Bowel sounds are important acoustic physiological signals that reflect gastrointestinal motility and have significant clinical value in the evaluation of postoperative ileus， intestinal obstruction， and inflammatory bowel diseases. Conventional auscultation is highly subjective and often irreproducible， making continuous and objective monitoring difficult. With advances in microelectronics and signal processing technologies， wearable devices have enabled long-term， dynamic， and noninvasive acquisition of bowel sound signals. Meanwhile， ecological momentary assessment （EMA）， characterized by real-time and repeated data collection of individual behaviors and physiological states in realistic situations， provides a novel methodological framework to overcome the limitations of momentary bowel sound monitoring and to facilitate context-based interpretation. This review systematically summarizes the development of wearable bowel sound monitoring technologies， outlining three stages of the technological evolution stationary acquisition， dedicated portable systems， and wearable long-term monitoring. The clinical application value of bowel sound monitoring in multiple scenarios， including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases， is also discussed. Furthermore， the theoretical framework of EMA is introduced for the first time in the field of bowel sound monitoring， and its potential value， application scenarios， and methodological challenges are explored. The integration of wearable technology with the EMA framework may provide a theoretical basis for constructing an，individualized long-term gastrointestinal motility monitoring system with high ecological validity， to optimize postoperative care， improve home management of chronic gastrointestinal diseases， and advance precision health monitoring. Future efforts should focus on key issues such as equipment standardization， clinical validation， and algorithmic interpretability to accelerate progress in this field.

Dysfunction of anti-tumor immune responses is crucial for cancer progression. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which can potentiate T cell responses, is an effective strategy for the normalization of host anti-tumor immunity. In recent years, immune checkpoints, expressed on both tumor cells and immune cells, have been identified; some of them have exhibited potential druggability and have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical treatment. However, limited responses and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) cannot be ignored. This review outlines the development and applications of ICBs, potential strategies for overcoming resistance, and future directions for ICB-based cancer immunotherapy.
Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Animals

This article summarizes the experience of providing remote nursing care for a pediatric patient with severe burns using augmented reality(AR)technology.Key nursing points include:to establish a remote management team to enhance multidisciplinary collaboration;to conduct remote nursing ward rounds to provide real-time guidance for clinical nursing practice;to remotely guide PICC(Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter)insertions and conduct precise fluid management;to remotely assess ward environments and provide guidance on disinfection and isolation measures;to alleviate pediatric pain through comprehensive management measures.After meticulous care and treatment,the patient's condition stabilized after 23 days,and the patient was transferred to a specialized hospital for continued treatment requiring skin grafting.

Diabetic foot is one of the most common and serious chronic complications in diabetic patients.With the advancement of digital healthcare,digital therapy has been gradually implemented and promoted among diabetic foot patients as an emerging tool with the advantages of safety,efficiency,and intelligence that can make up for the shortcomings of traditional diabetic foot risk assessment,health education,and self-management.This study provides an overview of digital therapeutics,summarizes its application in patients with diabetic foot,and proposes relevant recommendations,aiming to provide a reference for improving the quality of life and satisfaction of patients with diabetic foot and reducing the recurrence of diabetic foot.

Objective:To analyze the impact of occupational health management assistance for small and micro enterprises in Suzhou on employers, exploring the assistance model for occupational health management in small and micro enterprises.Methods:From 2020 to 2022, a total of 318 small and micro enterprises with serious occupational disease hazards, weak occupational health management, and strong subjective improvement were selected as assistance objects annually by means of territorial recommendation and active registration of employers. The basic information of the enterprise and the status of occupational health management were obtained by means of questionnaire survey, archives review, workplace field investigation and occupational disease hazard factors detection. Pearson χ2 test was used to analyze the changes of occupational health management before and after helping enterprises. Results:The small and micro enterprises receiving assistance were mainly private enterprises (51.26%, 163/318) and limited liability companies (27.99%, 89/318). The occupational health training rates for enterprise leaders, management personnel, and workers increased from 77.36% (246/318), 82.08% (261/318) and 72.44% (4554/6287) before assistance to 90.57% (288/318), 95.28% (303/318) and 94.40% (5905/6255), the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=20.60, 27.63, 1092.67, all P<0.001). After the assistance, the distribution and wearing of personal protective equipment for workers, the detection of occupational hazard factors in the workplace and occupational health examination by enterprises increased by 3.34%, 18.39%, 13.21% and 15.10%, respectively. In terms of occupational health management, the comprehensive establishment rate of occupational health management system increased from 21.70% (69/318) before assistance to 64.47% (205/318). Compared with before assistance, the comprehensive notification rate/setting rate of warning signs and notification cards, labor contracts for occupational disease hazard positions, occupational health bulletin boards, and occupational health examination results were significantly increased after assistance ( χ2=120.08, 77.40, 149.18, 86.76, all P<0.001) . Conclusion:Suzhou adopts a model led by the health administrative department and supported by technical support from service institutions to assist small and micro enterprises, resulting in a significant improvement in the occupational health management level of small and micro enterprises.

Time perspective therapy can reshape the time perspective of chronic disease patients,improve their psychological state,optimize behavioral patterns,and enhance self-management awareness.This article reviews the concept and theoretical basis of time perspective therapy,assessment methods of time perspective,and influencing factors of time perspective in chronic disease patients,as well as methods and effects of applying time perspective therapy in self-management.Additionally,it analyzes challenges in implementation and proposes practical recommendations,aiming to provide psychological guidance for self-management interventions in chronic disease patients.

This article summarizes the experience of providing remote nursing care for a pediatric patient with severe burns using augmented reality(AR)technology.Key nursing points include:to establish a remote management team to enhance multidisciplinary collaboration;to conduct remote nursing ward rounds to provide real-time guidance for clinical nursing practice;to remotely guide PICC(Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter)insertions and conduct precise fluid management;to remotely assess ward environments and provide guidance on disinfection and isolation measures;to alleviate pediatric pain through comprehensive management measures.After meticulous care and treatment,the patient's condition stabilized after 23 days,and the patient was transferred to a specialized hospital for continued treatment requiring skin grafting.

Objective:To develop a Pain Management Nursing Competency Evaluation Index System for surgical nurses, providing a framework for assessing their pain management competency and guiding in-service training programs.Methods:From December 2023 to July 2024, a research team employed literature analysis, semi-structured interviews, expert consultations, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the content and weight of the competency evaluation index system. A cross-sectional survey was subsequently conducted using convenience sampling on 788 surgical nurses to test the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and content validity of the index system.Results:The response rates for the two rounds of expert consultations were both 100% (46/46), with an expert authority coefficient of 0.921; the Kendall′s coefficients of expert opinions for the primary indicators were 0.106 and 0.245, respectively. The final index system included seven primary indicators (routine pain assessment, assessment and management of active and unexpected pain, pharmacological pain management, patient-controlled analgesia nursing, non-pharmacological pain management, pain related education for patients and their families, and professional development), 23 secondary indicators, and 78 tertiary indicators. The overall Cronbach α was 0.991, the test-retest reliability was 0.493, the item-level content validity index ranged from 0.96 to 1.00, and the scale-level content validity index was 0.98.Conclusions:The pain management nursing competency evaluation index system for surgical nurses is scientifically valid, reliable, and practical. It offers a solid foundation for evaluating the pain management competencies of surgical nurses and designing targeted in-service training programs.

Objective:To analyze the impact of occupational health management assistance for small and micro enterprises in Suzhou on employers, exploring the assistance model for occupational health management in small and micro enterprises.Methods:From 2020 to 2022, a total of 318 small and micro enterprises with serious occupational disease hazards, weak occupational health management, and strong subjective improvement were selected as assistance objects annually by means of territorial recommendation and active registration of employers. The basic information of the enterprise and the status of occupational health management were obtained by means of questionnaire survey, archives review, workplace field investigation and occupational disease hazard factors detection. Pearson χ2 test was used to analyze the changes of occupational health management before and after helping enterprises. Results:The small and micro enterprises receiving assistance were mainly private enterprises (51.26%, 163/318) and limited liability companies (27.99%, 89/318). The occupational health training rates for enterprise leaders, management personnel, and workers increased from 77.36% (246/318), 82.08% (261/318) and 72.44% (4554/6287) before assistance to 90.57% (288/318), 95.28% (303/318) and 94.40% (5905/6255), the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=20.60, 27.63, 1092.67, all P<0.001). After the assistance, the distribution and wearing of personal protective equipment for workers, the detection of occupational hazard factors in the workplace and occupational health examination by enterprises increased by 3.34%, 18.39%, 13.21% and 15.10%, respectively. In terms of occupational health management, the comprehensive establishment rate of occupational health management system increased from 21.70% (69/318) before assistance to 64.47% (205/318). Compared with before assistance, the comprehensive notification rate/setting rate of warning signs and notification cards, labor contracts for occupational disease hazard positions, occupational health bulletin boards, and occupational health examination results were significantly increased after assistance ( χ2=120.08, 77.40, 149.18, 86.76, all P<0.001) . Conclusion:Suzhou adopts a model led by the health administrative department and supported by technical support from service institutions to assist small and micro enterprises, resulting in a significant improvement in the occupational health management level of small and micro enterprises.

Objective:To develop a Pain Management Nursing Competency Evaluation Index System for surgical nurses, providing a framework for assessing their pain management competency and guiding in-service training programs.Methods:From December 2023 to July 2024, a research team employed literature analysis, semi-structured interviews, expert consultations, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the content and weight of the competency evaluation index system. A cross-sectional survey was subsequently conducted using convenience sampling on 788 surgical nurses to test the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and content validity of the index system.Results:The response rates for the two rounds of expert consultations were both 100% (46/46), with an expert authority coefficient of 0.921; the Kendall′s coefficients of expert opinions for the primary indicators were 0.106 and 0.245, respectively. The final index system included seven primary indicators (routine pain assessment, assessment and management of active and unexpected pain, pharmacological pain management, patient-controlled analgesia nursing, non-pharmacological pain management, pain related education for patients and their families, and professional development), 23 secondary indicators, and 78 tertiary indicators. The overall Cronbach α was 0.991, the test-retest reliability was 0.493, the item-level content validity index ranged from 0.96 to 1.00, and the scale-level content validity index was 0.98.Conclusions:The pain management nursing competency evaluation index system for surgical nurses is scientifically valid, reliable, and practical. It offers a solid foundation for evaluating the pain management competencies of surgical nurses and designing targeted in-service training programs.