Geniposide， the primary active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Gardeniae Fructus， is a water-soluble iridoid glycoside. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that geniposide exhibits various biological activities， including hepatoprotective， anti-inflammatory， analgesic， neuroprotective， antidepressant effects， and inhibitory activity against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recent research has revealed its promising potential in preventing and treating diseases such as atherosclerosis and osteoporosis， indicating broad application prospects. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of geniposide are primarily associated with the inhibition of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress， improvement of lipid metabolism， and regulation of apoptosis. However， due to its high water solubility and rapid metabolism in vivo， geniposide suffers from low oral bioavailability， which limits its therapeutic efficacy and clinical application. In recent years， various formulations， such as creams， cubic liquid crystals， hydrogels， and liposomes， have been developed to address its bioavailability issues. This article reviewed the latest research progress on the pharmacological activities and formulation development of geniposide by analyzing domestic and international literature from the past decade， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for further research， development， and utilization of geniposide and its formulations.

ObjectiveBased on the established characteristic profiles， quantitative analysis of multiple components， and chemometric analysis of Taraxacum mongolicum， the quality of different T. mongolicum germplasms was evaluated at the chemical level， thereby providing a reference for the screening of high-quality germplasms and the rational utilization of wild resources. MethodsAn ultra-performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） was employed to establish characteristic profiles. Principal component analysis （PCA） and partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） were then adopted to screen and comprehensively rank marker compounds. ResultsThe UPLC fingerprint of T. mongolicum germplasm identified 13 chromatographic peaks corresponding to gallic acid， coumaric acid， neochlorogenic acid， monocaffeoyltartaric acid， chlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， caffeic acid， p-coumaric acid， cichoric acid， luteoloside， isochlorogenic acid B， isochlorogenic acid A， and isochlorogenic acid C. Combined with chemometric analysis such as PCA and PLS-DA， eight core markers （cichoric acid， luteoloside， cryptochlorogenic acid， isochlorogenic acid B， chlorogenic acid， caffeic acid， isochlorogenic acid C， and isochlorogenic acid A） were screened for distinguishing wild and cultivated germplasms. Additionally， eight core markers （cichoric acid， caffeic acid， luteoloside， chlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， isochlorogenic acid A， monocaffeoyltartaric acid， and neochlorogenic acid） were selected for the evaluation and screening of different T. mongolicum germplasms. ConclusionThis study establishes a UPLC analysis method capable of simultaneously determining 13 characteristic components in T. mongolicum， such as cichoric acid and chlorogenic acid， as well as their precursor compound contents in the biosynthetic pathway. Based on the above methods， three T. mongolicum germplasms （PGY-004， PGY-009， and PGY-010） with promising medicinal potential are selected for subsequent research on variety breeding. The present study provides a reference for quality control of Taraxacum mongolicum， germplasm screening， and the rational development and utilization of wild resources.

With the rising incidence of diabetes， diabetic kidney disease （DKD） has become a significant global health burden. Although current prevention and treatment strategies can partially delay the progression of DKD， the risk of patients advancing to end-stage renal disease remains high. Since the concept of the "gut-kidney axis" was first introduced at the International Congress on Dialysis in 2011， research on the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of DKD has received increasing attention. This review summarizes the current research on gut microbiota， explores the mechanisms through which it contributes to DKD development， and outlines clinical approaches for DKD prevention and treatment based on the "gut-kidney axis" theory. Evidence indicates that dietary interventions， intake of probiotics or prebiotics， use of metformin and novel antidiabetic drugs， and application of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） compound formulas can effectively improve gut microbiota composition， influence metabolite production， and restore the intestinal mucosal barrier. These interventions can further regulate intestinal innate immunity and inflammatory responses， thereby modulating the progression of DKD. Despite challenges posed by the traditional oral administration of water-decocted TCM compound formulas and the complexity of their ingredients， increasing evidence suggests that TCM may indirectly affect the occurrence and development of DKD by modulating gut microbiota. This finding provides a new perspective on the potential mechanisms of TCM in DKD treatment and may offer novel strategies for DKD prevention and therapy.

: To analyze the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among primary and secondary school students in Rural Nutrition Improvement Program areas of Guizhou Province in 2023, and to explore the related factors, so as to provide evidence for Rural Nutrition Improvement Program optimization. Methods: In September 2023, a stratified random cluster sampling strategy was used to select 40 rural compulsory education schools with rural nutrition improvement program in five counties of Guizhou Province. School level questionnaire was employed to collect information of basic characteristics and school meal implementation. A total of 7 826 primary and secondary school students aged 6-16 underwent anthropometry and hemoglobin (Hb) determination; serum ferritin (SF) was additionally measured in a random subsample of 1 795 pupils. Students in Grade 3 and above also completed a questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, dietary behaviours and nutrition knowledge. Group comparisons were conducted by Chi square test or Fisher s exact test, and multivariable Logistic regression models were constructed to identify factors associated with anemia and iron deficiency. Results: The overall Hb level was (133.21±12.95)g/L, with an anemia prevalence of 7.17%. The overall SF level was (69.58±59.01)μg/L, with an iron deficiency prevalence of 2.73%. Multivariable analysis showed that stunting ( OR =1.88), school menus without nutrient calculation ( OR =1.61) and absence of menu planning software in the current semester ( OR =2.34) independently increased anemia risk, whereas obesity reduced it ( OR =0.54) (all P <0.05). Girls ( OR =4.16) and Grades 7-9 ( OR =5.93) increased iron deficiency risk (both P <0.05). Compared with rarely eating fresh vegetables, students with consuming <3 kinds per day ( OR =0.08) or exactly 3 kinds per day ( OR =0.06) had lower iron deficiency risks (both P <0.05). Conclusions Anemia and iron deficiency are prevalent among primary and secondary school students in Guizhou. Targeted intervention measures should be implemented for key populations to enhance the effectiveness of nutrition improvement program.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms by which Mahuang Lianqiao Chixiaodoutang （MLC） improves obesity-type polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway. MethodsThirty-six female Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a blank control group （Con） and an obesity-type PCOS model preparation group. The model was induced by gavage with letrozole （1 mg·kg^-1） combined with a high-fat diet （HFD）. After model establishment， the obesity-type PCOS model preparation group was further divided into the model group （Mod， normal saline）， metformin group （Met， 0.3 g·kg^-1）， low-dose MLC group （MLC-L， 4.3 g·kg^-1）， medium-dose MLC group （MLC-M， 8.6 g·kg^-1）， and high-dose MLC group （MLC-H， 17.2 g·kg^-1）. Active components of MLC and targets of obesity-type PCOS were screened from databases， a protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed， and gene ontology（GO）and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis was performed. The gut microbiota structure was analyzed based on 16S rRNA sequencing and correlated with network pharmacology pathways. Body weight and estrous cycle were dynamically monitored. Ovarian morphology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling （TUNEL）. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect levels of follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， luteinizing hormone （LH）， anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH）， testosterone （T）， and estradiol （E₂）. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of phosphorylated PI3K/PI3K （p-PI3K/PI3K）， phosphorylated Akt/Akt （p-Akt/Akt）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）. ResultsNetwork pharmacology screening identified 124 active components of MLC and 408 overlapping targets between the herbal formula and the disease. Core targets such as Akt1 and Bcl-2 were revealed. As indicated by 16S rRNA sequencing， the abundances of Lachnospiraceae， Lachnoclostridium， and Dorea were increased in the MLC groups （P<0.05）， while the abundance of Veillonella was decreased （P<0.05）. KEGG correlation analysis integrating network pharmacology and gut microbiota data showed significant enrichment of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Animal experiments showed that， compared with the Mod group， body weight decreased to normal levels in the Met， MLC-M， and MLC-H groups. The estrous cycle became regular. The number of corpora lutea increased and cystic follicles decreased. Serum levels of T， FSH， and LH/FSH were reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the E₂ level was increased （P<0.01）. Ovarian cell apoptosis was reduced （P<0.01）， and the protein expression levels of p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2 in ovarian tissue were significantly increased， whereas Bax protein expression was significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionMLC can regulate gut microbiota structure， effectively improve ovarian pathology in rats with obesity-type PCOS， and inhibit ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis. The mechanism may be associated with upregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms by which Mahuang Lianqiao Chixiaodoutang （MLC） improves obesity-type polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway. MethodsThirty-six female Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a blank control group （Con） and an obesity-type PCOS model preparation group. The model was induced by gavage with letrozole （1 mg·kg^-1） combined with a high-fat diet （HFD）. After model establishment， the obesity-type PCOS model preparation group was further divided into the model group （Mod， normal saline）， metformin group （Met， 0.3 g·kg^-1）， low-dose MLC group （MLC-L， 4.3 g·kg^-1）， medium-dose MLC group （MLC-M， 8.6 g·kg^-1）， and high-dose MLC group （MLC-H， 17.2 g·kg^-1）. Active components of MLC and targets of obesity-type PCOS were screened from databases， a protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed， and gene ontology（GO）and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis was performed. The gut microbiota structure was analyzed based on 16S rRNA sequencing and correlated with network pharmacology pathways. Body weight and estrous cycle were dynamically monitored. Ovarian morphology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling （TUNEL）. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect levels of follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， luteinizing hormone （LH）， anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH）， testosterone （T）， and estradiol （E₂）. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of phosphorylated PI3K/PI3K （p-PI3K/PI3K）， phosphorylated Akt/Akt （p-Akt/Akt）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）. ResultsNetwork pharmacology screening identified 124 active components of MLC and 408 overlapping targets between the herbal formula and the disease. Core targets such as Akt1 and Bcl-2 were revealed. As indicated by 16S rRNA sequencing， the abundances of Lachnospiraceae， Lachnoclostridium， and Dorea were increased in the MLC groups （P<0.05）， while the abundance of Veillonella was decreased （P<0.05）. KEGG correlation analysis integrating network pharmacology and gut microbiota data showed significant enrichment of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Animal experiments showed that， compared with the Mod group， body weight decreased to normal levels in the Met， MLC-M， and MLC-H groups. The estrous cycle became regular. The number of corpora lutea increased and cystic follicles decreased. Serum levels of T， FSH， and LH/FSH were reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the E₂ level was increased （P<0.01）. Ovarian cell apoptosis was reduced （P<0.01）， and the protein expression levels of p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2 in ovarian tissue were significantly increased， whereas Bax protein expression was significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionMLC can regulate gut microbiota structure， effectively improve ovarian pathology in rats with obesity-type PCOS， and inhibit ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis. The mechanism may be associated with upregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the potential molecular mechanism of Sangma Xingbei Tang （SMXBT） in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （AECOPD）. Methods TCMSP and TCMID databases were searched for the active ingredients of SMXBT, the targets of the active ingredients were predicted by SwissTargetPrediction database, and the AECOPD-related targets were searched by GeneCards and OMIM databases; the drug-active ingredient-target network and protein interaction network were constructed, and the GO enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment were analyzed by the DAVID database. The drug-active ingredient-target network and protein interaction network were constructed, and the GO enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment were analyzed by DAVID database, and molecular docking was performed by AutoDock Tools software. Animal experiments were conducted for validation. Results 192 active ingredients were obtained and 1066 targets were predicted in SMXBT. Network analysis showed that the top 3 active ingredients in SMXBT were quercetin, kaempferol, and glycyrrhizin, and the top 3 therapeutic targets were TNF, ALB, and IL-1β, etc. The GO analysis and KEGG showed that the main pathways were the cancer pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed that the binding energies of glycyrrhizin and AKT1, IL-1β, GFR, SRC, and quercetin and kaempferol and IL-1β were all <−5 kcal·mol. Animal experiments showed that Sangma Xingbei Decoction could treat AECOPD by anti-inflammatory effects and reduce changes in lung tissue structure. Additionally, it could lower the serum inflammatory levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Conclusion SMXBT may act on the targets of AKT1, IL-1β, EGFR, SRC, etc., reduce the serum inflammation levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and improve the lung tissue structure and inflammatory response to achieve the therapeutic effect on AECOPD through the modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, the cancer pathway, and other pathways of action.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of teaching pedagogy based on outcome-based education (OBE) and conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) model in the teaching of exercise rehabilitation training. MethodsTwenty-seven postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training of grade 2024 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into control group (n = 13) and experimental group (n = 14). The control group received routine teaching methods, while the experimental group received teaching of OBE-CDIO. After the course, theoretical scores, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores and teaching satisfaction via questionnaire were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the course, there was no significant difference in theoretical scores between two groups (t = 1.103, P > 0.05). Scores in all stations of OSCE were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.181, P < 0.05), as well as the satisfaction scores of learning, enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual affinity, workload and examination (|t| > 3.781, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe teaching pedagogy based on the OBE-CDIO model can improve practical competence and teaching satisfaction among postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of teaching pedagogy based on outcome-based education (OBE) and conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) model in the teaching of exercise rehabilitation training. MethodsTwenty-seven postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training of grade 2024 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into control group (n = 13) and experimental group (n = 14). The control group received routine teaching methods, while the experimental group received teaching of OBE-CDIO. After the course, theoretical scores, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores and teaching satisfaction via questionnaire were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the course, there was no significant difference in theoretical scores between two groups (t = 1.103, P > 0.05). Scores in all stations of OSCE were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.181, P < 0.05), as well as the satisfaction scores of learning, enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual affinity, workload and examination (|t| > 3.781, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe teaching pedagogy based on the OBE-CDIO model can improve practical competence and teaching satisfaction among postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of teaching pedagogy based on outcome-based education (OBE) and conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) model in the teaching of exercise rehabilitation training. MethodsTwenty-seven postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training of grade 2024 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into control group (n = 13) and experimental group (n = 14). The control group received routine teaching methods, while the experimental group received teaching of OBE-CDIO. After the course, theoretical scores, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores and teaching satisfaction via questionnaire were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the course, there was no significant difference in theoretical scores between two groups (t = 1.103, P > 0.05). Scores in all stations of OSCE were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.181, P < 0.05), as well as the satisfaction scores of learning, enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual affinity, workload and examination (|t| > 3.781, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe teaching pedagogy based on the OBE-CDIO model can improve practical competence and teaching satisfaction among postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training.