Background: s/Aims: Postoperative pancreatic fistulas (POPF) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). Pancreatogastrostomy (PG) and pancreatojejunostomy (PJ) are the two most commonly used reconstruction techniques, yet evidence favoring one over the other is inconclusive. This study evaluates postoperative outcomes following open PD at a single institution that transitioned from PG to PJ as the preferred reconstruction method. Methods: This retrospective comparative study included patients who underwent PD between April 2005 and August 2022. Of 757 patients identified, 522 met the inclusion criteria. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to adjust for clinically relevant covariates. Primary endpoints were clinically relevant (CR) POPF (grade B/C) and Clavien–Dindo (CD) grade ≥ 3 POPFs. Secondary outcomes included post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH), delayed gastric emptying (DGE), systemic complications, length of hospital stay, and mortality. Results: Overall, CR-POPF and CD grade ≥ 3 POPFs occurred in 21.3% and 8.0% of patients, respectively. Thirty-day and in-hospital mortality rates were 3.1% and 4.2%. After PSM, 368 patients (184 PG and 184 PJ) were analyzed. Grade B POPFs were more frequent following PJ than PG (24.5% vs. 15.8%, p < 0.001). Although CR-POPF and CD grade ≥ 3 POPFs were numerically higher in the PJ group, differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, DGE, PPH, and in-hospital mortality were significantly higher following PG (37.0% vs. 25.0%, p = 0.025; 16.3% vs. 8.7%, p = 0.025; and 7.6% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.049, respectively). Conclusions PG was associated with a lower incidence of grade B POPFs but higher rates of DGE, PPH, and in-hospital mortality.

Introductions: Patients with primary podocytopathies such as minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) with nephrotic syndrome are at risk for adverse outcomes. This study reports on the long -term outcomes, specifically kidney failure and death among patients treated for primary podocytopathies in a tertiary centre in Singapore. Materials and Methods: This was a single -centre, retrospective cohort study of all adults aged ≥21 years old diagnosed between 2016 and 2020 with MCD and FSGS with nephrotic -range proteinuria. We excluded patients with membranous nephropathy and secondary glomerulonephritides (lupus nephritis, ANCA - associated vasculitis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and diabetic nephropathy). Sociodemographic, comorbidity, laboratory and pharmacotherapy data were retrieved from the electronic medical records. The outcomes assessed were incidence of death or kidney failure (estimated glomerular filtration function [eGFR]<15 ml/min/1.73 m2 or required kidney replacement therapy). Results: Sixty patients (Chinese 80%, Malay 6%, Indian 3% and other races 3%) with MCD (37 patients) and FSGS (23 patients) were included. The morphological lesions in FSGS included cellular (n=2), tip (n=2), perihilar (n=7), collapsing (n=3) and not otherwise specified (n=17). At a median follow -up of 26.3 (8.9, 50.3) months, 12 (20%) outcomes were recorded, 11 (47.8%; death 6 and kidney failure 5) in the FSGS group and 1 (2.7%; died) in the MCD group. The causes of death were attributed to kidney failure (n=1), cardiovascular disease (n=1), infection (n=3); and unknown (n=2). The Kaplan -Meier survival curve showed that patients with MCD had better patient and kidney outcomes than those with FSGS (log rank p<0.001). Cox regression analysis (adjusted for age) found that FSGS was significantly associated with death or kidney failure (adjusted hazard ratio 18.17, 95% confidence interval 2.28 -145.07, p=0.006), compared with MCD. Conclusion: Adults with severe primary podocytopathy due to FSGS had worse patient and kidney outcomes than MCD

Introductions: Patients with primary podocytopathies such as minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) with nephrotic syndrome are at risk for adverse outcomes. This study reports on the long -term outcomes, specifically kidney failure and death among patients treated for primary podocytopathies in a tertiary centre in Singapore. Materials and Methods: This was a single -centre, retrospective cohort study of all adults aged ≥21 years old diagnosed between 2016 and 2020 with MCD and FSGS with nephrotic -range proteinuria. We excluded patients with membranous nephropathy and secondary glomerulonephritides (lupus nephritis, ANCA - associated vasculitis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and diabetic nephropathy). Sociodemographic, comorbidity, laboratory and pharmacotherapy data were retrieved from the electronic medical records. The outcomes assessed were incidence of death or kidney failure (estimated glomerular filtration function [eGFR]<15 ml/min/1.73 m2 or required kidney replacement therapy). Results: Sixty patients (Chinese 80%, Malay 6%, Indian 3% and other races 3%) with MCD (37 patients) and FSGS (23 patients) were included. The morphological lesions in FSGS included cellular (n=2), tip (n=2), perihilar (n=7), collapsing (n=3) and not otherwise specified (n=17). At a median follow -up of 26.3 (8.9, 50.3) months, 12 (20%) outcomes were recorded, 11 (47.8%; death 6 and kidney failure 5) in the FSGS group and 1 (2.7%; died) in the MCD group. The causes of death were attributed to kidney failure (n=1), cardiovascular disease (n=1), infection (n=3); and unknown (n=2). The Kaplan -Meier survival curve showed that patients with MCD had better patient and kidney outcomes than those with FSGS (log rank p<0.001). Cox regression analysis (adjusted for age) found that FSGS was significantly associated with death or kidney failure (adjusted hazard ratio 18.17, 95% confidence interval 2.28 -145.07, p=0.006), compared with MCD. Conclusion: Adults with severe primary podocytopathy due to FSGS had worse patient and kidney outcomes than MCD

Introduction: Adequate knowledge of diabetes is essential for effective self-management and glycemic control. Emerging trends in digital platforms, video-based education offer a scalable and accessible approach to patient learning. However, evidence on the effectiveness of validated YouTube-based diabetes education in the Malaysian population remains limited. We aimed to evaluate the impact of a newly developed, tri-language YouTube diabetes education programme on clinical and knowledge outcomes. Methodology: In this multicentre study, patients with diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to intervention (YouTube-based education) and control groups (standard care). The intervention consisted of newly developed and validated short educational videos on YouTube regarding diabetes, complications and lifestyle changes, delivered weekly via WhatsApp over 9 weeks. Videos were available in English, Malay and Chinese. The control group received standard care and counseling. Demographic data, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and knowledge scores were collected at baseline and 3 months post-intervention. Results: A total of 109 patients (62.4% female; mean age 53.2 years; mean diabetes duration 16.3 years) were enrolled in the study, with similar baseline characteristics between groups. The intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in glycemic control compared to the control group (HbA1c: −1.22 ± 1.36% vs. −0.24 ± 1.05%; p <0.001). While knowledge scores improved in both groups, the increase was significantly greater in the intervention group (2.66 vs. 0.80; p = 0.001). Notably, improvement in knowledge score predicted HbA1c reduction (b = 0.091; 95% CI 0.01, 0.172; p = 0.028). Conclusion The tri-language YouTube-based diabetes education programme significantly improved both glycemic control and patients’ knowledge. This accessible, scalable video-based education represents an effective strategy to enhance diabetes selfmanagement, offering flexible, on-demand learning for diverse populations.
Social Media ; Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Large, rapidly enlarging adrenal masses typically mandate surgical intervention given the high probability of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). However, benign processes can mimic these aggressive growth kinetics, creating a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Case: A 74-year-old male with hypertension, atrial fibrillation on rivaroxaban, and prostate cancer was referred for evaluation of a right adrenal incidentaloma detected on computed tomography imaging performed for prostate cancer staging. The well-defined mass measured 8.9 × 7.8 × 7.5 cm (AP × W × CC) with areas of calcification. Mean attenuation was +40 Hounsfield Unit, with no significant washout. Biochemical evaluation confirmed a non-functioning lesion (24-hour urine metanephrines 756 mcg/24 hours [N 246–753 mcg/24 hours]; serum cortisol 62 nmol/L post overnight dexamethasone suppression test). The patient was otherwise asymptomatic and declined surgical intervention. Repeat imaging 4 months later demonstrated interval enlargement of the mass to 9.8 × 8.8 × 10.7 cm. Due to this rapid growth, which was highly concerning for ACC, the patient underwent laparoscopic right adrenalectomy. Histopathological examination unexpectedly revealed an adrenal hematoma without evidence of an underlying tumor or malignancy. This case illustrates the difficulty in differentiating aggressive cortical tumors from atypical hemorrhagic events. Larger series on adrenal hemorrhage reported trauma and procedural complications as the leading causes, with a median size of 3–4 cm. Idiopathic large adrenal hematomas presenting as rapidly expanding “pseudotumors” are exceptionally rare, with fewer than 20 cases reported in which surgical resection was performed due to high preoperative suspicion of malignancy. Additionally, adrenal hemorrhage attributed to anticoagulant therapy often occurs bilaterally. Unilateral lesion, especially when large, can pose a diagnostic challenge as highlighted in this case. Conclusion In patients on anticoagulation, rapid interval growth of an adrenal mass does not always equate to malignancy. Recognizing this mimicry in the era of widespread Direct Oral Anticoagulant use is essential for refining treatment decision regarding surgical intervention, as most cases exhibited a self-limiting process with spontaneous resolution.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major healthcare problem worldwide, yet high percentage of patients are undiagnosed. There is a dire need for effective screening strategies. We examine the use of modified Asian FINDRISC (M-FINDRISC) and POCT random capillary blood glucose (rCBG) for the detection of dysglycemia Methodology: This cross-sectional, observational study included 151 adults aged ≥30 years without a prior history of diabetes in healthcare and community settings. Hemoglobin A1c of ≥6.3% was used for the diagnosis of diabetes, and 5.7– 6.2% for prediabetes. Areas under the receiver operating curve (ROC-AUC) for M-FINDRISC were analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of the combined use of M-FINDRISC and rCBG for the detection of dysglycemia were evaluated. Results: The mean age of the participants was 44.6 ± 11.0 years. They had high body mass index (27.8 ± 4.9 kg/m²). Most were sedentary (only 25.2% reported physical activities of ≥30 min/day). A total of 52.3% had first-degree relatives with diabetes, but less than 12% were taking antihypertensive medication. Out of 151 participants, 3.3% (n = 5) were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and 37.7% (n = 57) with prediabetes, giving an overall prevalence of 41.1% for dysglycemia. The mean age of participants with dysglycemia was significantly older (47.9 vs. 42.3 years, p-value 0.002). Other parameters were not statistically different for the two groups. Mean M-FINDRISC score was 9.7 ± 3.9 in the normal and 10.8 ± 4.0 in the dysglycemic group, while rCBG was 6.4 ± 1.1 mmol/L and 7.1 ± 3.1 mmol/L, respectively. ROC-AUC of M-FINDRISC for dysglycemia was 0.561. A combined screening strategy (M-FINDRISC score ≥7.5 and CBG ≥7.8 mmol/L) yielded high specificity (89.9%) but low sensitivity (17.7%) for dysglycemia. Conclusion While the combined screening strategy utilizing M-FINDRISC and POCT random CBG improves specificity, M-FINDRISC showed limited predictive value for dysglycemia in this specific cohort, making it a less ideal tool for screening.

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of diabetes represents a significant global health challenge. Modifiable risk factors, including physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, and obesity contribute substantially to this rising burden. In conjunction with the 2025 World Diabetes Day (WDD) campaign focusing on “diabetes and the workplace,” we assessed diabetes risk among healthcare workers in our hospital using the Modified Asian Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (ModAsian FINDRISC). Methodology: Healthcare workers from various departments were invited to participate in the hospital WDD celebration. A total of 286 attendees underwent anthropometric measurements and completed the ModAsian FINDSRIC questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the prevalence of risk factors and overall diabetes risk. Results: The participants included doctors, nurses, allied healthcare professionals, as well as hospital support and administrative staff. The majority of participants (74.8%) were aged below 45 years. 39.2% were overweight while 30.8% were obese. One-third (37.4%) had increased waist circumference (WC) (≥90 cm for men, ≥80 cm for women). Additionally, 20% of respondents reported being on antihypertensive medication, and 23.8% had previously recorded high blood glucose. A family history of diabetes mellitus (DM) was reported by 62.6% of respondents. Additionally, about onethird were sedentary with less than 30 minutes of daily exercise or physical activity, another one-third did not consume fruits or vegetables on a daily basis. The median ModAsian FINDRISC score was 8, with approximately 30% of them classified as having moderate to very high risk of developing DM (moderate: 17.5%; high: 10.8%; very high: 2.8%). Conclusion These results revealed high metabolic risk in healthcare workers and highlight the need for targeted workplace health promotion strategies to reduce the risk of developing diabetes.
Tertiary Care Centers ; Health Personnel ; Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: The 2021 IDF-DAR risk calculator had been previously evaluated in multiple studies and subsequently widely accepted and applied in clinical practice as a practical standardized tool for patient risk stratification. Recently updated, the 2026 IDF-DAR Risk calculator enables a more individualized, evidence-related evaluation of patientrelated and disease-related risk factors, incorporating modern diabetes technologies, including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, and advanced insulin formulations to enhance risk stratification. This tool allows medical professionals to tailor Ramadan practices based on overall factors toward promoting safe fasting. Methodology: This prospective multicentre observational study recruited adults with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes attending public hospitals nationwide. People with diabetes (PwD) intending to perform Ramadan fasting were invited to participate and assessed using the 2026 IDF-DAR Risk Calculator in the 6-week pre-Ramadan period between 30th January and 19th March 2026. Results: A total of 458 PwD were evaluated and stratified into low (15.7%), moderate (41%), and high risk (43.3%) categories. Most participants had Type 2 diabetes (83.6%), with 60.3% having a disease duration exceeding 10 years and 43% exhibiting poor glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c >9%). Insulin therapy was used by 76.4% of participants, including two individuals with Type 1 diabetes using AID systems. Most participants reported no recent hypoglycemia (76.4%), 81.0% performed glucose monitoring, and 3.3% used CGM. Severe comorbidities were uncommon, with 1.1% having unstable macrovascular disease and 4.4% advanced chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30). Notably, 72.2% received structured Ramadan education. Conclusion Majority of PwD attending tertiary diabetes clinics were in the moderate- to high-risk category and intended to fast despite medical advice against fasting in some cases. Although most participants were on insulin therapy, hypoglycemia was low in the pre-Ramadan period. Integration of modern technologies, advanced insulin therapies, and structured education may support safer fasting practices.
Risk Assessment ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Hospitals ; Fasting

Introduction: Repaglinide, a meglitinide analogue, has a rapid onset and short duration of action. It offers prandial glucose control while reducing hypoglycemia risk compared to sulfonylureas. We describe its use in our special cohorts of diabetic patients where repaglinide was prescribed to reduce hypoglycemia in vulnerable patients or to optimize glycemic control through pharmacotherapy intensification or deintensification. Cases: Cohort A comprised 12 elderly patients with multiple comorbidities (mean age: 70.3 years; mean DM duration: 18.3 years) characterized by high glucose variability and problematic hypoglycemia. In seven patients, low-dose gliclazide was replaced with repaglinide with reduction in hypoglycemic episodes. One patient on low-dose premixed insulin was successfully switched to preprandial repaglinide. Two patients on basal insulin were able to reduce their insulin requirements and stabilize their glucose levels. A younger patient with autonomic dysfunction had hypoglycemia while on insulin glulisine, while its omission led to severe hyperglycemia. Substituting glulisine with repaglinide resolved the glucose variability. Repaglinide effectively reduced hypoglycemic episodes while maintaining glycemic stability, with a mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction of 0.36% over 3–6 months. Cohort B consisted of six younger patients (mean age: 35.3 years) with focus on optimizing HbA1c and improving treatment adherence. Two patients on basal-bolus regimes success-fully transitioned off bolus insulin to repaglinide, significantly improving compliance. One patient on basal insulin was successfully transitioned to an all-oral regimen. Three patients on existing oral hypoglycemic agents were started on repaglinide to close the glycemic gap. Cohort B achieved a robust mean HbA1c reduction of 2.1% within 3–6 months. Conclusion Repaglinide remains an important armamentarium in personalized diabetes management. Its pharmacokinetics and flexible dosing allow intensification of glycemic control while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia. It also offers a viable strategy for selected patients struggling with complex insulin regime.
Repaglinide