Ulcerative colitis （UC） is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disease of the intestine. Intestinal fibrosis represents a severe co mplication and a potential risk factor for malignant transformation. Gentianopsis paludosa is one of the traditional Tibetan medicines commonly used for treating gastrointestinal disorders such as damp-heat diarrhea and dysentery. Its chemical composition is complex， encompassing xanthones， flavonoids， terpenoids， and other bioactive components， and it exhibits properties such as clearing heat， eliminating dampness， and detoxifying. This article reviews the research progress on the pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanisms of G. paludosa against UC and associated fibrosis. Findings suggest that its extracts （e.g.， aqueous extract， ethyl acetate extract） and active constituents （e.g.， 1-hydroxy-3，7，8-trimethoxyxanthone， ursolic acid， swertiamarin， luteolin） may inhibit inflammatory cytokines， combat oxidative stress， suppress cell apoptosis， regulate intestinal microbiota and their metabolites， protect the intestinal mucosal barrier， modulate immune responses， and inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition， through modulating relevant signaling pathways， such as nuclear factor-kappa B， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）/Bcl-2-associated X protein， and transforming growth factor-β 1 /Smad， thus exerting therapeutic effects against UC and its related fibrosis via these seven aspects.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of transoral transgastric natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery(TG-NOTES)cholecystectomy in miniature pigs.Methods A total of 11 miniature pigs were selected as the experimental subjects and underwent TG-NOTES cholecystectomy.These pigs were divided into the Group A and Group B according to the surgical procedures.Among them,7 miniature pigs in the Group A underwent endoscopic cholecystectomy without dissecting the gallbladder triangle,while 4 miniature pigs in the Group B underwent endoscopic cholecystectomy after dissecting the gallbladder triangle.The success rate of surgery,the time of each stage of surgery,the incidence of complications,the success rate of cholecystectomy and the survival rate of miniature pigs in the two groups were counted.One miniature pig in the Group A and 4 miniature pigs in the Group B were selected for survival experiments.After surviving for 1 week,they were killed and dissected to observe the healing of incision and incidence of complications.Results The surgical survival rate of experimental animals was 100%,and the success rate of cholecystectomy was 100%.There was no significant difference in the surgical time,time of cut the stomach into the abdomen,time of gallbladder exploration or time of gallbladder removal of miniature pigs between the two groups(P>0.05).The time of ligating gallbladder artery of miniature pigs in the Group B was longer than that in the Group A,and the time of isdating gallbladder was shorter than that in the Group A,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the average number of complications of miniature pigs between the two groups(P>0.05).The dissection of animals after survival experiments revealed that the incisions healed well without serious complications.Conclusion This study successfully establishes the surgical model of TG-NOTES cholecystectomy,and confirms the safety and feasibility of TG-NOTES cholecystectomy.

Early postoperative hypoxemia,a common adverse event following general anesthesia,is closely associated with pathophysiological changes in patients,prolonging stays in the post-anesthesia care unit(PACU)and intensive care unit(ICU),and correlating with increased one-year postoperative mortality rate.Nevertheless,due to differences in definitions of hypoxemia,heterogeneity of study populations,and variations in postoperative monitoring methods,the reported incidence and duration of early postoperative hypoxemia in the literature vary significantly.This review systematically summarizes relevant literature to elucidate the definition and characteristic indicators of early postoperative hypoxemia,and explores its correlations with postoperative respiratory complications,cardiovascular complications,and surgical site infections.By analyzing existing research evidence,this review aims to identify early-warning indicators of postoperative hypoxemia with predictive value,thereby providing a reference for future research in this field.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of transoral transgastric natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery(TG-NOTES)cholecystectomy in miniature pigs.Methods A total of 11 miniature pigs were selected as the experimental subjects and underwent TG-NOTES cholecystectomy.These pigs were divided into the Group A and Group B according to the surgical procedures.Among them,7 miniature pigs in the Group A underwent endoscopic cholecystectomy without dissecting the gallbladder triangle,while 4 miniature pigs in the Group B underwent endoscopic cholecystectomy after dissecting the gallbladder triangle.The success rate of surgery,the time of each stage of surgery,the incidence of complications,the success rate of cholecystectomy and the survival rate of miniature pigs in the two groups were counted.One miniature pig in the Group A and 4 miniature pigs in the Group B were selected for survival experiments.After surviving for 1 week,they were killed and dissected to observe the healing of incision and incidence of complications.Results The surgical survival rate of experimental animals was 100%,and the success rate of cholecystectomy was 100%.There was no significant difference in the surgical time,time of cut the stomach into the abdomen,time of gallbladder exploration or time of gallbladder removal of miniature pigs between the two groups(P>0.05).The time of ligating gallbladder artery of miniature pigs in the Group B was longer than that in the Group A,and the time of isdating gallbladder was shorter than that in the Group A,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the average number of complications of miniature pigs between the two groups(P>0.05).The dissection of animals after survival experiments revealed that the incisions healed well without serious complications.Conclusion This study successfully establishes the surgical model of TG-NOTES cholecystectomy,and confirms the safety and feasibility of TG-NOTES cholecystectomy.

【Objective】 To analyze the clinical efficacy of modified Devine surgery combined with scrotal flap transfer in the treatment of concealed penis (CP) in children and provide reference for the surgical treatment of CP in children. 【Methods】 The clinical data of 54 CP children who underwent surgery in the Department of Urology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology during Jun.2019 and Sep.2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 27 patients treated with traditional Devine surgery (control group), and 27 patients in the modified group treated with modified Devine surgery combined with scrotal flap transfer (double degloving). The perioperative indexes, incidence of postoperative complications, penile lengthening and satisfaction of postoperative appearance were recorded. 【Results】 The surgical time of the modified group was longer than the control group [(62.78±5.07) min vs. (55.93±4.83) min ](t=5.085, P<0.05). The exposed length and penile lengthening length with moderate and severe CP patients in the modified group at 1 and 6 months after surgery were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05).The duration of prepuce edema, and the satisfaction of family members of moderate and severe CP children were (6.93±1.54) d vs. (5.56±1.16) d, (2.44±0.62) vs. (2.83±0.38), and (2.44±0.73) vs. (3.00±0) between the control and modified groups (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant difference in intraoperative bleeding volume and incidence of complications between the two groups (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 In the treatment of CP, modified Devine surgery combined with scrotal flap transfer can produce good effects and appearance, which is of high application value.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and influencing factors of moderate-to-severe pulmonary ventilation dysfunction in occupational pneumoconiosis (hereinafter referred to as "pneumoconiosis") patients complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods A total of 136 male pneumoconiosis patients complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis suffering different degrees of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction were selected as the study subjects using the judgmental sampling method. Patients were divided into mild dysfunction and moderate-to-severe dysfunction groups based on the degrees of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction. Clinical data from patients of these two groups were collected, and influencing factors of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction were analyzed. Results The prevalence of mild dysfunction and moderate-to-severe dysfunction among the study subjects was 39.0% and 61.0%, respectively. The proportion of patients with moderate-to-severe pulmonary ventilation dysfunction increased with the progression of pneumoconiosis (P<0.05). Patients in moderate-to-severe dysfunction group had higher rates of dyspnea, elevated C-reactive protein, coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a history of lung infections within the past two years compared with those in the mild dysfunction group (all P<0.05). The result of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the degree of pneumoconiosis, complicated with COPD, and a history of lung infections within the past two years were risk factors for moderate-to-severe pulmonary ventilation dysfunction (all P<0.05). Specifically, higher degree of pneumoconiosis was associated with a greater proportion of moderate-to-severe dysfunction, and patients complicated with COPD or had a history of lung infections within the past two years were more likely to experience severe pulmonary ventilation dysfunction. Conclusion The degree of pneumoconiosis, complicated with COPD, and a history of lung infections within the past two years are influencing factors of moderate-to-severe pulmonary ventilation dysfunction in patients with pneumoconiosis combined with pulmonary tuberculosis. Early detection of pneumoconiosis progression, timely diagnosis of COPD and lung infections, and appropriate treatment such as antifibrotic agents, inhaled bronchodilators, and anti-infective therapies are recommended.

[Objective] To compare the clinical efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) in patients with acute herpes zoster neuralgia (AHN) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). [Methods] A retrospective analysis was made on 287 patients with thoracic herpes zoster related pain. The patients were divided into acute herpes zoster neuralgia group (group AHN, within 3 months) and PHN group (group PHN, over 3 months) according to the onset time of herpes zoster. Pain degree (VAS), sleep quality (AIS), anxiety and depression (GAD-7 and PHQ-9) at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after the procedure were analyzed and compared between the two groups. [Results] The scores of VAS, AIS, GAD-7 and PHQ-9 significantly decreased in both groups after surgery (P<0.001). The four scores decreased more in AHN group than in PHN group from 1 to 12 months after surgery (P<0.001). After 12 months of follow-up, there were fewer cases of taking oral pregabalin and opioids in the former group than in the latter group (P=0.001). [Conclusion] PRF has a good therapeutic effect on herpes zoster related pain and is better than PHN in relieving pain, improving sleep and anxiety and depression in AHN, or can prevent PHN.

Objective To study the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided pulse radiofrequency(PRF)treatment of the saphenous nerve for knee osteoarthritis(KOA).Methods A total of 289 KOA patients were followed up from March 2021 to October 2023 and divided into PRF group(group A,n=142)and conservative treatment group(group B,n=147)according to different treatment methods.Pain degree(VAS),knee function(OKS),and sleep quality(AIS)of the two groups were recorded before treatment and at 1 week,1 month,3 months and 6 months after treatment;the occurrence of complications was recorded for comparison between the two groups.Results After treatment,VAS,OKS and AIS scores in both groups decreased compared with those before treatment(P＜0.001).In addition,the scores of group A showed a gradual downward trend 6 months after surgery,while the scores of group B showed an overall upward trend 6 months after surgery.The scores of VAS and OKS were significantly lower in group A than in group B from 1 week to 6 months after surgery(P＜0.001).The AIS score of group A was much lower than that of group B from 1 month to 6 months after surgery(P＜0.001).There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups(P=0.236).Conclusion Ultrasound-guided PRF treatment of the saphenous nerve is better than conservative treatment because it can better reduce pain and improve knee joint mobility and sleep in patients with KOA.

Objective:This study investigates the effect of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), frequency, and bandwidth on horizontal sound localization accuracy in normal-hearing young adults.Methods:From August 2022 to December 2022, a total of 20 normal-hearing young adults, including 7 males and 13 females, with an age range of 20 to 35 years and a mean age of 25.4 years, were selected to participate in horizontal azimuth recognition tests under both quiet and noisy conditions. Six narrowband filtered noise stimuli were used with central frequencies (CF) of 250, 2 000, and 4 000 Hz and bandwidths of 1/6 and 1 octave. Continuous broadband white noise was used as the background masker, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was 0, -3, and -12 dB. The root-mean-square error (RMS error) was used to measure sound localization accuracy, with smaller values indicating higher accuracy. Friedman test was used to compare the effects of SNR and CF on sound localization accuracy, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the impact of the two bandwidths on sound localization accuracy in noise.Results:In a quiet environment, the RMS error in horizontal azimuth in normal-hearing young adults ranged from 4.3 to 8.1 degrees. Sound localization accuracy decreased with decreasing SNR: at 0 dB SNR (range: 5.3-12.9 degrees), the difference from the quiet condition was not significant ( P>0.05); however, at -3 dB (range: 7.3-16.8 degrees) and -12 dB SNR (range: 9.4-41.2 degrees), sound localization accuracy significantly decreased compared to the quiet condition (all P<0.01). Under noisy conditions, there were differences in sound localization accuracy among stimuli with different frequencies and bandwidths, with higher frequencies performing the worst, followed by middle frequencies, and lower frequencies performing the best, with significant differences (all P<0.01). Sound localization accuracy for 1/6 octave stimuli was more susceptible to noise interference than 1 octave stimuli (all P<0.01). Conclusions:The ability of normal-hearing young adults to localize sound in the horizontal plane in the presence of noise is influenced by SNR, CF, and bandwidth. Noise with SNRs of ≥-3 dB can lead to decreased accuracy in narrowband sound localization. Higher CF signals and narrower bandwidths are more susceptible to noise interference.

Objective:To evaluate auditory spatial discrimination capabilities in patients with mild to moderately severe symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and to compare the impact of different psychophysical testing methods on Minimum Audible Angle (MAA) and test duration.Methods:A total of 105 symmetrical SNHL patients aged from 18 to 60 years old were enrolled from April to July 2023, including 56 males and 49 females. They were divided into three groups based on PTA: mild, moderate, and moderately severe hearing loss, with 35 individuals in each group. Additionally, a control group of 35 individuals with normal hearing was tested, including 18 males and 17 females. Participants underwent four distinct psychophysical discrimination tests: the block up-down, 1-up/1-down, 1-up/2-down, and 1-up/3-down procedures. We recorded the MAA and test duration for each. We employed repeated measures of ANOVA to compare the MAA and test duration across different methods and groups, and Pearson′s correlation to assess the relationship between MAA and degree of hearing loss.Results:MAA of sound localization in patients with symmetrical SNHL was significantly positively correlated with the degree of hearing loss ( r=0.59, P<0.01). Significant deterioration in MAA was observed as hearing loss progressed to the moderate level (PTA≥35 dBHL, P<0.01). The testing methods significantly influenced MAA and testing duration ( F=24.02, P<0.01; F=75.56, P<0.01) and the 1-up/1-down method was the quickest, averaging only (0.69±0.32) mins. Conclusions:The horizontal plane auditory spatial discrimination abilities in patients with symmetrical SNHL is impaired progressively with increasing hearing loss, notably beyond moderate hearing loss levels. Different psychophysical methods influence both MAA and test duration, the quicker 1-up/1-down method is recommended for assessing MAA in symmetrical SNHL patients.