Objective:To analyze the features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) co-infected with other common respiratory pathogens among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Shanghai City, and to provide a reference for scientific prevention and control of COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases.Methods:Descriptive epidemiological approaches were used to analyze the data of COVID-19 reported cases in Shanghai City from January 2020 to February 2021 in the information system of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control. Clinical data of the participants were collected, and their SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid-positive respiratory specimens were collected at the time of illness onset or admission. Multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the 22 respiratory pathogens. Independent-samples t test was used for statistical analysis. Results:Of the 272 patients with COVID-19, 15(5.5%) had co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory pathogens, all of which were double infection. There were three cases infected with enterovirus/rhinovirus, two of each with adenovirus, human metapneumovirus and coronavirus NL63/HKU1, and one of each with coronavirus 229E, influenza A virus H1N1, parainfluenza virus 1 and respiratory syncytial virus B. Two cases infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Among the 272 COVID-19 patients, 212(77.9%) had fever, 117(43.0%) had cough, 46(16.9%) had fatigue, and 35(12.9%) had sore throat. The white blood cell count of co-infection cases was higher than that of non-co-infection cases ((6.8±1.7)×10 9/L vs (5.3±1.6)×10 9/L), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=3.09, P=0.008). Conclusions:There is a certain proportion of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory pathogens among the COVID-19 cases in Shanghai City, mainly viral pathogens, especially enterovirus/rhinovirus. A rational combination of drugs was recommended to improve the cure rate. Surveillance of acute respiratory infection should be further strengthened as well.

【Objective】  To study the effects of soil environment on the growth, yield, and quality of Sharen (Amomi Fructus) under different planting patterns. 【Methods】  Soil physical and chemical indices and enzyme activities in four periods including early flowering (March), full flowering (June), fruit ripening (September), and late fruit picking (December), were measured under three planting patterns including natural forest, greenhouse, and rubber forest in Xishuangbanna, China. The changes in soil indices during the growth periods of Sharen (Amomi Fructus) under different planting patterns were analyzed, and the differences in plant growth, yield, and quality under different planting patterns were explored. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between soil indices and Sharen (Amomi Fructus) growth, yield, and quality. Principal component analysis was used to investigate the effects of soil environment under different planting patterns on Sharen (Amomi Fructus) growth, yield, and quality. 【Results】  The soil moisture, available potassium content, and urease activity of the three planting patterns of Sharen (Amomi Fructus) increased initially and decreased afterwards throughout the year; pH and organic matter content showed little change in the whole year. Exchangeable manganese content and acid phosphatase activity gradually increased throughout the year. Hydrolyzed nitrogen content, exchangeable calcium content, available zinc content, protease activity, and sucrase activity decreased initially and increased afterwards throughout the year. Exchangeable magnesium content, available iron content, and catalase activity decreased annually. Total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, and available phosphorus content fluctuated throughout the year. The total potassium content under natural forest and greenhouse planting decreased throughout the year, while the total potassium content under rubber forest showed an upward trend all year round. The organic matter content, total nitrogen content, total potassium content, available potassium content, available zinc content, urease activity, acid phosphatase activity, and catalase activity under greenhouse were significantly lower than those under natural and rubber forests (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that plant growth, yield, and quality of Sharen (Amomi Fructus) were significantly correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, hydrolyzed nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium, exchangeable manganese, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable calcium, available zinc, urease, acid phosphatase, and invertase (P <  0.05). The results of the principal component analysis indicated that the soil environment of Sharen (Amomi Fructus) under natural forest was the best, followed by rubber forest and greenhouse. The order of its advantages and disadvantages is consistent with the growth index of Sharen (Amomi Fructus), but contrary to the yield of Sharen (Amomi Fructus), indicating that the soil environment directly affects the growth index and nutritional components of plants. 【Conclusion】  Different planting patterns of Sharen (Amomi Fructus) have different soil nutrient content, and the change rules in the growths period are not similar, with some differences. Soil indices have impacts on plant growth, yield, and quality of Sharen (Amomi Fructus). Soil ecological environment is positively correlated with the growth characteristics of Sharen (Amomi Fructus) plants, but has no direct correlation with yield and quality.

Objective:To investigate the expression of high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in peripheral blood and membrane tissues of pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and its relationship with intrauterine infection.Methods:Seventy-four pregnant women with PROM from January 2019 to June 2021 were selected as the study group, and 58 healthy pregnant women at the corresponding period were selected as the healthy control group. The levels of HMGB1 and IL-17 in peripheral blood and membrane tissues and serum CD 8+ were compared between the two groups. The pregnant women with PROM were divided into the chorioamnionitis group, subclinical chorioamnionitis group and normal group according to their intrauterine infection, the expression levels of HMGB1 and IL-17 in peripheral blood and membrane tissues of patients with different infection degrees were compared, and the correlation with the severity of intrauterine infection were analyzed. Results:The levels of peripheral blood HMGB1, membrane tissues HMGB1, peripheral blood IL-17, membrane tissues IL-17 and serum CD 8+ in the study group were higher than those in the control group: (28.34 ± 5.16) μg/L vs. (22.51 ± 4.09) μg/L, 0.79 ± 0.12 vs. 0.34 ± 0.05, (13.05 ± 2.57) ng/L vs. (8.16 ± 1.38) ng/L, 0.37 ± 0.06 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02, 0.386 ± 0.052 vs. 0.252 ± 0.044, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The levels of HMGB1 and IL-17 in peripheral blood and membrane tissues and serum CD 8+ were increased with the severity of severity of intrauterine infection ( P<0.05). The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that the level of peripheral blood HMGB1, membrane tissues HMGB1 and IL-17 had positively correlated with the severity of intrauterine infection ( r = 0.336, 0.316, 0.311, P<0.05). The results of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that combined detection of HMGB1 and IL-17 levels in peripheral blood and membrane tissues and serum CD 8+ levels in evaluating the severity of intrauterine infection had higher area under the curve than that of each index alone ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Pregnant women with PROM have abnormal HMGB1 and IL-17 levels in peripheral blood and membrane tissues, and HMGB1 levels in peripheral blood and mRNA expressions of HMGB1 and IL-17 in membrane tissues are positively correlated with the severity of intrauterine infection, which has evaluation value for the severity of the disease.

ObjectiveTo determine the distribution of various antibiotic resistance genes （ARGs） in raw water from drinking water source， and to explore the correlation between the ARGs and common carbapenem-resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from drinking water source， so as to provide scientific evidence for improving the safety of urban drinking water. MethodsA total of 30 raw water samples were collected from a major drinking water source in Shanghai in 2020. Bacterial strains were selectively cultured on Columbia blood agar medium containing 1 μg·μL^-1 meropenem， and then identified by MALDI-TOF-MS mass spectrometry system. Minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） of the strains was detected by broth microdilution method. The water samples were filtered through a 0.45 μm filter membrane and diversity of ARGs was determined by using high-throughput metagenomic sequencing. ResultsA total of 64 strains of carbapenem-resistant bacteria were isolated from the water samples， including Stenotrophomonas maltophilia， Enterococcus faecium， Pseudomonas aeruginosa， Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae， which were resistant to a variety of common antibiotics. Using metagenomic sequencing，1 244 ARGs were identified. The relative average abundance of the top 100 ARGs accounted for 96.1%， and that of the multidrug-resistant ARGs accounted for 63.41%. Furthermore， the multidrug-resistant ARGs were mainly adeJ， mexT， adeC， oprM， mexF， mdfA， mexB， mdtK， adeK， etc. Using Spearman's correlation， five multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from the drinking water source were significantly associated with the ARGs. ConclusionRelative abundance of multidrug-resistant ARGs is high in raw water from main drinking water source. The five isolated carbapenem-resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria are significantly correlated with the ARGs. It warrants strengthening the rational and standardized application of antibiotics to protect water resources and ensure the safety of drinking water.

Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance profiles of Campylobacter spp. in Shanghai from 2013 to 2016. Methods: Stool samples collected from diarrhea outpatients were cultured for Campylobacter spp., using the membrane filter method in 23 hospitals under the sentinel programs, from 2013 to 2016. All the strains were identified by biochemical tests and PCR. Broth microdilution method was used to investigate the antibiotic resistance of 179 Campylobacter spp. strains that including azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, telycin, klinthromycin and flurbenicol. Results: A total of 179 Campylobacter spp. strains were isolated from 10 444 stool samples (1.7%). Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli appeared as the predominant ones (94.4% and 5.6%). The incidence rate was higher in children than that in adults, with peaks of infections mainly from April to June and October to December. Campylobacter jejuni strains seemed highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (96.4%), tetracycline (83.4%) and nalidixic acid (81.7%). The resistant rates appeared higher on Campylobacter coli strains that isolated from patients. Some strains were resistant to multi-drugs. Conclusions Campylobacter spp. seemed one of the important pathogens that isolated from outpatients with diarrhea, in Shanghai. Both age and season related characteristics of Campylobacter spp. were seen. Campylobacter spp. isolated from patients was highly resistant to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid.

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance proifle of Shigella flexneri in Shanghai from 2010 to 2014 and examine the mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance.Methods Kirby-Bauer method was used to determine the susceptibility of the S. flexneri strains to 14 antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was tested by E-test. Mutations within quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA and parC and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes,qnrA,qnrB,qnrS andaac(6')-Ib-crwere identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All the products were subjected to sequencing analysis.Results More than 90 % of the 139S. flexneri isolates were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid, 40.3 % to ciprofloxacin and 30.2 % to cefepime, respectively. Genetic mutation of gyrA and parC was found in 98.6 % and 97.8 % of the strains, respectively. Three point mutations (Ser83, Asp87 and His211) were detected in gene gyrA and one point mutation (Ser80) was found in in gene parC. Plasmid-mediated resistant gene qnrS was found in 9 strains and aac(6')-Ib-cr in 6 strains.Conclusions The antibiotic resistance of S. flexneri is serious in Shanghai. The mutation rate within QRDR is high. Point mutation in Asp87 of gyrA is the main mechanism of quinolone resistance. The plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant genes also play an important supplementary role.

In this study,70 cows with (34.55 ± 8.44) kg per day milk,(2.24 ± 1.01) years at (60-90)d postpartum were chosen from an intensive dairy farm in Heilongjiang province.Ten plasma parameters including reproductive hormones,energy metabolism,liver function and minerals were measured at(60-90)d postpartum from the estrous and ovarian cyst dairy cows,combined with binary Pearson correlation analysis,Logistic analysis and ROC analysis.The results showed that:the incidence of ovarian cysts in this farm was 9.8％,its main reason is negative energy balance;the plasma concentrations of FSH,LH and P4 in ovarian cysts were lower than those in estrus group,but E2 (6.2 ng/L) was significantly higher than that in estrus group ((91.97± 10.62) ng/L);the plasma concentrations of NEFA,BHBA and AST were significantly increased in ovaries cysts at 14-21 d and 60-90 d,and Glu was significantly lower than that in estrus group.When the plasma concentration of BHBA were more than 0.855 mmol/L,NEFA more than 0.585 mmol/L,AST more than 77.0 U/L at 14-21 d postpartum,the risk of ovarian cyst increased.Negative energy balance can cause disorder of reproductive hormone secretion in early lactation cows,and then provoke cyst of follicle.Plasma NEFA,BHBA and AST of dairy cows postpartum can be used to predict the risk of ovarian cysts.

Biochemical indexes and blood composition in early lactation health,ketosis and hypocalcemia dairy cows were analyzed to make sure the milk composition characteristics with related diseases,the correlation analysis between early lactating dairy milk composition and blood biochemical were also make in order to provide support for the cattle health assessment.According to theblood index,72 Holstein cows 7-21 d postpartum,were divided into group subclinical hypocalcemia,ketosis test group and control group,24 heads each group.The blood and milk of cows were collected and used to analyze the correlation between blood biochemical indexes and milk composition.The results showed that ketosis and hypocalcemia induced the level of milk protein and non fat milk solids decreased,while the content of citric acid in milk increased.The correlation equation between citric acid in milk and serum NEFA,BHBA and GLU was y=3.192x-0.802,(R2 =0.363),y=4.594x-0.793,(R2 =0.320),y=1.228x+0.775,(R2 =0.261),in which x was the content of citric acid in milk.The results showed that the content of citric acid in milk had positively related to blood NEFA,which could be used as an early marker for the diagnosis of negative energy balance.The levels of BUN and ALB in blood can be used to evaluate the levels of milk protein and urea.

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial characteristics of shigella flexneri and to analyze the correlation between acquired resistance genes and mobile genetic elements.Methods 139 strains of shigella flexneri collected from each district of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Shanghai from 2010 to 2014 were recovered.The K-B method was used to determine the susceptibility of the strains to 13 antibiotics.And then 17 kinds of acquired resistance genes to β-lactams, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides and 7 kinds of genetic markers of mobile genetic elements were analyzed by PCR.Index cluster analysis was performed to explore the correlation between them.Results Among 139 strains of Shigella flexneri,3 kinds of genetic markers of mobile genetic elements,ISEcp1,intI1 and trbC,3 kinds of acquired β-lactam-resistance genes,CTX-M,OXA and TEM,2 kinds of acquired aminoglycoside-resistance genes,ant(3")-I and aac(6′)-Ib, 1 kind of overlapping gene of quaternary ammonium disinfectant and sulfonamides, qacEΔ1-sull and 1 kind of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim-resistant gene, dfrA1 were detected.The resistence genes,OXA,ant(3")-I and drfA1 were highly related with each other,which were mediated by Class 1 integron.TEM,qacEΔl-sull and aac(6′)-Ib were highly related with each other,which were mediated by trbC.Conclusion Acquired multidrug resistance gene transfer mediated by a variety of mobile genetic elements may have largely contributed to the spreading of resistant strains of Shigella.

Objective To quantify the temporal changes in the volume of blood flow to the skin of the forearm and lower leg during static maximum inspiratory breath-holding of different durations.Methods Blood flow to the skin of the forearm and lower leg were continuously measured with laser Doppler flowmetry in 12 healthy subjects.They were randomly selected to hold their breath for 10,20 or 40 seconds,or as long as possible.The volume of skin blood flow,the onset latency and the recovery latency were measured before,during and after the breath holding.Results Blood flow decreased significantly during each breath-hold with any durations.The magnitude of the decrease and its latencies were similar with all the durations.The average volume of skin blood flow and it's minimum value during each breath-hold were significantly lower in the forearms than in the lower legs.However,the average onset latency (4.41 ±0.44 s) and the average recovery latency (5.95 ±0.59 s) in the forearms were significantly shorter than in the lower legs (4.83 ± 0.70 s for onset and 7.33 ± 0.91 s for recovery).Conclusion The volume of skin blood flow decreases during a static maximum inspiratory breath-hold,and the magnitude of the increase is not related to the duration of the breath-hold.The generalized increase in skin sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity during a static breath-hold is greater in the forearm than in the lower leg.