Dysfunction of anti-tumor immune responses is crucial for cancer progression. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which can potentiate T cell responses, is an effective strategy for the normalization of host anti-tumor immunity. In recent years, immune checkpoints, expressed on both tumor cells and immune cells, have been identified; some of them have exhibited potential druggability and have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical treatment. However, limited responses and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) cannot be ignored. This review outlines the development and applications of ICBs, potential strategies for overcoming resistance, and future directions for ICB-based cancer immunotherapy.
Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Animals

Objective To investigate the incidence of hip fracture among the elderly in communities,explore related influencing factors,and develop and validate a risk prediction model.Methods A stratified sampling method was used to collect sociodemographic data,lifestyles and risk factors in hip fracture between January 2023 and January 2024 among the elderly residents in communities in Deyang.With random splitting,479 elderly people(68.00%)were assigned to the model training set,and 221(32.00%)to the model validation set.In the model training set,the participants were divided into a fracture group and a non-fracture group based on hip fracture or not.Data from both groups were compared,and R software(version 4.3.1)was employed to develop and validate the risk prediction model.Results A total of 700 elderly residents in communities were included,62 of them had hip fracture within one year yielding a cumulative incidence rate of 8.86%.The risk prediction model identified six predictors:frequent consumption of preserved foods,daily exercise time,daily sunlight exposure,osteoporosis,times of fall within a year,and with≥20 pieces of natural teeth.In the training set,the model achieved an AUC of 0.945(95%CI:0.908-0.982),with a sensitivity of 88.89%and a specificity of 89.40%.The calibration curve demonstrated a good agreement between predicted and actual values,indicating a strong calibration.Decision curve analysis(DCA)showed a positive net benefit.In the validation set,the AUC was 0.892(95%CI:0.784-0.999),with a sensitivity of 82.35%and a specificity of 93.63%,confirming a good model fit and predictive performance.The calibration curve exhibited a strong consistency,and DCA indicated a positive net benefit.Conclusion The developed risk prediction model for hip fracture in elderly community residents demonstrates a strong predictive value.It provides a practical reference for community workers and healthcare professionals to screen and assess the risk of hip fracture among the elderly residents in communities.

Objective To investigate the incidence of hip fracture among the elderly in communities,explore related influencing factors,and develop and validate a risk prediction model.Methods A stratified sampling method was used to collect sociodemographic data,lifestyles and risk factors in hip fracture between January 2023 and January 2024 among the elderly residents in communities in Deyang.With random splitting,479 elderly people(68.00%)were assigned to the model training set,and 221(32.00%)to the model validation set.In the model training set,the participants were divided into a fracture group and a non-fracture group based on hip fracture or not.Data from both groups were compared,and R software(version 4.3.1)was employed to develop and validate the risk prediction model.Results A total of 700 elderly residents in communities were included,62 of them had hip fracture within one year yielding a cumulative incidence rate of 8.86%.The risk prediction model identified six predictors:frequent consumption of preserved foods,daily exercise time,daily sunlight exposure,osteoporosis,times of fall within a year,and with≥20 pieces of natural teeth.In the training set,the model achieved an AUC of 0.945(95%CI:0.908-0.982),with a sensitivity of 88.89%and a specificity of 89.40%.The calibration curve demonstrated a good agreement between predicted and actual values,indicating a strong calibration.Decision curve analysis(DCA)showed a positive net benefit.In the validation set,the AUC was 0.892(95%CI:0.784-0.999),with a sensitivity of 82.35%and a specificity of 93.63%,confirming a good model fit and predictive performance.The calibration curve exhibited a strong consistency,and DCA indicated a positive net benefit.Conclusion The developed risk prediction model for hip fracture in elderly community residents demonstrates a strong predictive value.It provides a practical reference for community workers and healthcare professionals to screen and assess the risk of hip fracture among the elderly residents in communities.

Objective An HPLC-MS/MS method was established for the simultaneous determination of 7 components in Qingkailing Oral Liquid.Methods The assay was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column(2.1 mm×10 mm,1.7 μm)and the sample was eluted with a gradient mobile phase containing 10 mmol·L-1 of ammonium acetate and 0.1%of formic acid in water(A)-methanol(B).The mass spectrometry was carried out by electrospray ionization(ESI)with positive/negative ions in multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode for quantitative analysis.Results The linear ranges of adenine,chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,geniposide,baicalin,hyodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid were 0.100 4-3.213,0.784 5-8.982,0.998-3.194,0.622 5-19.92,25.05-300.6,2.513-30.15 and 7.775-93.30 μg·mL-1(r≥0.999 0).The average recoveries(n=6)were 100.9%,98.74%,101.2%,100.2%,100.8%,99.97%and 98.94%with RSD of 1.58%,0.59%,1.78%,1.25%,0.65%,1.69%and 1.07%.The contents of the above mentioned 7 components in 15 tested samples were in the ranges of 0.12-0.18,0.19-0.24,0.06-0.09,0.34-0.37,4.54-4.85,0.49-0.67 and 1.82-2.19 mg·mL-1.The contents of 7 components in tested sample from different manufacturers were closed.Conclusion The method has shown good sensitivity,accuracy,and repeatability.The study can provide reference and data support for the quality control and subsequent research of Qingkailing Oral Liquid.

As an important immunomodulator, vitamin D is involved in the expression, proliferation and apoptosis of immune cells through binding with the vitamin D receptor of immune cells, so as to play an immunomodulatory role, which is related to chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have found that endometrial cells also express vitamin D receptors, and the expression level of relevant immune factors in endometriosis patients are correlated with vitamin D levels. Therefore, this article will review the research progress on the regulation of vitamin D levels on the immunological pathogenesis of endometriosis.

As an important immunomodulator, vitamin D is involved in the expression, proliferation and apoptosis of immune cells through binding with the vitamin D receptor of immune cells, so as to play an immunomodulatory role, which is related to chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have found that endometrial cells also express vitamin D receptors, and the expression level of relevant immune factors in endometriosis patients are correlated with vitamin D levels. Therefore, this article will review the research progress on the regulation of vitamin D levels on the immunological pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Objective:To investigate the value of the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) on dose estimations of children's head CT scans.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on plain head CT scans of 252 patients with the 64-row detector CT device of Discovery 750HD in the Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January to September in 2019. The volume CT dose index (CTDI vol)values were recorded. The head circumference (HC), area, and CT value were measured using a self-developed computer program, and the water equivalent diameter (WED), size-specific conversion factors ( f293 and f220), and absorbed dose (SSDE 293 and SSDE 220) were calculated according to the AAPM reports 293 and 220.The patients were divided into three groups by the quartering meth odaccording to their HC(<47.8 cm, 47.8-52.7 cm, >52.7 cm)and four groups based on their ages(0-2, 3-6, 7-10 and 11-14 years old). The difference between parameters ( f220 and f293, SSDE 220 and SSDE 293、SSDE 293 and CTDI vol) were compared for different groups, and the correlation of HC with f293 and SSDE 293 was analyzed. Results:There was an overestimation of f220 by 11.11% ( t=252.61, P<0.05) compared with f293. SSDE 220 was overestimated by 10.31% ( t=228.21, P<0.05) compared with SSDE 293, and SSDE 293 was underestimated by 9.60% ( t=-31.34, P<0.05)compared with CTDI vol. For the three HC groups, SSDE 220 was overestimated by 8.54%, 10.37%, and 11.57% ( t=73.73, 438.58, 275.52, P<0.05)compared with SSDE 293, and SSDE 293 was underestimated by 1.30%, 9.79%, and 14.61% ( t=-1.91, -60.95, -47.64, P<0.05)compared with CTDI vol. For the four age groups SSDE 220 was overestimated by 8.45%, 10.00%, 10.57%, and 11.36% ( t=63.58, 232.29, 247.84, 302.95, P< 0.05)compared with SSDE 293, and SSDE 293 was underestimated by 1.49%, 8.27%, 10.63%, and 13.78% ( t=-1.83, -28.27, -37.30, -49.80, P< 0.05)compared with CTDI vol. Furthermore, HC was highly correlated with f293 and SSDE 293 ( r2=0.88 and 0.76, respectively, P< 0.05). Conclusions:The radiation dose in children′s head CT scanning can be more accurately estimated according to the AAPM Report 293, while it can be overestimated by CTDI vol. Meanwhile, the CT radiation dose can be patently overestimated with the AAPM Report 220 compared with Report 293.HC is closely correlated with f293 and SSDE 293 and it can be used to estimatee more accurately for SSDE and the radiation dose received by children during head CT scanning.

Objective:To investigate the value of serum programmed cell death molecule 5 (PDCD5) protein expression in early prediction of gastric cancer and its clinical significance.Methods:A total of 103 patients with gastric cancer who were treated in Yuechi County People′s Hospital in Sichuan Province from March 2014 to March 2016 and 80 healthy people who underwent physical examinations (control group) in the same period were selected as subjects. The serum level of PDCD5 protein were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The diagnostic performance of serum PDCD5 protein on gastric cancer was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve. The patients with gastric cancer were divided into low-level group (50 cases) and high-level group (53 cases) according to serum PDCD5 protein level. The relationship between serum PDCD5 protein level and clinical data in patients with gastric cancer was analyzed by χ2 test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze independent risk factors for survival and prognosis of gastric cancer. Kaplan-Meier method was used to map survival curves of gastric cancer patients with different levels of serum PDCD5 protein. Results:Serum PDCD5 protein level in gastric cancer group was significantly lower than that in control group: (0.82 ± 0.30) mg/L vs. (1.26 ± 0.39) mg/L, and there was statistical difference ( t=8.628, P<0.01). Serum PDCD5 protein level in patients with gastric cancer was related to tumor TNM stage and tumor invasion ( P<0.05), but not related to gender, age, body mass index (BMI), tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor type and tumor differentiation ( P<0.05). The area under curve (AUC) of serum PDCD5 protein in the diagnosis of gastric cancer was 0.810 (95% CI 0.747 to 0.873), with a sensitivity of 71.8%, and a specificity of 76.3% ( Z=9.641, P<0.01). Serum PDCD5 protein level was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer ( P<0.05). The 5-year survival rate in low-level group was significantly lower than that in high-level group: 32.0% vs. 62.3%, and there was statistical difference ( χ2=18.422, P<0.01). Conclusions:The serum PDCD5 protein level in patients with gastric cancer is significantly decreased. Low serum PDCD5 protein level is independent risk factors for poor prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.

Objective:to apply Fuzhengkangai AIDS particles combined therapy with effective antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at the beginning of the HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) patients,observe its clinical curative effect and improve the related adverse reactions.Methods:a multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled clinical research method,divided into experimental group and the control group (n =57),experimental group to "Fuzhengkangai particles" joint efficient antiretroviral therapy (HAART) antiviral treatment,control group to "Fuzhengkangai particles" placebo (5％ low dose) joint efficient antiretroviral therapy (HAART) antiviral treatment,treatment for 3 months.Two groups of patients with simultaneous liver and kidney function,blood routine,CD4 + T lymphocyte count,the observation of TCM symptoms and signs,survival quality of integral.Results:after 12 weeks of treatment,the control group and experimental group,the experimental group significantly elevated levels of peripheral blood RBC,lower levels of CR,reduce the signs and symptoms (total score,fatigue,stay,and spontaneous perspiration)integral,higher levels of CD4 + T lymphocyte count and survival quality score,the difference had statistical significance (p ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:Fuzhengkangai particles joint efficient antiretroviral therapy (HAART) antiviral treatment,can improve HAART after initial treatment of the patient's clinical symptoms,blood toxicity,the quality of survival,reduce the antiviral treatment of adverse reactions,combination drug alone can significantly increase the CD4 + T lymphocytes,so as to improve clinical curative effect.

Objective To analyze the influence factors on quality of life(QOL) in patients with ovarian cancer in order to provide the basis for improving QOL of patients with ovarian cancer .Methods The quality of life of 73 patients with ovarian cancer was investigated by QLICP‐OV questionnaire .Descriptive statistics ,one‐way analysis of variance ,t‐test and multiple linear regres‐sion analysis were used to explore impact factors of quality of life .Results The total QOL score of 73 patients with ovarian cancer was 64 .85 ± 9 .37 .Single factor analysis indicated that nation ,marital status ,education ,occupation and medical treatments were sig‐nificantly related to some domains scores of the QLICP‐OV(P<0 .05) .The multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that the influence factor on quality of life in patients with ovarian cancer for the domain of physical function was education with regression coefficient being -9 .786;Influence factor for the domain of psychological function was education with regression coefficient being 6 .559;the influencing factors for the specific module were marital status ,medical treatment ,and age with regression coefficients be‐ing -9 .174 ,-7 .142 and 0 .245 ,respectively .Conclusion The quality of life in patients with ovarian cancer was low and it was af‐fected by a lot of factors .