With the rapid advancement of hemodynamic indices and monitoring technologies, their classification methods and application processes have become increasingly complex. Currently, no unified standard hasbeen established, making it difficult to fully meet the clinical requirements for hemodynamic management. To assist in hemodynamic monitoring assessment and therapeutic decision-making in critically ill patients, the Critical Hemodynamic Therapy Collaborative Group, in conjunction with the Critical Ultrasound Study Group, has jointly developed the Standard for the Application of Hemodynamic Monitoring Techniques in Critical Care. The first part of this standard systematically categorizes hemodynamic indicators into flow indicators, pressure and its derivative indicators, and tissue perfusion indicators, while elaborating on the clinical application of each. The second part establishes a standardized clinical implementation pathway for hemodynamic monitoring. It proposes a tiered monitoring strategy-comprising basic, advanced, indication-specific, and special scenario monitoring-tailored to different clinical settings. It emphasizes the central role of critical care ultrasound across all levels of monitoring and establishes hemodynamic assessment standards for organs such as the brain, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. This standard aims to provide a unified framework for clinical practice, teaching, training, and research in critical care medicine, thereby promoting standardized development within the discipline.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics and treatment methods of middle ear cholesteatoma with intracranial and extracranial complications as the first diagnosis. Methods:A total of 244 patients were initially diagnosed with intracranial and/or extracranial complications associated with middle ear cholesteatoma at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2015 to January 2022, and medical records were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results:Among 244 patients with intracranial and extracranial complications of middle ear cholesteatoma, 203 cases had one complication, 34 cases had 2 complications, and 7 cases had 3 or more complications. One hundred and eighty-six cases presented labyrinthitis, 41 cases had peripheral facial paralysis, 27 cases had periauricular abscess, 12 cases had meningitis, 10 cases had brain abscess, 7 cases had sigmoid sinus lesions, 6 cases had epidural abscess, and 4 cases demonstrated hydrocephalus. Conclusion:The destructive nature of middle ear cholesteatoma can lead to intracranial and extracranial complications. The incidence rate of extracranial complications is highest for labyrinthitis. Patients with otitis media who complained dizziness should raise clinical suspicion for potential labyrinthitis. The second most prevalent extracranial complication is peripheral facial paralysis, and early facial nerve decompression surgery is critical for better recovery of facial paralysis symptoms. Brain abscess is the most common intracranial complications, which has the highest fatality rate. Clinicians should be alert to otogenic brain abscess. Otolaryngology and neurosurgery teams should cooperate and evaluate patients' middle ear lesions and brain abscess, and jointly develop personalized treatment plans.
Humans ; Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Facial Paralysis/etiology* ; Brain Abscess/diagnosis* ; Male ; Female ; Otitis Media/complications* ; Meningitis/etiology* ; Labyrinthitis/etiology* ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical features of patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) and the related factors for sepsis, so as to provide a basis for early intervention and improvement of patients' prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective case series study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of NSTI patients admitted to the department of burns and wound repair surgery of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from October 2021 to December 2024. Demographic information, underlying diseases, infection characteristics, laboratory test results and etiological findings at admission, treatment status, occurrence of complications (including sepsis) and prognosis were collected. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the associated factors for sepsis in NSTI patients. Receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC curves) were plotted to evaluate the predictive value of individual and combined factors for sepsis. RESULTS: A total of 159 NSTI patients were enrolled, mainly middle-aged and elderly males. Most patients had comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus (110 cases, 69.2%) and hypertension (67 cases, 42.1%). The main infection site was the lower extremities (104 cases, 65.4%). Common symptoms included redness (96 cases, 60.4%), swelling (129 cases, 81.1%), local heat (60 cases, 37.7%), pain (100 cases, 62.9%), and skin ulceration or necrosis (9 cases, 5.7%). Imaging findings included soft tissue swelling (66 cases, 57.9%), gas accumulation (41 cases, 36.0%), and abnormal signal/density shadows (50 cases, 43.9%). Staphylococcus aureus was the main pathogenic bacterium [12.0% (31/259)], and drug-resistant Escherichia coli had the highest detection rate among drug-resistant bacteria [35.1% (13/37)]. Regarding debridement and repair, most patients (80 cases, 50.3%) underwent debridement ≥ 72 hours after admission, while only 10.1% (16 cases) received debridement within 6 hours. Most patients underwent multiple debridements, with 2 times of debridements being the most common (68 cases, 42.8%), and the maximum times of debridements reached 6. The largest number of patients received secondary suture (44 cases, 27.7%). In terms of complications, sepsis was the most common (66 cases, 41.51%), followed by acute kidney injury, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), while disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was the least common. During the follow-up period, 9 patients (5.66%) were readmitted within 90 days, and 11 patients died, with a mortality rate of 6.92%. Univariate analysis showed that diabetes, coronary heart disease, gout, body temperature, heart rate, C-reactive protein, platelet count, total bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, out-of-hospital treatment, and out-of-hospital use of antimicrobial agents were significantly associated with sepsis in NSTI patients (all P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that coronary heart disease [odds ratio (OR) = 30.085, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 2.105-956.935], C-reactive protein (OR = 1.026, 95%CI was 1.009-1.054), and total bilirubin (OR = 1.436, 95%CI was 1.188-1.948) were independent associated factors for sepsis in NSTI patients (all P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis revealed that the combination of the three predictors yielded the highest AUC for predicting sepsis in NSTI patients compared to any individual predictor [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.799 (95%CI was 0.721-0.878)]. CONCLUSIONS The clinical features of NSTI patients show certain regularity. Coronary heart disease, C-reactive protein, and total bilirubin are independent associated factors for sepsis in NSTI patients.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Sepsis ; Soft Tissue Infections/microbiology* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Adult ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Necrosis ; Logistic Models ; Fasciitis, Necrotizing

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of a multimodal treatment regimen integrating radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -negative locally advanced or advanced gastric cancer.Methods:A total of 34 patients with unresectable, HER2-negative, locally advanced or metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma admitted to the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from September 2021 to March 2024 were selected as study objects. Participants received one cycle of either XELOX regimen (capecitabine + oxaliplatin) or SOX regimen (S-1 + oxaliplatin) with immunotherapy (sintilimab or nivolumab) . The process was succeeded by radiotherapy targeted at the primary G/GEJ tumor and regional lymph nodes. In selected cases, sequential radiotherapy was also administered for distant metastases. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) , and secondary endpoints were disease control rate (DCR) , clinical symptom response, changes in Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score, progression-free survival (PFS) , and adverse reactions. Clinical efficacy was assessed in accordance with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Adverse reactions were assessed and graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0 and the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines for management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related toxicity. With a median follow-up of 7 months (range: 2.3 to 30 months) , the final evaluation considered the best response documented throughout follow-up. Survival curves were constructed utilizing Kaplan-Meier analysis.Results:By the end of follow-up, an overall ORR of 58.8% (20/34) and DCR of 70.6% (24/34) were observed. The ORR of lesions by radiotherapy reached 73.8% (48/65) and the DCR reached 92.3% (60/65) . Univariate analysis showed that the ORR of female patients (84.6%, 11/13) was higher than that of male patients (42.9%, 9/21) , and the ORR of patients with distant lymph node metastasis alone (83.3%, 15/18) was higher than that of patients with distant lymph node metastasis combined with organ metastasis or organ metastasis alone (18.2%, 2/11) , with statistically significant differences ( P=0.030; P=0.010) . There were no statistically significant differences in ORR among patients with different age ( P=0.487) , KPS score ( P=0.198) , primary tumor location ( P=0.280) , histological differentiation ( P=0.668) , chemotherapy regimen ( P=0.728) , or immunotherapy regimen ( P>0.999) . Twenty-two of 23 (95.7%) patients with upper abdominal pain were relieved, 10 of 21 (47.6%) patients with appetite loss were relieved, 15 of 17 patients with upper abdominal distension were relieved, 13 of 14 patients with melena were relieved, 6 of 7 patients with eating obstruction were relieved, 3 of 4 patients with metastatic site pain were relieved, and 2 patients with hematemesis were relieved. KPS score enhanced in 82.4% (28/34) of patients, remained stable in 11.8% (4/34) , and declined in 5.8% (2/34) . The median PFS of the 34 patients was 7.9 months. The most common adverse reactions during radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy and immunotherapy were hematological adverse reactions, in which neutropenia accounted for the highest proportion (91.2%, 31/34) , followed by anemia (50.0%, 17/34) . Fatigue was the most common non-hematological adverse reaction (50.0%, 17/34) , followed by nausea and vomiting (26.5%, 9/34) . The adverse reactions of 6 patients receiving immune monotherapy maintenance were anemia, hypothyroidism, transaminase elevation, proteinuria, fatigue, and rash, all of which were grade 1-2. Conclusions:Radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy and immunotherapy shows good short-term clinical efficacy in patients with HER2-negative locally advanced or advanced gastric cancer, and the overall adverse reactions are tolerable. Female or patients with distant lymph node metastasis alone may be the preferred population for this study protocol.

Objective:To investigate the effect of abdominal circumference on intestinal radiation dose volume and acute intestinal toxicity in pelvic intensity modulated radiation therapy for rectal cancer.Methods:A total of 150 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) who received adjuvant and neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from March 2023 to January 2025 were enrolled, including 82 cases of adjuvant radiotherapy and 68 cases of neoadjuvant radiotherapy. All patients underwent radiotherapy CT simulation positioning in the standard mode of prone position with abdominal board padding and bladder filling. Intestinal toxicity was categorized as a binary variable based on the occurrence of ≥2 grade acute intestinal toxicity. Linear and logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors influencing intestinal radiation dose volumes (V 10, V 20, V 30, V 40) and acute intestinal toxicity in LARC patients. Generalized additive models and piecewise linear and logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the threshold effects of abdominal circumference on intestinal radiation dose volumes and acute intestinal toxicity. The threshold value for abdominal circumference was determined based on the upper limit of the 95% CI for the threshold. A difference test was used to validate the differences in intestinal radiation dose volume and acute intestinal toxicity between small and medium-to-large abdominal circumferences. Results:Univariate analysis showed that, gender, body mass, abdominal circumference, planning target volume (PTV), intestinal volume were all influencing factors for the radiation dose volumes (V 10, V 20, V 30, V 40) of each intestinal segment of patients with LARC undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy (all P<0.05). Body mass, abdominal circumference, intestinal volume were all influencing factors for the radiation dose volumes (V 10, V 20, V 30, V 40) of each intestinal segment of patients with LARC undergoing neoadjuvant radiotherapy (all P<0.05). Body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference, intestinal volume and individual intestinal radiation volumes (V 10, V 20, V 30, V 40) were all influencing factors for the acute intestinal toxicity of patients with LARC undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy (all P<0.05). Body mass, BMI, abdominal circumference, multiple intestinal radiation dose volumes (V 20, V 30, V 40) were all influencing factors for the acute intestinal toxicity of patients with LARC undergoing neoadjuvant radiotherapy (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that, abdominal circumference (V 10: β=-1.01, 95% CI: -1.68--0.33, P=0.004; V 20: β=-0.94, 95% CI: -1.28--0.60, P<0.001; V 30: β=-0.58, 95% CI: -0.82--0.34, P<0.001; V 40: β=-0.41, 95% CI: -0.60--0.23, P<0.001) was an independent influencing factor for the radiation dose volume of each intestinal segment of patients with LARC undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. Abdominal circumference (V 10: β=-0.92, 95% CI: -1.62--0.22, P=0.010; V 20: β=-0.84, 95% CI: -1.11--0.57, P<0.001; V 30: β=-0.42, 95% CI: -0.57--0.28, P<0.001; V 40: β=-0.30, 95% CI: -0.41--0.19, P<0.001) was an independent influencing factor for the radiation dose volume of each intestinal segment of patients with LARC undergoing neoadjuvant radiotherapy. Abdominal circumference ( OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.95, P=0.002) was an independent influencing factor for the acute intestinal toxicity of patients with LARC undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. Abdominal circumference ( OR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.79-0.96, P=0.004) was an independent influencing factor for the acute intestinal toxicity of patients with LARC undergoing neoadjuvant radiotherapy. The generalized additive model revealed a nonlinear relationship between abdominal circumference and intestinal radiation dose volume and acute intestinal toxicity of adjuvant radiotherapy patients. Further segmented regression analysis results showed that there was a threshold effect between abdominal circumference and intestinal radiation dose volume (V 10, V 20, V 30, V 40) and acute intestinal toxicity. The inflection point values between abdominal circumference and intestinal radiation dose volume V 10, V 20, V 30, V 40 in LARC patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy were all 71.9 cm; the inflection point values between abdominal circumference and the intestinal radiation dose volume V 10, V 20, V 30, V 40 in LARC patients undergoing neoadjuvant radiotherapy were 69.0, 69.0, 69.0, 68.6 cm, respectively; The inflection point values between abdominal circumference and acute intestinal toxicity in LARC patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy and neoadjuvant radiotherapy were 71.9, 69.0 cm, respectively. Based on the upper limit of the 95% CI threshold, the cutoff values for small and medium-to-large abdominal circumferences for patients undergoing adjuvant and neoadjuvant radiotherapy were set at 76.1, 71.9 cm, respectively. In patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy, the levels of intestinal radiation dose volume V 10 [ (7.65±2.29) cm 3vs. (5.88±2.68) cm 3, t=2.76, P=0.007], V 20 [ (4.28±1.27) cm 3vs. (2.72±1.31) cm 3, t=4.81, P<0.001], V 30 [ (2.42±1.07) cm 3vs. (1.37±0.76) cm 3, t=4.95, P<0.001], V 40 [ (1.69±0.74) cm 3vs. (0.92±0.58) cm 3, t=4.93, P<0.001] in the small abdominal circumference group ( n=22) were significantly higher than those in patients with medium-to-large abdominal circumferences ( n=60) ; In patients undergoing neoadjuvant radiotherapy, patients with small abdominal circumferences ( n=11) had significantly higher V 20 [ (3.09±0.84) cm 3vs. (2.28±1.17) cm 3, t=2.17, P=0.033], V 30 [1.44 (1.22, 1.53) cm 3vs. 0.91 (0.56, 1.22) cm 3, Z=-3.04, P=0.002], V 40 [0.93 (0.84, 1.09) cm 3vs. 0.44 (0.30, 0.81) cm 3, Z=-3.19, P=0.001] than patients with medium-to-large abdominal circumferences ( n=57). In patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy and neoadjuvant radiotherapy, there were statistically significant differences in acute intestinal toxicity between patients with small abdominal circumferences and with medium-to-large abdominal circumferences ( χ2=10.46, P=0.001; χ2=8.13, P=0.004) . Conclusions:In the standard mode (prone position with abdominal board padding and bladder filling), abdominal circumference is an independent factor influencing the intestinal radiation dose volume and acute intestinal toxicity in rectal cancer radiotherapy patients. There is a significant non-linear threshold effect between abdominal circumference and different levels of intestinal radiation dose volume and acute intestinal toxicity. The impact of abdominal circumference on intestinal radiation dose volume and toxicity differs significantly before and after the inflection point value. Patients with smaller abdominal circumferences not only fail to achieve the expected benefits under the current standard radiotherapy regimen but also face higher risks of intestinal radiation dose volume and toxicity.

Objective To discuss the factors influencing the occurrence of frailty in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI)after receiving interventional treatment,and to construct a prediction model,to draw a nomogram,and to make the validation of the model.Methods Using convenient sampling method,a total of 462 patients with AMI,who were admitted to the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of three Grade Ⅲ-A hospitals in Shandong Province of China from July 2023 to January 2024,were selected as the study subjects.Among them,324 AMI patients encountered from July 2023 to November 2023 were selected as modeling group,and logistic regression was used to construct a risk prediction model and draw a nomogram to visualize the model.The remaining 138 AMI patients encountered from December 2023 to January 2024 were used as the validation group.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow testing were adopted to verify the predictive effect of the model.Results Of 324 patients in the modeling group,170(52.47％)developed frailty.Univariate analysis showed that significant differences in age,education level,body mass index(BMI),Charlson comorbidity index,grip strength,walking speed,brain natriuretic peptide precursor level,physical exercise,multiple medication,and kinesophobia existed between the two groups(all P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age,BMI,Charlson comorbidity index,grip strength,walking speed,NT-ProBNP precursor level,physical exercise,multiple medication,and kinesophobia were the influencing factors of frailty in patients with AMI after receiving interventional treatment,with an OR value of 1.061,0.630,1.529,0.931,0.005,0.358,1.783,2.929,and 0.497 respectively.The above nine factors were used as independent variables to draw the nomogram,the area under ROC curve of the model was 0.851(95％CI:0.809-0.892),the optimal critical value was 0.562,the sensitivity was 84.1％,and the specificity was 72.1％.Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit testing showed that the model had anx2=12.957 and P=0.113.Conclusion The frailty condition of AMI patients after receiving interventional treatment is at a low to medium levels.The frailty risk prediction model constructed in this study has good prediction effect,which can provide guidance for clinical nurses to timely identify high-risk patients and to promptly adopt interventional measures.

Objective To investigate the changes of residual radioactivity at different time points after 131I treatment in the patients with differentiated thyroid cancer(DTC)and influencing factors.Methods A to-tal of 235 patients with DTC receiving 131I treatment in this hospital from January 2021 to June 2023 were se-lected as the study subjects and divided into the high dose group(＞5.55 GBp,n=56)and low dose group(≤5.55 GBp,n=179)according to the treatment dose.The clinical data of the two groups were collected and the changes of residual radioactivity after 131I treatment were compared between the two groups.The binary re-gression was used to analyze its influencing factors.Results The sex,age,BMI,basic metabolic rate(BMR)and serum thyroglobulin antibody(TgAb)had no statistical differences between the two groups(P＞0.05).The proportions of serum thyroglobulin(TG)＜1 ng/mL,131I first time treatment and residual thyroid ratio prompted by the whole body 131I scan after treatment in the low dose group were significantly higher than those in the high dose group(P＜0.05).The residual radioactivity in the two groups was significantly de-creased with time extension.The residual radioactivity at 24,48,72 h after treatment in the low dose group was significantly lower than that in the high dose group(P＜0.05).The binary logistic regression analysis re-sults showed that the T stage and treatment dose were the influencing factors of residual radioactivity after 131I treatment.Conclusion The residual radioactivity after 131I treatment in the patients with DTC shows the significant decreasing trend with time extension,this change trend has an active significance for further opti-mizing and perfecting the isolation and protection scheme.For the patients with high T stage and big treat-ment dose,the isolation time should exceed 72 h.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of organizing pneumonia secondary to inva-sive pulmonary aspergillosis.Methods A total of 13 patients with organizing pneumonia secondary to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the Department of Respiratory,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou Univer-sity diagnosed by pathology from January 2019 to January 2021 were retrospectively included,and their clinical characteristics,laboratory examination,imaging characteristics,treatment and prognosis were comprehensively analyzed.Results Most cases of pulmonary aspergillosis occurred within 2-3 weeks of diagnosis,with coug-hing,expectoration,fever,and elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.Chest computed tomography showed patchy shadows around the original infection focus,mostly accompanied by consolidation,halo sign,bronchial inflation sign,and might be accompanied by cavity and pleural effusion;secondary multi lobed involvement of both lungs was observed,mostly with small patchy shadows,nodular shadows,and tree bud signs.After receiving glucocorticoid treatment,the symptoms were controlled within one week,and the glucocorticoid treatment course was mostly 3-6 months.Conclusion The clinical characteristics of organi-zing pneumonia secondary to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis are somewhat similar to those of cryptogenic or-ganizing pneumonia and have a better prognosis.

Objective To analyze the correlation between serum miR-939 and miR-15b expression and mi-crovascular injury in patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR).Methods A total of 176 patients with type 2 di-abetes diagnosed and treated in the Baoding Second Hospital from January 2021 to October 2022 were selected as the study objects.The subjects were divided into 74 patients without DR(NDR group),62 patients with non-proliferative DR(NPDR group)and 40 patients with proliferative DR(PDR group)according to whether or not DR occurred and the degree of lesions.Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative expression levels of miR-939 and miR-15b in serum of all groups,the level of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the count percentage of en-dothelial cells(ECs),endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)and circulating progenitor cells(CPCs)was detected by flow cytometry.Serum levels of miR-939,miR-15b,VEGF and ECs,EPCs and CPCs were compared in 3 groups.Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between serum miR-939 and miR-15b and VEGF,ECs,EPCs and CPCs.Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting the oc-currence of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes.Results The relative expression levels of miR-939 and miR-15b in PDR group and NPDR group were lower than those in NDR group,while the serum VEGF levels were higher than those in NDR group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).ECs in PDR group and NPDR group were higher than those in NDR group,while EPCs and CPCs were lower than those in NDR group,the differ-ence was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Serum miR-939 was negatively correlated with VEGF and ECs(r=-0.407,-0.613,P＜0.05),and positively correlated with EPCs and CPCs(r=0.481,0.486,P＜0.05).Serum miR-15b was negatively correlated with VEGF and ECs(r=-0.539,-0.625,P＜0.05),and positively correlated with EPCs and CPCs(r=0.451,0.483,P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression anal-ysis showed that the duration of type 2 diabetes,hemoglobin A1c,2-hour postprandial blood glucose,VEGF,miR-939 and miR-15b were the influencing factors for the occurrence of DR in type 2 diabetes patients(P＜0.05).Conclusion The expression of miR-939 and miR-15b in serum of DR patients is closely related to VEGF,ECs,EPCs and CPCs,and the expression of miR-939 and miR-15b in serum of DR patients can provide a certain reference for early judgment and evaluation of the degree of microvascular injury.

Following the principles of evidence-based medicine,in accordance with the structure and drafting rules of standardized documents,based on literature research,according to the characteristics of chronic cough in children and issues that need to form a consensus,the TCM Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Cough in Children was formulated based on the Delphi method,expert discussion meetings,and public solicitation of opinions.The guideline includes scope of application,terms and definitions,eti-ology and diagnosis,auxiliary examination,treatment,prevention and care.The aim is to clarify the optimal treatment plan of Chinese medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease,and to provide guidance for improving the clinical diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in children with Chinese medicine.