Objective To compare the results of accumulation and continuation methods in indoor radon measurement. Methods The radon concentrations in 30 households in 7 provincial capital cities of China were simultaneously measured using both accumulation and continuation methods. Results The radon concentration measured by accumulation method in 30 households ranged from 21 to 323 Bq/m³, with a median M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 70.5 (43.8, 111). The radon concentration measured by the continuation method ranged from 16.1 to 258 Bq/m³, with a median M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 100 (51.3, 141). The average relative percent deviation between the two measurement methods was 41.8%. There were significant differences among the measurement results at 8, 16, and 24 h by the continuation method. Pairwise comparisons showed there were statistical diffferences between 8 h and 16 h, as well as between 8 h and 24h; however, no statistical significance was found (P < 0.05), between 16 h and 24 h. Conclusion The overall continuous measurement results of the 30 households were higher than those of cumulation method. The comparison between accumulation and continuation measurement results did not show a high level of correlation (r=0.49). The continuation method is significantly affected by environmental factors, and the length of the measurement period can affect the measurement results. The selection of indoor radon measurement methods should consider the purpose, sample size, and environmental conditions.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury of knee is a common sports injury.The hypofunc-tion of the knee joint appears after ACL injury,which seriously affects the overall stability,coordination and balance ability of the knee joint,meanwhile also increases the risk of ACL injury again.Proprioception training can not only enhance the balance ability of the knee joint,but also enhance the control ability of the knee joint.This article reviews the changes of proprioception after ACL injury and the related contents of proprioception rehabilitation after ACL injury in order to provide reference for further improving the functional recovery of the patients with ACL injury.

Osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture (OPHF) is one of the common osteoporotic fractures in the aged, with an incidence only lower than vertebral compression fracture, hip fracture, and distal radius fracture. OPHF, secondary to osteoporosis and characterized by poor bone quality, comminuted fracture pattern, slow healing, and severely impaired shoulder joint function, poses a big challenge to the current clinical diagnosis and treatment. In the field of diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of OPHF, traditional Chinese and Western medicine have accumulated rich experience and evidence from evidence-based medicine and achieved favorable outcomes. However, there is still a lack of guidance from a relevant consensus as to how to integrate the advantages of the two medical systems and achieve the integrated diagnosis and treatment. To promote the diagnosis and treatment of OPHF with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, relevant experts from Orthopedic Expert Committee of Geriatric Branch of Chinese Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Youth Osteoporosis Group of Orthopedic Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Osteoporosis Group of Orthopedic Surgeon Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, and Osteoporosis Committee of Shanghai Association of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine have been organized to formulate Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine ( version 2024) by searching related literatures and based on the evidences from evidence-based medicine. This consensus consists of 13 recommendations about the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of OPHF with integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, aimed at standardizing, systematizing, and personalizing the diagnosis and treatment of OPHF with integrated traditional Chinse and Western medicine to improve the patients ′ function.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to analyze the current indoor radon level and estimate the population risk of radon-induced lung cancer in urban areas of China. METHODS: Using the passive monitoring method, a new survey on indoor radon concentrations was conducted in 2,875 dwellings across 31 provincial capital cities in Chinese mainland from 2018 to 2023. The attributable risk of lung cancer induced by indoor radon exposure was estimated based on the risk assessment model. RESULTS: The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of indoor radon concentrations were 65 Bq/m³ and 55 Bq/m³, respectively, with 13.6% of measured dwellings exceeding 100 Bq/m³ and 0.6% exceeding 300 Bq/m³. The estimated number of lung cancer deaths induced by indoor radon exposure was 150,795, accounting for 20.30% (95% CI: 20.21%-20.49%) of the lung cancer death toll. CONCLUSION This study provided the most recent data on national indoor radon levels in urban areas and the attributable risk of lung cancer. These results served as an important foundation for further research on the disease burden of indoor radon exposure and radon mitigation efforts.
Radon/analysis* ; China/epidemiology* ; Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis* ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology* ; Humans ; Cities/epidemiology* ; Air Pollutants, Radioactive/adverse effects* ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology* ; Risk Assessment ; Radiation Monitoring

Objective To investigate the indoor radon concentration and its changing trend in northeastern China. Methods We measured indoor radon levels cumulatively for over three months by solid state nuclear track detection in a total of 261 houses in multi-story or high-rise buildings in Shenyang, Changchun, Harbin, Heihe, and Yichun in northeastern China. The measurement lasted one year in Changchun for seasonal changes. Results The average indoor radon concentration in the five cities was 88 Bq/m³, ranging from 12 to 558 Bq/m³. The indoor radon concentrations were ≤ 100 Bq/m³ in 75.1% of the houses, and ≤ 300 Bq/m³ in 97.7% of the houses. The indoor radon concentration increased with the age of buildings. The indoor radon concentration was highest in winter, and it was higher in summer than in autumn and spring. Conclusion The indoor radon concentration in northeastern China increased compared with the data of 1980s and 1990s. It is highest in the winter heating season, and higher in summer than in spring and autumn. Indoor radon exposure deserves attention.

Objective:To observe the effect of mirror visual feedback training on upper limb function and muscle tension in children with spastic hemiplegia resulting from cerebral palsy (SHCP).Methods:Seventy-six children aged 2-5 with SHCP were randomly divided into a control group of 33 and a treatment group 34. All were given routine occupational therapy, physical therapy, massage and physical agents. Each therapy session lasted 30 minutes daily, 5 times a week over 3 weeks as a course of treatment. There was a one week interval after each of 6 courses, so the total treatment lasted 6 months. The treatment group was additionally trained with mirror visual feedback with the same schedule. Before, as well as after 3 and 6 months of treatment, each patient′s upper limb motor function, fine motor function and muscle tone were evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer motor function assessment scale (FMA), the Peabody fine motor development scales (PDMS-FM), the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) and integrated electromyograms (iEMGs).Results:There were no significant differences between the two groups before treatment. After both 3 and 6 months significant improvement was observed in both groups′ average FMA score, PDMS-FM total score, grip, and visual motor integration. At both points the treatment group′s averages were significantly better than those of the control group. The average MAS and iEMG results, however, were not significantly different at either time point.Conclusions:For children with spastic hemiplegia caused by cerebral palsy, mirror visual feedback training can effectively improve upper limb functioning, but it cannot reduce their muscle tone.

Objective To explore the source and control of radon in high radon houses in geothermal fields; Methods Radon concentration in indoor and soil was measured by ATD detector in winter and summer; radionuclides in building materials were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry; radionuclides dose rates of building materials were measured by 6150 A D/ 6H X-γ ray detector; and radon reduction technology was applied to one of the houses;Results The average radon concentrations in 32 rooms were （106.4 ± 63.7） Bq/m³ (summer) and （421.3 ± 138.2） Bq/m³ (winter), and the concentrations in 12.5% (summer) and 96.9% (winter) of the rooms exceed 150 Bq/m³. The average radon concentration in soil around buildings was 12890 Bq/m³ (n = 24), which is 1.7 times of the typical soil radon concentration in Beijing (7600 Bq/m³). After soil decompression, the radon concentration in the house could be reduced to less than 100 Bq/m³. The radon reduction rates of active decompression and passive decompression were 94.6% and 71.4%, respectively. Conclusion The effect of soil decompression on reducing radon concentration in the bottom rooms is obvious. Attention should be paid to the radon in residential environment of geothermal field.

Objective:To obtain the distribution characteristics of radon levels in drinking water in cities of China and analysis their influencing factors.Methods:A total of 31 cities were selected and 406 tap water samples were collected in accordance with the sampling plan based on administrative division. Radon concentrations in the water samples were determined by using RAD7 H 2O measuring devices, and the closed loop liquid-gas balance method and grab method . The radon concentrations in the gas loop were measured by using semiconductor detector. After four measurement periods, radon concentrations in water were calculated. Results:The arithmetic mean of radon concentrations in drinking water from 31 cities was (4.92±9.44) Bq/L and the geometric mean (0.71±7.77) Bq/L, ranging from less than the lower detection limit (LLD) to 43.15 Bq/L. For 84.2% of drinking water samples, radon concentrations were less than US EPA recommended 11.1 Bq/L, all lower than the EU-recommended value of 100 Bq/L.Conclusions:The radon concentrations in drinking water are higher in northeastern, northwestern, southwestern, northern China than those in southern, central China and eastern China. The factors influencing radon concentrations in drinking water are closely related to geological structure and water source type. Compared with the global values, the radon concentrations in drinking water in our cities are low and safe in general in China.

Objective To increase the cumulative measurement level of 222 Rn and 220 Rn and ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurement result . Methods By using improved 222 Rn-220 Rn discriminative detectors ( LD-P detectors) , the radon research group of National Institute for Radiological Protection Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention participated with the intercomparison organized by National Institute of Radiological Science ( NIRS) , Japan. Specifically, with the 222 Rn-220 Rn discriminative detectors being sent to Japan, the comparison was completed under different conditions in the 222 Rn chamber and 220 Rn chamber in NIRS. After exposure, the detectors were sent back to our laboratory for etching and analysis, and then measurement result were informed to NIRS. Finally, NIRS returned the exposure reference values of 222 Rn and 220 Rn to our laboratory. Results Under the conditions of high and low levels of 222 Rn, the relative percentage differences ( RPD ) between the measured values and the reference value provided by the NIRS were -12. 0％ and -11. 8％, respectively, while coefficients of variation ( COV) were 3. 0％ and 6. 2％, respectively. Under the conditions of high level and low levels of 220Rn, the relative percentage differences (RPD) between the measured value and the reference value provided by the NIRS were -0. 8％ and -8. 0％, respectively; coefficients of variation ( COV ) were 6. 7％ and 4. 5％, respectively. Conclusions This intercomparison result were categorized by NIRS ( PRD<10％) , with the satisfactory result of LD-P detectors available.

Objective To establish a simple and convenient method and study the feasibility of using gold nanoparticle composites (ssDNA-AuNPs) for colorimetric detection of gamma radiation.Methods The composites ssDNA-AuNPs were prepared by applying the ssDNA to the surface of AuNPs,and then were irradiated with gamma ray with absorbed doses of 0,5,10,20,and 30 Gy,respectively.Subsequently the color change in the solutions were observed simultaneously with absorption spectra being measured.The linear relationship between the ratio of A625/A521 in the absorption spectrum and the absorbed dose was established.Results With the increase of radiation dose,the color of the solutions changed from wine-red to blue-violet gradually,the ratio of A625/A521 in absorption spectra had excellent liner response for absorbed dose ranging from 0 to 30 Gy,and the linear equation was A625/A521 =0.020 6 + 0.303 6 E(R2 =0.991 5).Conclusions The ssDNA-AuNPs synthesized in this experiment can be successfully used for colorimetric detection of gamma absorbed dose,and a simple and convenient method for detection of gamma radiation has been newly established.