Objectives:To explore the progress in the application of cardiovascular related innovative patent technologies between China and the United States from 2014 to 2023,and to further analyze the differences in driving forces and policy orientations in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements between the two countries,providing reference data for improving the efficiency of the transformation of cardiovascular scientific and technological achievements in China.Methods:Based on the Himmpat patent database,we searched invention patent application data in the cardiovascular fields by using the Fuwai Subject Headings and adopting the method of the international patent classification(IPC)-title-claims-abstract,from January 1,2014 to December 31,2023(excluding utility model and design patents).Fourteen indicators regarding patent value evaluation were selected as independent variables and the transfer and transformation rate of invention patent family as the dependent variable.Then we construct univariate and multivariate prediction models by utilizing logistic regression to compare and analyze the differences in various predictors for the transformation rate of patent family in the cardiovascular field between the two countries,and calculate the respective population attributable fraction(PAF)for each predictor.Results:Over the past 10 years,there have been 45 413 invention patent family in the cardiovascular field in China,which exceeded the 35 582 invention patent family in the United States.The transformation rate of cardiovascular invention patent family in the United States was 49.77%,while in China it was only 9.18%.In the United States,the transformation rate of invention patent family's applicants involving medical institutions is significantly higher than that of universities,research institutions,and enterprises,with transformation rates of 63.75%,56.74%,50.00%,and 49.76%,respectively.In contrast,in China,the transformation rate of invention patent family in the cardiovascular field is 6.87%in medical institutions and 7.90%in universities,slightly higher in research institutions(10.99%),while the highest rate is in enterprises(15.83%).Moreover,the transformation rates of biomedical invention patent family is higher than that of medical devices in China(9.45%vs.7.81%),while the opposite is true in the United States(42.39%vs.59.03%).The results of PAF based on full multivariate logistic regression,the top three predictors for the transfer and transformation of invention patent family in China are applicants including enterprises(PAF=71.17%),overseas distribution country number more than one(PAF=30.76%),and invention authorized(PAF=29.95%).In the United States,citation frequency exceeding 10 times(PAF=46.92%),overseas distribution country number more than one(PAF=32.56%),and applicants including enterprises(PAF=20.54%)are the top three predictors for the transfer and transformation of invention patent family.Conclusions:Since the implementation of the 13th Five-Year Plan,the number of patent family applications for cardiovascular related inventions in China has surpassed that of the United States.However,the transfer and transformation efficiency of cardiovascular invention patents in China is significantly lower than that of the United States.In depth analysis of the reasons,this study finds it mainly lies in China's insufficient research and development potential for high-value patents,weak awareness of overseas market layout,insufficient motivation for universities and medical institutions to transfer and transform invention patents,and the underutilization of the transformation potential of medical device invention patents as well.

OBJECTIVE To observe the causal association between colorectal cancer and sepsis by means of bidirec-tional two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR).METHODS The Genome Wide Association Study(GWAS)datasets for colorectal cancer and sepsis were retrieved from the GWAS databases between its establishment and Feb.1,2024.MR was carried out for the colorectal cancer and sepsis interacting as exposure and outcome factors.The single nucleotide polymorhpism(SNPs)that were significantly associated with the exposure factors were screened out by setting P as less than 5.0× 10-8,r2 less than 0.001,the genetic distance 10,000 kb.The SNPs that were remarkably associated with the exposure factors were extracted from the GWAS datasets of the outcome variables,the instrumental variable were finally obtained,the inverse variance weighting(IVW)was taken as the main approach for the causal inference.The level pleiotropy was tested by using MR Egger method and MR-PRESSO,the heterogeneity was tested by IVW method and MR-Egger method,the sensitivity was analyzed by leave-one-out method,and the robustness of the result was tested.RESULTS A total of 30 SNPs were screed out by setting the colorectal cancer as exposure factor and the sepsis as outcome variable(F＞10);there was causal as-sociation between the colorectal cancer and the sepsis(OR=28.955,95％CI:1.215 to 690.052,P=0.037).Totally 14 SNPs were screened out by setting the sepsis as exposure factor and the colorectal cancer as treatment variable(F＞10),and there was no causal association between the colorectal cancer and the sepsis(OR=0.999,95％CI:0.997 to 1.002,P=0.674).There was no level pleiotropy in the instrumental variables during the two times of MR analysis;there was no heterogeneity in the instrumental variables,and the result of the MR analysis was robust.CONCLUSION There is causal association between the colorectal cancer and the increases of risk of sepsis.But there is no causal association between the sepsis and the increase of risk of colorectal cancer.

Objectives:To explore the progress in the application of cardiovascular related innovative patent technologies between China and the United States from 2014 to 2023,and to further analyze the differences in driving forces and policy orientations in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements between the two countries,providing reference data for improving the efficiency of the transformation of cardiovascular scientific and technological achievements in China.Methods:Based on the Himmpat patent database,we searched invention patent application data in the cardiovascular fields by using the Fuwai Subject Headings and adopting the method of the international patent classification(IPC)-title-claims-abstract,from January 1,2014 to December 31,2023(excluding utility model and design patents).Fourteen indicators regarding patent value evaluation were selected as independent variables and the transfer and transformation rate of invention patent family as the dependent variable.Then we construct univariate and multivariate prediction models by utilizing logistic regression to compare and analyze the differences in various predictors for the transformation rate of patent family in the cardiovascular field between the two countries,and calculate the respective population attributable fraction(PAF)for each predictor.Results:Over the past 10 years,there have been 45 413 invention patent family in the cardiovascular field in China,which exceeded the 35 582 invention patent family in the United States.The transformation rate of cardiovascular invention patent family in the United States was 49.77%,while in China it was only 9.18%.In the United States,the transformation rate of invention patent family's applicants involving medical institutions is significantly higher than that of universities,research institutions,and enterprises,with transformation rates of 63.75%,56.74%,50.00%,and 49.76%,respectively.In contrast,in China,the transformation rate of invention patent family in the cardiovascular field is 6.87%in medical institutions and 7.90%in universities,slightly higher in research institutions(10.99%),while the highest rate is in enterprises(15.83%).Moreover,the transformation rates of biomedical invention patent family is higher than that of medical devices in China(9.45%vs.7.81%),while the opposite is true in the United States(42.39%vs.59.03%).The results of PAF based on full multivariate logistic regression,the top three predictors for the transfer and transformation of invention patent family in China are applicants including enterprises(PAF=71.17%),overseas distribution country number more than one(PAF=30.76%),and invention authorized(PAF=29.95%).In the United States,citation frequency exceeding 10 times(PAF=46.92%),overseas distribution country number more than one(PAF=32.56%),and applicants including enterprises(PAF=20.54%)are the top three predictors for the transfer and transformation of invention patent family.Conclusions:Since the implementation of the 13th Five-Year Plan,the number of patent family applications for cardiovascular related inventions in China has surpassed that of the United States.However,the transfer and transformation efficiency of cardiovascular invention patents in China is significantly lower than that of the United States.In depth analysis of the reasons,this study finds it mainly lies in China's insufficient research and development potential for high-value patents,weak awareness of overseas market layout,insufficient motivation for universities and medical institutions to transfer and transform invention patents,and the underutilization of the transformation potential of medical device invention patents as well.

OBJECTIVE To observe the causal association between colorectal cancer and sepsis by means of bidirec-tional two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR).METHODS The Genome Wide Association Study(GWAS)datasets for colorectal cancer and sepsis were retrieved from the GWAS databases between its establishment and Feb.1,2024.MR was carried out for the colorectal cancer and sepsis interacting as exposure and outcome factors.The single nucleotide polymorhpism(SNPs)that were significantly associated with the exposure factors were screened out by setting P as less than 5.0× 10-8,r2 less than 0.001,the genetic distance 10,000 kb.The SNPs that were remarkably associated with the exposure factors were extracted from the GWAS datasets of the outcome variables,the instrumental variable were finally obtained,the inverse variance weighting(IVW)was taken as the main approach for the causal inference.The level pleiotropy was tested by using MR Egger method and MR-PRESSO,the heterogeneity was tested by IVW method and MR-Egger method,the sensitivity was analyzed by leave-one-out method,and the robustness of the result was tested.RESULTS A total of 30 SNPs were screed out by setting the colorectal cancer as exposure factor and the sepsis as outcome variable(F＞10);there was causal as-sociation between the colorectal cancer and the sepsis(OR=28.955,95％CI:1.215 to 690.052,P=0.037).Totally 14 SNPs were screened out by setting the sepsis as exposure factor and the colorectal cancer as treatment variable(F＞10),and there was no causal association between the colorectal cancer and the sepsis(OR=0.999,95％CI:0.997 to 1.002,P=0.674).There was no level pleiotropy in the instrumental variables during the two times of MR analysis;there was no heterogeneity in the instrumental variables,and the result of the MR analysis was robust.CONCLUSION There is causal association between the colorectal cancer and the increases of risk of sepsis.But there is no causal association between the sepsis and the increase of risk of colorectal cancer.

Objective To systematically evaluate the effect of the body mass index(BMI)≥24 kg/m2 on the incidence rate of surgery site infection(SSI)in the Chinese patients with colorectal cancer.Methods The domestic and foreign databases were searched for the observational studies on SSI of colorectal cancer containing the single factor analysis and BMI.The literatures with BMI≥24 kg/m2 and the Chinese pa-tients with colorectal cancer as the study subjects were screened out.The literatures meeting the requirements performed the meta analysis and bias analysis.Results A total of 32 literatures were included with 10 350 pa-tients,among them,SSI occurred in 1 748 patients.There was significant heterogeneity among 32 literatures(I2=65％,P＜0.01).The random effects model was used for conducting the meta analysis,and the results showed that the incidence rate of SSI in colorectal cancer patients with BMI≥24 kg/m2 was higher than that in colorectal cancer patients with BMI＜24 kg/m2(OR=2.57,95％CI:2.07-3.19,P＜0.01).The funnel plot suggested that there was the publication bias in 7 literatures,and the Egger's test showed P=0.158,sug-gesting that the bias was not significant.Conclusion In the Chinese population,the incidence rate of SSI in the colorectal cancer patients with BMI≥24 kg/m2 is 2.57 times of that in the patients with BMI＜24 kg/m2.

Objectives:To analyze the differences in clinical characteristics,in-hospital management and one-year outcome of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure in the eastern,central,and western regions of China. Methods:Data was obtained from the China Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events(PEACE)-Prospective Heart Failure Study.A total of 4 875 patients aged 18 and above hospitalized for acute heart failure were enrolled from 52 hospitals in China between August 2016 and May 2018.Patients were categorized into three groups according to their geographical locations:eastern(n=1 753),central(n=1 723),and western(n=1 399).The clinical characteristics,in-hospital management,and one-year outcome were compared among the three groups. Results:The included patients had a median age of 67(57,75)years,of whom 37.5%were women.In all patients,the main comorbidities of heart failure included hypertension(56.0%),coronary heart disease(52.1%),atrial fibrillation(34.3%),and chronic kidney disease(34.3%).The proportion of patients with hypertension in the western region(60.3%)was higher than that in the eastern(53.9%)and central regions(54.7%,both P<0.017).The proportions of beta blockers,mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist,and diuretic use during hospitalization in the central region were 67.3%,79.9%and 85.2%,respectively,significantly lower than those in the eastern(79.3%,86.3%and 89.6%)and western(75.3%,83.6%and 89.1%)regions(all P<0.017).Arter adjusted for age and sex,there was no statistical difference in all-cause mortality among the three groups during one-year follow-up after discharge,while the risk of cardiovascular mortality in the eastern region was significantly higher than that in the western region within one year after discharge(HR=1.33,95%CI:1.07-1.65,P<0.017). Conclusions:Present results indicate that the clinical characteristics and in-hospital management of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure differ among the eastern,central,and western regions of China.The risk of cardiovascular mortality in the eastern region is higher than that in the western region during one-year follow-up after discharge.

Objectives:To compare the patent protection and application status of cardiovascular technology innovation in ten major countries worldwide from 2016 to 2023,and to analyze and evaluate the relative competitiveness and innovation ability of technology achievements in the cardiovascular fields in China,providing reference for improving the transfer and transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements in this field. Methods:Based on the HimmPat,IncoPat,and Wisdom Seed patent databases,using the Fuwai Subject Headings,we searched patent application data in the cardiovascular fields from ten major countries worldwide from January 1,2016 to December 31,2023 by adopting the method of the International Patent Classification(IPC)-Title-Claims-Abstract.We compared and analyzed specific indicators from the three dimensions of the patent,including technology value,legal value,and economic value. Results:Over the past eight years,the total number of patent applications in the cardiovascular fields was counted from the perspective of patent applicant addresses to analyze the technological innovation capabilities in cardiovascular field of each country.The results showed that China ranked the second in the world in terms of the total number of patent applications in the cardiovascular fields,with approximately 46 536,followed the United States with 75 382.Although the number of patent family applications in China is higher than that in the United States(32 879 vs.19 587),overseas applications for family patent in China only account for 25.4%of its total patent application volume,which is only higher than that in Russia(15.5%),while much lower than that in the other eight countries.In terms of the average number of patent applicants,there are only 2.61 applicants per patent in China,compared with 10.02 in the United States and 12.69 in Germany.In terms of citation frequency of simple patent family,the United States has 9.76 citations per patent,while China has only 2.64 citations per patent.Besides,the patent transfer rate in China is also relatively low with a proportion of only 7.3%. Conclusions:The economic development,government policy support and technological advancement jointly contribute to the continuously increased number of cardiovascular patent applications in China.However,the patents are associated with poor quality,insufficient overseas layout,and insufficient horizontal cooperation in technological innovation,which may also be the main reasons for the insufficient momentum and efficiency of patent achievement transformation.

Objective To investigate the feasibility,safety and clinical efficacy of three-port laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (TLSG).Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted.The clinical data of 104 obese patients who were admitted to the Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University between September 2016 and March 2017 were collected.TLSG was performed to all the 104 patients by the same surgical team.The surgical situations,conversion situations (port-site increased or conversion to open surgery),operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss,surgery-related complications,duration of postoperative hospital stay and follow-up situations were observed.Patients were followed up by Wechat,telephone interview and inpatient examination once at month 3,6,9 and 12 postoperatively and once every year after 1 year postoperatively up to April 2017.Follow-up included weight-loss efficacy and postoperative long-term complications.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as x±s or average (range).Results All the 104 patients underwent successful TLSG,without port-site increased or conversion to open surgery.Operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss were (121±25)minutes and (9±6)mL,respectively.There was no severe intraoperative collateral damage.All the 104 patients with complications were cured by symptomatic treatment,including 1 with port-site infection,1 with peritoneal effusions causing secondary infection,3 with improper eating-induced acute delayed gastric emptying,6 with fat liquefaction around port-site and 9 with delay healing of port-site.There was no occurrence of severe complications,such as gastrointestinal bleeding,intra-abdominal bleeding and gastrostoma.Duration of postoperative hospital stay was (2.4±0.8)days.Eighty-two patients were followed up for 3 months (range,3-6 months),including 59 with 3-month follow-up,23 with 6-month follow-up and 22 with under 3-month follow-up.During the follow-up,there was no port-site hernia.Excess weight loss (EWL) was 37％± 11％ in 59 patients with 3-month follow-up and 45％± 13％ in 23 patients with 6-month follow-up.Of 59 patients with 3-month follow-up,14 patients with diabetes mellitus stopped taking antidiabetic drugs,10 of 14 patients had complete remission (CR) of hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc) and 4 of 14 patients had partial remission (PR) of HbAlc.Of 23 patients with 6-month follow-up,6 patients with diabetes mellitus had CR of HbAlc.Of 18 patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS),4 had 3-month follow-up,including 3 with CR and 1 was improved to mild OSAHS.Other 14 patients were not evaluated due to inadequate follow-up time.Conclusion TLSG for obese patients with specific indications cannot increase operation time and risk,meanwhile,it can reduce port-site,with a good cosmetic effect.

There are differents of intestinal microecology in patients with metabolic syndrome compared with the normal population.The metabolic surgery in the treatment of metabolic syndrome has high curative effect,and the intestinal flora postoperative tends to normal.Fat polysaccharide,short-chain fatty acids,bile acids and glucagon-like peptide 1,trimethylamine N-oxide are involved in the process of remission after metabolic surgery.This paper is a literature review on the characteristics of intestinal flora in metabolic diseases,the changes of gut microbiome after the bariatric surgery,and the relationship between these rules and those indexes.

Objective To observe the effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on the cell growth, adhesion, migration and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) by A375 human malignant melanoma cells. Methods A375 cells were cultured in the presence of ET-1 of various concentrations (0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 2 μg/mL) for different periods. MTT method and flow cytometry were applied to detect the proliferation and ICAM-1 expression of these cells, respectively, after 24-, 48-, and 72-hour treatment. After 24-hour treatment, the cell adhesion and migration of A375 cells were assessed with cell adhesion assay and Transwell chambers, respectively. Results In the case of ET-1 from 0.002 to 0.2 μg/mL, it enhanced the proliferation, adhesion, migration of A375 cells and inhibited the expression of ICAM-1 by A375 cells in a dose dependent manner (P<0.01 or<0.05); however, for ET-1 of 2 μg/mL, the situation was the opposite. Moreover, after 24-hour culture with ET-1 of 0.2 μg/mL, the metabolic activity, cell adhesion rate, and expression of ICAM-1 peaked at 0.327±0.009, (163.31±4.05)% and 4.667±0.551, respectively. Conclusion ET-1 may enhance cellular metabolism and pigmentation by suppressing the expression of ICAM-1 and promoting the proliferation, adhesion and migration of melanoma cells.