%, respectively. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that, for every 10minute increase in sedentary behavior (SB) time, the risks of AO, elevated BP, and elevated TG increased by 2% ( OR=1.02, 95%CI =1.01-1.04), 5% ( OR=1.05, 95%CI =1.01-1.08), and 6% ( OR= 1.06, 95%CI =1.02-1.11), respectively ( P <0.05). For every 10minute increase in MVPA time, the risk of metabolic syndrome decreased by 27% ( OR=0.73, 95%CI=0.57-0.93, P <0.05). For every 10 minute increase in SLP time, the risks of AO, elevated BP, and metabolic syndrome decreased by 16% ( OR=0.84, 95%CI =0.80-0.88), 9% ( OR=0.91, 95%CI =0.82- 0.99 ), and 15% ( OR=0.85, 95%CI =0.77-0.94), respectively （P <0.05). Conclusions The time of MVPA and SLP are seriously insufficient among children aged 8-9 years in Pudong New Area. There is an association between physical activity levels and metabolic syndrome as well as its components. Increasing the time of MVPA and SLP is of great significance for maintaining a relatively low risk of metabolic syndrome in children.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms distinguishing metabolically healthy from unhealthy phenotypes within the same BMI categories remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the associations between regional fat distribution and metabolically unhealthy phenotypes in Chinese adults across different BMI categories. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involving 11833 Chinese adults aged 20 years and older. Covariance analysis, adjusted for age, compared the percentage of regional fat (trunk, leg, or arm fat divided by whole-body fat) between metabolically healthy and unhealthy participants. Trends in regional fat percentage with the number of metabolic abnormalities were assessed by the Jonckheere-Terpstra test. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by logistic regression models. All analyses were performed separately by sex. RESULTS: In non-obese individuals, metabolically unhealthy participants exhibited higher percent trunk fat and lower percent leg fat compared to healthy participants. Additionally, percent trunk fat increased and percent leg fat decreased with the number of metabolic abnormalities. After adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors, as well as BMI, higher percent trunk fat was associated with increased odds of being metabolically unhealthy [highest vs. lowest quartile: ORs (95%CI) of 1.64 (1.35, 2.00) for men and 2.00 (1.63, 2.46) for women]. Conversely, compared with the lowest quartile, the ORs (95%CI) of metabolically unhealthy phenotype in the highest quartile for percent arm and leg fat were 0.64 (0.53, 0.78) and 0.60 (0.49, 0.74) for men, and 0.72 (0.56, 0.93) and 0.46 (0.36, 0.59) for women, respectively. Significant interactions between BMI and percentage of trunk and leg fat were observed in both sexes, with stronger associations found in individuals with normal weight and overweight. CONCLUSIONS Trunk fat is associated with a higher risk of metabolically unhealthy phenotype, while leg and arm fat are protective factors. Regional fat distribution assessments are crucial for identifying metabolically unhealthy phenotypes, particularly in non-obese individuals.
Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Adipose Tissue ; Body Fat Distribution ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Health Surveys ; Phenotype

OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate the correlation between phase angle and sarcopenia and its diagnostic indexes.METHODS:The PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CNKI,WanFang Data,VIP and SinoMed databases were electronically searched to collect studies on the correlation between phase angle and sarcopenia and its diagnostic indexes from database inception to May 8,2024. Two reviewers independently screened literature,extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 14.0 software. RESULTS:A total of 50 eligible articles were included. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the non-sarcopenic population,the phase angle was significantly reduced in sarcopenic patients[standardized mean difference (SMD)=-0.99,95％ confidence interval (CI) (-1.09,-0.90),P<0.00001]. The results of subgroup analysis indicated that the difference of phase angle was more significant in patients with severe sarcopenia and Asian sarcopenia. Moreover,reduction in the phase angle was more obvious in patients with malignant tumors and respiratory diseases with sarcopenia. And skeletal muscle mass index (Pearson's r=0.565,P<0.00001),grip strength (Pearson's r=0.446,P<0.00001),and gait speed (Pearson's r=0.405,P<0.00001) all showed a moderate positive correlation with phase angle. However,appendicular skeletal muscle mass index showed a very weak positive correlation with phase angle (Pearson's r=0.139,P=0.02). CONCLUSION:Phase angle has a significant difference between sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia population,and it is correlated with the diagnostic indexes of sarcopenia to different extents. It suggests that phase angle has some clinical values in the objective diagnosis of sarcopenia. However,the results may be influenced by some factors such as sarcopenia severity and detection instruments of phase angle. Due to the limited quality and quantity of the included studies,more high-quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate the correlation between phase angle and sarcopenia and its diagnostic indexes.METHODS:The PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CNKI,WanFang Data,VIP and SinoMed databases were electronically searched to collect studies on the correlation between phase angle and sarcopenia and its diagnostic indexes from database inception to May 8,2024. Two reviewers independently screened literature,extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 14.0 software. RESULTS:A total of 50 eligible articles were included. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the non-sarcopenic population,the phase angle was significantly reduced in sarcopenic patients[standardized mean difference (SMD)=-0.99,95％ confidence interval (CI) (-1.09,-0.90),P<0.00001]. The results of subgroup analysis indicated that the difference of phase angle was more significant in patients with severe sarcopenia and Asian sarcopenia. Moreover,reduction in the phase angle was more obvious in patients with malignant tumors and respiratory diseases with sarcopenia. And skeletal muscle mass index (Pearson's r=0.565,P<0.00001),grip strength (Pearson's r=0.446,P<0.00001),and gait speed (Pearson's r=0.405,P<0.00001) all showed a moderate positive correlation with phase angle. However,appendicular skeletal muscle mass index showed a very weak positive correlation with phase angle (Pearson's r=0.139,P=0.02). CONCLUSION:Phase angle has a significant difference between sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia population,and it is correlated with the diagnostic indexes of sarcopenia to different extents. It suggests that phase angle has some clinical values in the objective diagnosis of sarcopenia. However,the results may be influenced by some factors such as sarcopenia severity and detection instruments of phase angle. Due to the limited quality and quantity of the included studies,more high-quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (EGFRI) -related paronychia is a condition clearly related to EGFRI therapy, characterized by periungual erythema, edema, purulent exudates, periungual or subungual granulomatous lesions, and sometimes accompanied by thinning, fragility or even splitting and seperation of nail plates. Inhibition of epidermal function, inflammation and secondary infections, as well as angiogenesis are the core processes in the occurrence and development of EGFRI-related paronychia. This review summarizes epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of EGFRI-related paronychia.

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (EGFRI) -related paronychia is a condition clearly related to EGFRI therapy, characterized by periungual erythema, edema, purulent exudates, periungual or subungual granulomatous lesions, and sometimes accompanied by thinning, fragility or even splitting and seperation of nail plates. Inhibition of epidermal function, inflammation and secondary infections, as well as angiogenesis are the core processes in the occurrence and development of EGFRI-related paronychia. This review summarizes epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of EGFRI-related paronychia.

The construction of healthy schools is one of the key measures to implement the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. The establishment and implementation of the Guidelines for Healthy Primary and Secondary School Evaluation （Guidelines） is helpful for the large-scale promotion and standardization of healthy school construction by government departments in Shanghai and other major cities in China， thereby more students benefited from the Healthy China Initiative. The Guidelines integrate the efforts of multiple departments related to school health， based on internationally recognized content and strategies for health-promoting schools. They aim to foster students’ health development by combining the basic requirements for school health with priority projects for health promotion. Healthy school evaluation indicators and standardized requirements suitable for the current socio-economic development level of Shanghai have been developed， aligning with international concepts of health-promoting schools. They also reflect a high starting point and high level of investment and development in school health in Shanghai over the past decade. The Guidelines provide recommendations on the basic requirements， organization guarantees and management， social and culture environment， health promotion education， health services， and connection between school and communities， and families， of healthy school evaluation for primary and secondary schools. This paper aims to interpret the compilation process and main content of the Guidelines.

ObjectiveTo analyze the status of and family-related factors associated with extracurricular screen time (ST) among the primary and middle school students in a district of Shanghai, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of targeted intervention measures. MethodsA total of 819 students and their parents from one primary school and one middle school were selected by stratified cluster sampling method from November to December 2022 in a district of Shanghai. A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the total extracurricular ST and entertainment ST during school days, weekends and summer and winter vacation, as well as the underlying family-related factors. Taking daily total extracurricular ST>2 h as excessive extracurricular ST and daily extracurricular entertainment ST>1 h as excessive extracurricular entertainment ST. ResultsAmong the 795 valid questionnaires, the proportions of excessive extracurricular ST during school day, weekend and summer and winter vacation were 10.9%, 42.1% and 51.1%, respectively, and the proportions of excessive extracurricular entertainment ST were 16.2%, 63.0% and 71.3%, respectively. The proportion of excessive extracurricular ST on weekend and summer and winter vacation was higher for middle school students than for primary school students, and the proportion of excessive extracurricular ST was higher for the students whose father’s educational level was high school and below than for those whose father’s educational level was junior college and above (both P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis after controlling confounding factors showed that the students with poor parent-child relationships (aOR=1.40‒1.96) and parental daily ST>2 h (aOR=1.83‒3.85) were more likely to have an excessive total extracurricular ST and entertainment ST. ConclusionThe proportion of excessive extracurricular ST for the primary and middle school students in Shanghai is relative high during weekend and summer and winter vacation, especially for entertainment purposes. Improving parent-child relationships and reducing parental excessive ST may be important intervention measures.