Based on the theory of "shaoyang（少阳） resembling the pivot" and collateral diseases， this article proposes that pulmonary fibrosis （PF） can be divided into three stages including wind bi （痹）， constraint bi， and atrophy bi. The core pathogenesis of PF is the obstruction of the pivot and pulmonary collateral obstruction. In terms of treatment， the basic principles are to harmonize and regulate the pivot， and to promote the circulation of the lung collaterals. Depending on the different characteristics of the "essence-attribute-function"， treatment methods such as harmonizing and regulating the pivot， resolving phlegm and removing stasis， supplementing deficiency and harmonizing collaterals are suggested. This approach ensures the regulation of the pivot， smooth circulation of qi and blood， unblocking of the lung collaterals and nourishing the lung body， achieving the goals of balancing the ascending and descending of qi， removing phlegm and stasis， and relieving cough and wheezing.

Thyroid hormone(TH)is an iodinated derivative of the amino acid tyrosine secreted by the thyroid gland.It promotes glycolipid metabolism and is involved in various physiological and pathological processes by regulating cellular behaviors, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Recent studies have found that aberrant expression of TH in the orbit, retina, and sclera, and other ocular tissues can induce abnormal differentiation of orbital soft tissue adipocytes, alteration of retinal oxidative stress, and degradation of posterior scleral extracellular matrix(ECM), which contributes to the pathogenesis of many ophthalmic diseases, including Graves ophthalmopathy(GO), age-related macular degeneration(ARMD), diabetic retinopathy(DR), and myopia. This article reviews the role and mechanism of TH in various ophthalmic diseases, aiming to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of these ocular disorders.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between physical development indicators and the onset and progression of myopia among children and adolescents, so as to provide theoretical support for coordinated vision and physical health management. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted. In September 2022, 3 102 students from grade one in primary school to grade three in junior high school (five year primary school and four year junior high school) from six schools in Huantai County, Shandong Province, were selected using multistage cluster random sampling method to participate in an epidemiological survey on myopia, with follow up completed in September 2023. Follow up value minus baseline value( d ) was used to assess changes in physical development and vision indicators. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between physical development indicators and the incidence of myopia. Generalized linear models were established to analyze the relationship between physical development indicators and changes in d spherical equivalent (SE) and d axial length (AL) . Results: Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for factors such as gender, age, and baseline body mass index, the third ( Q 3)and fourth ( Q 4)quartiles of d height showed increased risks of myopia onset within one year compared to the first quartile( Q 1) ( OR =1.85,95% CI =1.18-2.88; OR =1.74,95% CI =1.09-2.78,both P ＜0.05). Results from the generalized linear model indicated that, after adjusting for confounding factors such as gender, age, and baseline SE, d SE was negatively correlated with d height and d weight in children and adolescents ( β =-0.024, 95% CI =-0.031 to -0.018; β =-0.006, 95% CI =-0.011 to -0.001), d AL was positively correlated with d height and d weight in children and adolescents ( β =0.011, 95% CI =0.008-0.013; β =0.005, 95% CI =0.003-0.007) (all P ＜0.05). Conclusions Physical development indicators in children and adolescents were associated with the onset and progression of myopia. Dynamic monitoring and early intervention of myopia should be strengthened for children and adolescents with rapid height and weight gain to achieve coordinated management of myopia and physical development.

The excessive accumulation of advanced glycosylation end products(AGEs), the end products of non-enzymatic glycosylation reactions, can be involved in the pathological processes of various ocular diseases through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the key role of AGEs in diabetic keratopathy, cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)and diabetic retinopathy(DR). It was found that AGEs activate signalling pathways such as NADPH oxidase, MAPK and NF-κB by binding to the receptor RAGE, leading to reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation, release of inflammatory factors, and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which in turn induces delayed corneal healing, cross-linking of lens proteins, optic nerve degeneration, formation of choroidal neovascularisation(CNV), and blood-retinal barrier(BRB)disruption. For example, in diabetic keratopathy, AGEs delay wound healing via the ROS/NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle axis; in cataract, ascorbic acid-mediated cross-linking of lens proteins due to AGEs directly impairs lens transparency; and in DR, AGEs exacerbate microvascular damage by regulating vasucular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)expression and pericyte apoptosis. In addition, this article discusses the advances and limitations of AGEs detection techniques, such as the potential application of lens AGEscan fluorescence assay in screening for diabetic complications, and the need to develop tissue-specific assays for aqueous humour and vitreous. For therapeutic strategies, the research directions of inhibiting AGEs production, blocking RAGE signalling pathway and developing anti-glycosylation drugs are proposed to emphasise their clinical value in delaying disease progression. This review not only integrates the molecular mechanisms and clinical associations of AGEs in ocular diseases, but also provides a theoretical basis for targeted interventions, which is of great significance in exploring novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Objective:To analyze the correlation between near work, screen time, outdoor time and myopia in children based on objective monitoring technology and to explore the influencing factors related to myopia in children.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.From October 2022 to March 2023, the purposive sampling method was used to select 596 children in Grade 2 and Grade 3 from two primary schools in Shandong Province as study subjects.Eye-Monitor technology of eye-use behavior based on artificial intelligence was used to quantify parameters of near work, screen time and outdoor time.The eye-use behavior parameters were compared within each subject and between non-myopic and myopic children on weekdays and weekends.A multivariate binary logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the influencing factors related to myopia.The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No.HEC-HY-2022023KY).Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardian of each subject.Results:For each subject, the proportion of near work time on weekdays was greater than on weekends, the proportion of time spent looking at cell phones, computer screens, and outdoor activities was smaller, the duration of single continuous near eye use was longer, the tilt angle of the head in sitting position was greater, and the light intensity was stronger, showing statistically significant differences ( t=19.427, -9.964, -5.916, -10.470, 2.211, 2.898, 15.061; all P<0.05).During weekdays, compared with the non-myopia group, the myopia group had longer total near work duration, longer single continuous near eye use duration, shorter outdoor activity duration, closer eye use distance, larger proportion of near work time, and smaller proportion of outdoor activity time, showing statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).During weekends, compared with the non-myopia group, the myopia group had longer time spent looking at cell phones and computer screens, shorter outdoor activity time, greater proportion of time spent looking at cell phones and computer screens, and smaller proportion of outdoor activity time, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).During weekdays, after adjusting for confounding factors, longer single continuous near eye use duration ( OR=1.138, 95% CI: 1.086-1.192, P<0.001) was the risk factor for myopia, and longer working distance ( OR=0.906, 95% CI: 0.847-0.970, P=0.004) and longer outdoor activity time ( OR=0.127, 95% CI: 0.023-0.703, P=0.018) were protective factors for myopia.During weekends, after adjusting for confounding factors, longer time spent on looking at cell phone screens ( OR=2.437, 95% CI: 1.460-4.068, P<0.001) and longer time spent on looking at computer screens ( OR=2.260, 95% CI: 1.283-3.979, P=0.005) were risk factors for myopia, and longer outdoor activity time ( OR=0.624, 95% CI: 0.416-0.934, P=0.022) was the protective factor for myopia. Conclusions:The eyes with continuous near work, prolonged use of smartphone and computer screens, closer eye use distance, and less time spent outdoors have been confirmed to be significantly correlated with myopia based on objective monitoring data.When formulating intervention measures for myopia prevention and control in children, it is advocated to further pay attention to control the distance and duration of near work on weekdays and strengthen screen time management on weekends.

The retina is a crucial site for mediating the conversion of external light signals into neural electrical signals.Connexin (Cx), as the basic structural and functional protein molecule of gap junction channels, plays an important role in maintaining the functional homeostasis of the retina.Cx36 has physiological functions in aspects such as retinal information transmission and biochemical factor regulation, and is involved in the formation of myopia.The " local retina-sclera remodeling" theory holds that abnormal visual information acts on the retina, causing sclera remodeling through retinal pigment epithelium-choroid signal transduction, and ultimately leading to myopia.Exploring the role and mechanism of retinal Cx36 in visual development and myopia formation is of great guiding significance for myopia prevention and control.This article reviews the research progress in the physiological functions of Cx36 in the retina and its role in myopia development in recent years.

To observe the effect of penthorum chinense pursh(PCP)on diarrhea in weaned pig-lets,and to explore its mechanism through network pharmacology and in vivo animal experiments.Animal experiment 1 A total of 160 1-day-old piglets were randomly divided into control group,low-dose prevention group(0.25％),medium-dose prevention group(0.50％)and high-dose pre-vention group(1.00％).Starting from the 14 th day,0.25％,0.50％and 1.00％PCP were added to the basal diet of the three prevention groups and weaned.PCP was stopped on the 29th day,and the diarrhea rate of piglets was recorded for 35 d.In animal experiment 2,35 4-week-old male Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups(control group,LPS group,low-dose group,medium-dose group and high-dose group)for 8 d.The low-dose group,the medium-dose group and the high-dose group were intragastrically administered with 200,400 and 800 mg/kg PCP for 7 consecutive days,respectively.The control group and the LPS group were intragastrically administered with the same amount of sterile saline.On the 8th day of the experiment,except that the Control group was intraperitoneally injected with sterile normal saline,the other groups were intraperitoneally injec-ted with the same amount of LPS(15 mg/kg)to establish an intestinal injury model.HE staining was used for ileal histopathological observation,and fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to de-tect the expression levels of inflammatory factors and tight junction protein mRNA.The TCMSP database was used to screen the active components and targets of PCP,and the GeneCards database was used to obtain the targets of diarrhea.The targets of PCP and diarrhea were imported into Li-anchuan biological cloud platform,and the Venn diagram was obtained after intersection.The pro-tein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed by combining Cytoscape 3.7.1 and STRING database,and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed by KOBAS-i platform.The results showed that compared with the control group,the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets in the low-dose prevention group(0.25％),the medium-dose prevention group(0.50％),and the high-dose prevention group(1.00％)was significantly reduced at 28-62 d(P＜0.05).According to the prediction of network pharmacology,there were 32 corresponding targets of 145 potential com-ponents of PCP,6 332 targets of diarrhea,and 118 intersection targets.The protective mechanism of PCP in the treatment of diarrhea may be related to NF-κB and PI3k-Akt signaling pathways.Further experiments confirmed that compared with the LPS group,PCP can significantly improve the pathological state of ileum in mice,the mRNA expression level of intestinal tight junction pro-tein Occludin(P＜0.05)was reversed.At the same time,PCP also significantly down-regulated the mRNA level of NF-κB.The results showed that PCP may alleviate diarrhea in piglets through multiple targets and multiple pathways.The main mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Akt-NF-κB signaling pathway.This study is conducive to providing a theoretical basis for the clini-cal application of PCP.

Objective:To analyze the correlation between near work, screen time, outdoor time and myopia in children based on objective monitoring technology and to explore the influencing factors related to myopia in children.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.From October 2022 to March 2023, the purposive sampling method was used to select 596 children in Grade 2 and Grade 3 from two primary schools in Shandong Province as study subjects.Eye-Monitor technology of eye-use behavior based on artificial intelligence was used to quantify parameters of near work, screen time and outdoor time.The eye-use behavior parameters were compared within each subject and between non-myopic and myopic children on weekdays and weekends.A multivariate binary logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the influencing factors related to myopia.The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No.HEC-HY-2022023KY).Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardian of each subject.Results:For each subject, the proportion of near work time on weekdays was greater than on weekends, the proportion of time spent looking at cell phones, computer screens, and outdoor activities was smaller, the duration of single continuous near eye use was longer, the tilt angle of the head in sitting position was greater, and the light intensity was stronger, showing statistically significant differences ( t=19.427, -9.964, -5.916, -10.470, 2.211, 2.898, 15.061; all P<0.05).During weekdays, compared with the non-myopia group, the myopia group had longer total near work duration, longer single continuous near eye use duration, shorter outdoor activity duration, closer eye use distance, larger proportion of near work time, and smaller proportion of outdoor activity time, showing statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).During weekends, compared with the non-myopia group, the myopia group had longer time spent looking at cell phones and computer screens, shorter outdoor activity time, greater proportion of time spent looking at cell phones and computer screens, and smaller proportion of outdoor activity time, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).During weekdays, after adjusting for confounding factors, longer single continuous near eye use duration ( OR=1.138, 95% CI: 1.086-1.192, P<0.001) was the risk factor for myopia, and longer working distance ( OR=0.906, 95% CI: 0.847-0.970, P=0.004) and longer outdoor activity time ( OR=0.127, 95% CI: 0.023-0.703, P=0.018) were protective factors for myopia.During weekends, after adjusting for confounding factors, longer time spent on looking at cell phone screens ( OR=2.437, 95% CI: 1.460-4.068, P<0.001) and longer time spent on looking at computer screens ( OR=2.260, 95% CI: 1.283-3.979, P=0.005) were risk factors for myopia, and longer outdoor activity time ( OR=0.624, 95% CI: 0.416-0.934, P=0.022) was the protective factor for myopia. Conclusions:The eyes with continuous near work, prolonged use of smartphone and computer screens, closer eye use distance, and less time spent outdoors have been confirmed to be significantly correlated with myopia based on objective monitoring data.When formulating intervention measures for myopia prevention and control in children, it is advocated to further pay attention to control the distance and duration of near work on weekdays and strengthen screen time management on weekends.

The retina is a crucial site for mediating the conversion of external light signals into neural electrical signals.Connexin (Cx), as the basic structural and functional protein molecule of gap junction channels, plays an important role in maintaining the functional homeostasis of the retina.Cx36 has physiological functions in aspects such as retinal information transmission and biochemical factor regulation, and is involved in the formation of myopia.The " local retina-sclera remodeling" theory holds that abnormal visual information acts on the retina, causing sclera remodeling through retinal pigment epithelium-choroid signal transduction, and ultimately leading to myopia.Exploring the role and mechanism of retinal Cx36 in visual development and myopia formation is of great guiding significance for myopia prevention and control.This article reviews the research progress in the physiological functions of Cx36 in the retina and its role in myopia development in recent years.

γ-Aminobutyric acid(GABA),a pivotal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system,plays an essential role in maintaining normal ocular physiological functions.GABA and its receptors are widely distributed through-out the retina,optic nerve,and visual pathways.Research indicates that GABA dysregulation is implicated in the pathogen-esis and progression of certain ophthalmic disorders.This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between GABA and ophthalmic diseases,including myopia,amblyopia,glaucoma,and dry eye syndrome.Moreover,the potential mechanisms and recent research advances are discussed.The findings may offer novel options and chances for the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases.