BACKGROUND:With the continuous advancement of medical technology,stem cell therapy has been used to treat a variety of diseases,including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress of stem cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and prospect the development trend of this field. METHODS:PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and WanFang Data were searched for articles published from 1995 to 2024 using the key words"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,mesenchymal stem cells,neural stem/progenitor cells,pluripotent stem cells."A total of more than 1 700 articles were retrieved,and 58 articles were finally included in this review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease that affects lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord and upper motor neurons in the motor cortex.The related research of stem cells in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has become a research hotspot.In this review,we summarize the application of different types of stem cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis research,including mesenchymal stem cells,neural stem progenitor cells,and induced pluripotent stem cells,and evaluate the key points of preclinical research such as stem cell source,cell volume,stem cell modification methods,and drug delivery routes,which lays the foundation for the future application of stem cell therapy.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the severity of pharyngolaryngeal sensory impairment and swallowing biomechanics as well as the risk of penetration-aspiration in patients with dysphagia following infratentorial stroke.Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study enrolled 51 patients with dysphagia following infratentorial stroke hospitalized in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between January 2022 and December 2023. Participants were categorized into three groups: normal sensation group [15 males, 2 females; age range 29-76 (56.0±13.3)years], diminished sensation group[16 males, 3 females; age range 38-80(62.0±11.8)years], and absent sensation group [14 males, 1 female; age range 44-75 (60.0±9.7)years]. All patients underwent laryngoscopy and videofluoroscopic swallowing study, which included pharyngolaryngeal sensory testing and Penetration-Aspiration Scale assessment. Swallowing temporal parameters were quantitatively analyzed. Group comparisons for different variable types were conducted using the Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation between sensory groups and Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores was assessed using Spearman′s correlation analysis. Logistic regression was employed to analyze the impact of pharyngolaryngeal sensory function on penetration-aspiration events.Results:Among the 51 patients, 33.33% (17/51) had normal pharyngolaryngeal sensation, while, 66.67% (34/51) exhibited sensory impairment. The normal sensation group exhibited a significantly longer laryngeal vestibule closure (LVC) time [792 (643, 1 205) ms] compared to the diminished [528 (380, 776) ms] and absent sensation groups [380 (322, 404) ms] ( H=6.502, P=0.039). Additionally, the upper esophageal sphincter opening time was longer in the normal sensation group than in the absent sensation group [528 (371, 710) ms vs 182 (0, 710) ms, H=6.003, P=0.049]. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between the severity of sensory impairment and Penetration-Aspiration Scale scores ( r=-0.366, P=0.008). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that greater sensory impairment was an independent risk factor for penetration-aspiration ( OR=9.29, 95%CI=1.57-54.77, P=0.014). Conclusion:Pharyngolaryngeal sensory deficits are common after infratentorial stroke dysphagia and are significantly associated with impaired swallowing biomechanics and increased aspiration risk. The severity of sensory deficit is a key determinant of penetration-aspiration risk, highlighting its value in risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making for dysphagia.

Objective The aim of this study was to analysis the incidence and mortality of malignant tumors in the cancer registration area of Kunming City in 2020,as well as the trend of changes from 2016 to 2020.Methods The malignant tumor data of 12 cancer registration areas in Kunming in 2020 that met the quality criteria were used to analyze the crude incidence,crude mortali-ty,age-standardized incidence/mortality rate by Chinese standard population(ASIRC/ASMRC)of malignant tumors in different gen-ders and regions.The annual percentage change(APC)was calculated using Joinpoint 5.3.0.0 software,the incidence and mortality trends of malignant tumors from 2016 to 2020 were evaluated.Results In 2020,the crude incidence and ASIRC of malignant tumors in cancer registration areas of Kunming City were 234.27/100,000 and 141.68/100,000,respectively.The ASIRC of males was high-er than that of females(146.94/100,000 vs.137.33/100,000,Z=3.459,P<0.001),and that of rural areas was higher than that of urban areas(146.37/100,000 vs.134.09/100,000,Z=-4.462,P<0.001).The crude mortality and ASMRC of malignant tumors were 135.67/100,000 and 73.18/100,000,respectively.The ASMRC of males was higher than that of females(91.65/100,000 vs.55.43/100,000,Z=19.260,P<0.001),and that of rural areas was higher than that of urban areas(76.27/100,000 vs.70.00/100,000,Z=-3.359,P<0.001).There were 81.39%of new cases and 90.36%of deaths of malignant tumors occurred in the popu-lation aged 50 and above.The top 5 cancer incidence in the Kunming City were lung cancer,colorectal cancer,breast cancer,liver cancer and prostate cancer.The top 5 cancer mortality were lung cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer,prostate cancer and stomach cancer.The ASIRC(APC=-3.05%,95%CI:-5.91%--0.10%,P=0.046)and ASMRC(APC=-5.47%,95%CI:-8.52%--2.32%,P=0.012)of malignant tumors in urban areas of Kunming showed a downward trend.Conclusions From 2016 to 2020,the ASIRC and ASMRC of malignant tumors in urban areas of Kunming showed a downward trend,but there was no significant changing trend in rural tumor registration areas.Rural areas are key areas for the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors in Kunming city;Lung cancer,colorectum cancer,liver cancer and prostate cancer are the key types of cancer for prevention and treatment.

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of radiation protection safety education (RPSE) on patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) undergoing iodine-131 (¹³¹I) treatment. Methods The DTC patients who undergo ¹³¹I treatment were divided into the control group and the RPSE group using the convenience sampling method, with 142 patients in each group. Patients in the control group received routine health education, while the RPSE group received routine health education combined with RPSE. Dose equivalent rate (DER) on pillows, bed sheets, quilt covers, and household waste of patients were compared between the two groups upon discharge. Results The median (M) DERs of patients' pillows, bed sheets, quilt covers and household waste were 3.86, 3.63, 3.91 and 56.59 times higher in the control group compared with the environmental background level, respectively. The M DERs of patients' pillows, bed sheets, quilt covers were 2.23, 2.18, and 2.55 times higher in the RPSE group compared with the environmental background level, while the M DER of household waste was equivalent to the environmental background level. The DERs of patients' pillows, bed sheets, quilt covers, and household waste in the RPSE group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.001). The DERs of the above four items were lower in both male and female patients in RPSE group compared with same-gender patients in the control group (all P<0.001). The patients' DERs of the above indicators had no significant difference among different gender in both control group and RPSE group (all P>0.05), except for higher DER of household waste in female patients than that of male patients in the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the DERs of pillows, bed sheets, quilt covers, and household waste across subgroups, where patients received different treatment doses, of both the control group and the RPSE group (all P>0.05). Conclusion RPSE for DTC patients treated with ¹³¹I, reduces the DERs of pillows, bed sheets, quilt covers, and particularly household waste.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of bone metabolism parameters on cardiac autonomic nervous system function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods A total of 328 patients with T2DM hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology of Gansu Provincial People's Hospital were enrolled in this study from October 2022 to October 2023.According to the serum 25(OH)D level,all the participants were divided into<10 ng/ml group(n=80),10～20 ng/ml group(n=173),and 20～30 ng/ml group(n=75).Biochemical indicators,bone metabolic parameters,left ventricular mass(LVM)and left ventricular mass index(LVMI)were compared.Time domain indicators ofheart rate variability(HRV)in 24 h holter electrocardiogram,including the global standard deviation of normal sinus RR interval(SDNN),sinus RR interval mean standard deviation(SDANN),and normal continuous sinus RR interval difference root mean square(RMSSD).Meanwhile,adjacent RR interval difference>50 ms as a percentage of the total inter-period(PNN50),HRV triangle index,standard deviation of the difference between the length of the entire adjacent NN interperiod(SDSD),and 24 h holter electrocardiogram HRV time-domain relevant indicators were compared among the three groups.The influence of bone metabolism parameters on cardiac autonomic nervous function and their correlation were analyzed,and the optimal cutting point of cardiac autonomic nervous function was predicted by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results SBP,heart rate(HR),FPG,PWV,PTH and β-CTX in groups of 10 ng/ml,10～20 ng/ml and 20～30 ng/ml decreased in turn(P<0.05),while HDL-C,ABI,25(OH)D,Ca2+and PNN50 decreased.Correlation analysis between Spearman and Pearson showed that 25(OH)D was positively correlated with SDNN,HRV triangle index,PNN50 and rMSSD(P<0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that 25(OH)D,Ca2+and HR were the influencing factors of cardiac autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients with T2DM.The ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the ROC curve of 25(OH)D,Ca2+and HR were 0.791,0.607 and 0.629,respectively,with sensitivity of 73.4%,53.2%and 38.7%,and specificity of 74.0%,93.6%and 81.4%,respectively.Conclusions 25(OH)D is the influencing factor of cardiac autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients with T2DM,and patients with high degree of deficiency are more prone to cardiac autonomic nervous dysfunction.

Objective Using meta-analysis to identify the risk factors for slow-flow or no-reflow during percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction(AMI).Methods A computerized retrieval of academic papers concerning the risk factors for slow-flow or no-reflow during PCI in patients with ST-segment elevation AMI from the databases of CNKI,Wanfang Database,VIP,SinoMed,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,and Cochrane Library was conducted.The retrieval time period was from the establishment of the database to January 2024.In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the study,two independent reviewers screened the literature according to the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria,extracted key data,and strictly evaluated the quality of the literature.RevMan5.4 software was used to make meta-analysis.Results A total of 23 articles with a total of 9 780 cases were included in this analysis.The results of meta-analysis showed that reperfusion time ≥6 h(OR=1.52),preoperative TIMI blood flow≤level-Ⅰ(OR=1.12),heavy thrombus burden(OR=1.60),advanced age(OR=1.56),diabetes(OR=1.83),preoperative Killip grade≥Ⅲ(OR=2.52),long target vessel disease(OR=1.95),and collateral flow≤level-Ⅰ(OR=1.61)were the risk factors for slow-flow or no-reflow during PCI in patients with ST-segment elevation AMI.Preoperative systolic blood pressure＜90 mmHg(OR=1.17)and high white blood cell(WBC)count(OR=1.27)were not the risk factors for slow-flow or no-reflow during PCI in patients with ST-segment elevation AMI.Conclusion Reperfusion time ≥ 6 h,preoperative TIMI blood flow≤level-Ⅰ,heavy thrombus burden,advanced age,diabetes,preoperative Killip grade≥level-Ⅲ,long target vessel lesion,and collateral blood flow≤level-Ⅰ are the independent risk factors for slow-flow or no-reflow during PCI in patients with ST-segment elevation AMI.

Objective To explore the influence of combination of recombinant human collagen dressing and promestriene ointment on symptoms and vaginal microecology in patients with atrophic vaginitis.Methods The data of patients with atrophic vaginitis admitted to the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army were retrospectively collected from April 2017 to April 2024.According to treatment methods,the enrolled patients were divided into a study group(recombinant human collagen dressing combined with promestriene ointment for 7 days)and a control group(promestriene ointment for 7 days).The efficacy,symptom disappearance time,vaginal microecology and adverse reactions were compared between groups,and recurrence rate of atrophic vaginitis within 1 month was observed.Results A total of 150 patients were screened and included,77 in the study group and 73 in the control group.After treatment,the total therapeutic efficacy in the study group was higher than that in the control group(89.61％vs.76.71％,P＜0.05).The disappearance durations of abnormal leucorrhea,vulva pruritus and vulva burning pain in the study group were significantly shorter compared with those in the control group(all P＜0.05).The vaginal pH value in the study group was lower,while the positive rate of Lactobacillus and proportions of vaginal flora density grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ and diversity grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ were higher compared to the control group(all P＜0.05).During treatment,no significant difference was exhibited in the total incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups(P＞0.05).The recurrence rate was lower in the study group than that in the control group within 1 month of follow-up(P＜0.05).Conclusion Recombinant human collagen dressing combined with promestriene ointment is more effective than promestriene ointment alone in improving the efficacy of patients with atrophic vaginitis,and can better shorten the disappearance durations of symptoms such as abnormal leucorrhea,vulva pruritus and vulva burning pain,correct the disorder of vaginal microecology,and reduce the short-term recurrence rate of vaginitis,and offer good safety.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the proportion of disability adjusted life years(DALYs)attributed to aging population in common digestive system malignancies in China,and predict the proportion and the trends of DALYs attributed to aging proportion from 2022 to 2046.Methods Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021,the DALY data of esophageal cancer,stomach cancer,colorectal cancer,pancreatic cancer,liver cancer,gallbladder and biliary tract cancer of Chinese people aged≥25 years from 1990 to 2021 were selected.The age-period-birth models were used to predict the DALY of malignant tumors from 2022 to 2046.The changes of DALY from 1990 to 2046 were decomposed into population growth,population aging,and age-specific DALY rate changes,and analyze the proportion of DALY changes attributable to population aging and its change trend.Results From 1990 to 2021,the DALY change rates of esophageal cancer,stomach cancer,colorectal cancer,pancreatic cancer,liver cancer,gall-bladder and biliary tract cancer in Chinese people aged≥25 years were 18.20％,-0.34％,98.10％,164.16％,58.21％and 90.62％,respectively.Compared with 2021,the proportion of DALY changes attributed to population aging for six types of malignant tumors in 1990 was from-38.32％to-19.72％.The top three cancer types with the highest attribution ratios were stomach cancer(-38.32％),esophageal cancer(-38.07％),gallbladder and biliary tract cancer(-29.78％).The expected change rates of DALY for the six types of malignant tumors from 2021 to 2046 were 20.72％,11.50％,58.19％,57.38％,21.36％and 48.39％,respective-ly.By compared with 2021,the proportion of DALY changes of six malignant tumors attributed to population aging in 2046 was from 18.82％to 47.83％,and the top three cancers attributed to the proportion were gallbladder and biliary tract cancer(47.83％),color-ectal cancer(43.07％)and pancreatic cancer(38.76％).From 2022 to 2046,the proportion of DALY changes attributed to aging pop-ulation for the six types of malignant tumors would continue to rise(P＜0.001).The proportions of colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer attributed to population aging and the proportion of age-specific DALY rate were both positive and rising(P＜0.001),which would eventually promote the further increase of DALY.Conclusion Population aging has become the main driving factor for the growth of DALY in digestive system malignant tumors in China.The impact on DALY of colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer will be prominent in the future.Targeted prevention and control strategies should be developed to actively respond to population aging.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of autophagy induced by House dust mites(HDM)on airway epithelial tight junction through β-catenin-Snail signaling pathway.Methods Human bronchial epithelial cells(16HBE)were stimulated with HDM at different time points(0,3,6,12,24,48 h)and different concen-trations(0,40,100,200 μg/mL)to screen the appropriate stimulation concentration and stimulation time.16HBE cells were treated with oxidative stress inhibitor N-acetylcysteine(NAC),autophagy inhibitor 3-methylad-enine(3-MA),HDM,and their combinations.Cells were transfected with mCherry-EGFP-LC3B,Beclin-1-siRNA,and ATG14-siRNA lentivirus and then stimulated with NAC and HDM.Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related protein LC3B,tight junction-related proteins Occludin,and ZO-1 in airway epithelial cells.The level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)was detected by using DCFH-DA in each group.The protein expression levels of Occludin,ZO-1,LC3B,Beclin-1,ATG5,ATG14,P62,Snail,β-catenin and p-β-catenin were detected by Western blot method.Results Immunofluorescence results showed that compared with the control group,200 μg/mL HDM stimulation induced cellular autophagy,increased the expression level of LC3B protein,and promoted the level of ROS,all with statistical significances(all P<0.05).Compared with the HDM group,the HDM+3-MA,HDM+ATG14-si,and HDM+Beclin-1-si groupsall showed significantincreases in the expression levels of tight junction-related proteins Occludin and ZO-1(P<0.05).The HDM+NAC group demonstrated significant decreases both in the level of ROS andin the expression level of LC3B protein.Western blot results revealed that compared with HDM,3-MA and autophagy protein low-expression beads(Beclin-1-si,ATG14-si)attenuated HDM-induced cellular autophagy(P<0.05),inhibited HDM-induced upregulation of Snail and p-β-catenin expression,and improved HDM-induced decreases in Occludin and ZO-1(P<0.05).Moreover,compared with the HDM group,the NAC+HDM group exhibited significant decreases both in the conversion of LC3BⅠ to LC3BⅡ(P<0.001)in the protein levels of Snail,p-β-catenin,Beclin-1 and ATG14(P<0.01),but significant increases in the protein levels of Occludin and ZO-1(P<0.05).Conclusion HDM affects the tight connections between airway epithelial cells by inducing autophagy,which may be attributed to the β-catenin-Snail signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of bone metabolism parameters on cardiac autonomic nervous system function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods A total of 328 patients with T2DM hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology of Gansu Provincial People's Hospital were enrolled in this study from October 2022 to October 2023.According to the serum 25(OH)D level,all the participants were divided into<10 ng/ml group(n=80),10～20 ng/ml group(n=173),and 20～30 ng/ml group(n=75).Biochemical indicators,bone metabolic parameters,left ventricular mass(LVM)and left ventricular mass index(LVMI)were compared.Time domain indicators ofheart rate variability(HRV)in 24 h holter electrocardiogram,including the global standard deviation of normal sinus RR interval(SDNN),sinus RR interval mean standard deviation(SDANN),and normal continuous sinus RR interval difference root mean square(RMSSD).Meanwhile,adjacent RR interval difference>50 ms as a percentage of the total inter-period(PNN50),HRV triangle index,standard deviation of the difference between the length of the entire adjacent NN interperiod(SDSD),and 24 h holter electrocardiogram HRV time-domain relevant indicators were compared among the three groups.The influence of bone metabolism parameters on cardiac autonomic nervous function and their correlation were analyzed,and the optimal cutting point of cardiac autonomic nervous function was predicted by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results SBP,heart rate(HR),FPG,PWV,PTH and β-CTX in groups of 10 ng/ml,10～20 ng/ml and 20～30 ng/ml decreased in turn(P<0.05),while HDL-C,ABI,25(OH)D,Ca2+and PNN50 decreased.Correlation analysis between Spearman and Pearson showed that 25(OH)D was positively correlated with SDNN,HRV triangle index,PNN50 and rMSSD(P<0.01).Logistic regression analysis showed that 25(OH)D,Ca2+and HR were the influencing factors of cardiac autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients with T2DM.The ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the ROC curve of 25(OH)D,Ca2+and HR were 0.791,0.607 and 0.629,respectively,with sensitivity of 73.4%,53.2%and 38.7%,and specificity of 74.0%,93.6%and 81.4%,respectively.Conclusions 25(OH)D is the influencing factor of cardiac autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients with T2DM,and patients with high degree of deficiency are more prone to cardiac autonomic nervous dysfunction.