Olfactory receptors (ORs) form the largest superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Traditionally recognized for their role in the nasal olfactory epithelium, where they mediate the sense of smell, accumulating evidence has firmly established their ectopic expression in non-olfactory tissues, including the intestine, lungs, and kidneys. The intestine, as the primary site for nutrient digestion and absorption, harbors a highly complex chemical environment. To adapt to this environment, the gut employs a sophisticated network of “chemosensors” to monitor luminal contents and maintain homeostasis. Among these sensors, intestinal ORs have emerged as crucial functional components, serving as a molecular bridge that connects environmental chemical signals—such as food-derived odorants—to specific physiological responses. This discovery has significantly deepened our understanding of how dietary flavors and compounds influence intestinal physiology at the molecular level. This review systematically summarizes the expression profiles, ligand classification, and biological functions of ORs within the gastrointestinal tract. Studies indicate that intestinal ORs exhibit distinct spatial distribution patterns across different gut segments and display cell-type specificity, particularly within enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. These receptors function as versatile sensors capable of recognizing a wide variety of ligands, including exogenous dietary components, gut microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and endogenous small molecules like azelaic acid. Upon activation by specific ligands, intestinal ORs trigger intracellular signaling cascades, primarily involving the AC-cAMP-PKA pathway or calcium influx channels. A major focus of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors regulate the secretion of gut hormones. Activation of specific ORs in enteroendocrine cells has been shown to stimulate the release of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and serotonin (5-HT), thereby modulating systemic energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and gastrointestinal motility. Furthermore, the review addresses the critical roles of ORs in immune regulation and pathology. Evidence suggests that specific ORs contribute to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and may offer protection against inflammation. Beyond their involvement in inflammatory responses, ORs such as Olfr78 have been shown to regulate the differentiation and function of intestinal endocrine cells. Similarly, Olfr544 has been demonstrated to alleviate intestinal inflammation by remodeling the gut microbiome and metabolome. These findings collectively suggest that specific ORs hold promise as therapeutic targets for mitigating intestinal inflammation and maintaining gut homeostasis. Additionally, the review explores the emerging role of ORs in cancer. Although OR expression is often downregulated in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosa, activation of specific ORs by certain ligands can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration and induce apoptosis via pathways such as MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK. Conversely, other receptors, such as OR7C1, may serve as biomarkers for cancer-initiating cells. In conclusion, intestinal ORs represent a vital component of the gut’s sensory network. The review also discusses the translational potential of these findings. By elucidating the precise pairing relationships between dietary components and specific ORs, novel therapeutic strategies could be developed. Intestinal ORs may thus emerge as promising targets for nutritional and pharmacological interventions in metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and malignancies.

In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has achieved significant progress in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease （IBD）. A comprehensive literature search was conducted covering the period from January 1， 2010， to December 30， 2024， across Chinese databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data， VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database， and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System， as well as international databases such as PubMed， Web of Science， and Embase. The clinical applications and mechanistic studies of TCM in IBD were systematically reviewed. The current status of TCM research on the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD， innovative clinical practices， and multimodal therapeutic approaches， including Chinese herbal formulas， single herbs or active compounds， acupuncture， herbal retention enema， and acupoint application， were summarized， together with their synergistic effects when combined with western medical treatments. The development and application of Chinese patent medicines for IBD are undergoing a profound transition from efficacy validation to mechanistic exploration. Mechanistic studies on the effects of TCM in IBD mainly focus on regulating gut microbiota homeostasis， repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier， and modulating intestinal immune balance. Furthermore， future research directions for TCM-based IBD management are proposed， including the establishment of TCM diagnostic and treatment models， expanding integrated applications of external and internal TCM therapies， innovating personalized treatment strategies， and advancing drug development. These efforts aim to provide insights for the standardized and precision-oriented development of TCM in the diagnosis and treatment of IBD.

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of 21 respiratory pathogens in influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Jing’an District, Shanghai in 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases. MethodsData of1 907 ILI cases at four sentinel hospitals in Jing’an District were collected from January to December 2024. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected and tested for 21 respiratory pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used for data analyses. ResultsAmong the 1 907 ILI cases, 1 340 were tested positive (70.27%), including 1 160 (60.83%) virus-positive cases, 424 (22.23%) bacteria-positive cases , and 86 (4.51%) positive cases of other pathogens (fungi, mycoplasma, and chlamydia). The top five viruses by detection rate were: influenza virus (14.84%), SARS-CoV-2 (14.47%), rhinovirus (12.69%), adenovirus (7.08%), and parainfluenza virus (6.71%). The top two bacteria by detection rate were Streptococcus pneumoniae (14.47%) and Haemophilus influenzae (10.33%). Among other pathogens (fungi, mycoplasma, and chlamydia), Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed the highest detection rate (4.30%). In terms of age distribution, statistically significant differences were observed in the detection rates of SARS-CoV-2, Legionella, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (P<0.05), with the highest rates found in individuals aged 65 years and above. Statistically significant differences were also found in the detection rates of rhinovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, common coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, bocavirus, parainfluenza virus, human metapenu-movirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae among different age groups (P<0.05), all showing the highest detection rates in the 0‒<15 years age group. In terms of seasonal distribution, SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, enterovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed epidemic peaks in summer; rhinovirus, common coronavirus, bocavirus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae had higher detection rates in autumn. Influenza virus exhibited a peak incidence during winter, while human metapenu-movirus peaked in winter and spring. Significant differences in co-infection detection rates were observed among age groups, with the rate in children aged 0‒<15 years (34.81%) being the highest. The co-infection detection rate was higher in males than in females (P=0.019). Both the single-pathogen detection rate and the co-infection detection rate (P<0.001) varied significantly across seasons: the single-pathogen detection rate was highest in winter (62.06%), while the co-infection detection rate peaked in summer (31.20%) and was lowest in winter (14.52%). ConclusionBased on detection rates, the main pathogens in the ILI population of Jing’an District, Shanghai, 2024 were influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, common coronavirus, enterovirus, Human metapenu-movirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pathogen detection rates varied by age and season. Coinfection rates were much higher in children than in adults, higher in males than in females, and peaked in summer while being lowest in winter.

ObjectiveTo describe the disposal process of the first imported case of Zika virus disease in Shanghai, and to provide a reference for the prevention and control of imported infectious diseases in the future. MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of the process by which epidemiological investigation, etiological testing, and case management were performed by the Shanghai municipal-and district-level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) after one imported case of Zika virus disease was identified by Shanghai Customs. ResultsOn April 8th, 2025, customs authority at a certain airport in Shanghai identified a febrile inbound case (case A, female, 40 years old). An antecubital venous blood specimen was obtained and analyzed by nucleic acid testing for various vector-borne pathogens, by which Zika virus nucleic acid was found to be positive. On 9 April, the district CDC collected antecubital venous blood specimens again from Case A and her three accompanying travelers (B, C, and D), and nucleic acid testing was conducted for multiple mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Case A again tested positive for Zika virus nucleic acid, while Traveler D (male, aged 6 years) tested positive for dengue virus nucleic acid. The other two travelers tested negative. Case A and Traveler D were subsequently transferred to a designated district hospital for isolation and treatment. After discharge, both cases left China and returned to their overseas residence. ConclusionCase A was the first imported case of Zika virus disease in Shanghai. For cases with a history of living in endemic areas of multiple infectious diseases such as dengue virus, Zika virus and chikungunya virus, it is necessary to carry out rapid testing of multiple pathogens simultaneously to prevent missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis.

AIM To investigate the renal protective effects of Qizhi Tongluo Formula on a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy.METHODS The male db/db mice were randomly divided into the model group,the dapagliflozin group(0.76 mg/kg)and the low,medium and high dose Qizhi Tongluo Formula groups(7.83,15.65 and 31.3 g/kg),with 6 mice in each group,in contrast to the 6 db/m mice of the control group.When the mice of the control group and the model group were given distilled water by gavage,those of the other administration groups were dosed with the corresponding drug by gavage once daily for 8 weeks.After the drug administration,the mice had their levels of FBG,BUN,Scr and 24 h-UTP detected;their renal pathological changes observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and HE staining;their levels of serum Nrf2,HO-1,Keap1 and renal oxidative stress assessed by ELISA;their renal Nrf2 protein expression observed by immunofluorescence(IF);their renal protein expressions of Nrf2,HO-1 and Keap1 detected by Western blot;and their renal Nrf2,HO-1,and Keap1 mRNA expressions detected by RT-qPCR.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the model group displayed increased levels of 24 h-UTP,Scr,FBG and renal MDA(P＜0.01);decreased renal activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px(P＜0.01);mild glomerular mesangial hyperplasia,vacuolated renal tubular epithelial cells,widely fused podocyte foot processes,disappearance of tear film,decreased secretion levels of serum Nrf2 and HO-1 and renal protein and mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);and decreased secretion levels of serum Keap1 and renal Keap1 protein and mRNA expressions(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the high-dose Qizhi Tongluo Formula group demonstrated decreased levels of 24 h-UTP,Scr,FBG and renal MDA(P＜0.01);increased renal activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px(P＜0.01);alleviated renal pathological damage,increased secretion levels of serum Nrf2 and HO-1 and renal protein and mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P＜0.01);and increased level of serum Keap1 secretion and renal Keap1 protein and mRNA expressions(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Qizhi Tongluo Formula can inhibit oxidative stress and alleviate kidney damage in db/db mice by activating Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling pathway.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Citri reticulatae Pericarpium Viride and their anti-triple negative breast cancer activities in vitro.METHODS The ethanolic extract of Citri reticulatae Pericarpium Viride was isolated and purified by silica gel,polyamide,MCI,Sephadex LH-20 and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.The anti-triple negative breast cancer activities were screened by SRB assay,and their effects on the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer cell lines HCC1806,HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 in vitro were evaluated.RESULTS Twenty compounds were isolated and identified as nobiletin(1),tangeritin(2),5,4'-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy flavonoid(3),naringenin(4),artemetin(5),5-demethynobiletin(6),3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxy flavonoid(7),5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone(8),xanthomicrol(9),p-hydroxycinnamic acid(10),5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,3'-tetramethoxyflavone(11),pectolinarigenin(12),4'-dihydroxy-5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone(13),hispidulin(14),4',5,6,7-tetramethoxy-flavone(15),1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexane-1,2-diol(16),umbelliferone(17),5-hydroxymethyl furfural(18),hydroquinone(19),1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde(20).Compound 8 showed a significant inhibitory effect with the IC50 value of(5.36±0.24)μmol/L on HCC1806 cells.CONCLUSION Compound 20 is isolated from genus Citrus for the first time,8,12-13,16-17 are isolated from this plant for the first time.Compound 8 show inhibitory effects on the proliferation of HCC1806,HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and have the strongest activities.Compounds 3-4,11-12,15,17 and 19 show strong inhibitory effect on HCC1806 cells.Compounds 15,19 also inhibit the proliferation of HCC1937 cells in vitro.

[Purpose]To analyze the incidence and mortality rates of female breast cancer in Henan Province in 2020 and the trends from 2010 to 2020.[Methods]Breast cancer incidence and mor-tality data stratified by urban and rural areas and age groups were collected from Henan Provincial tumor registry,and the province's household population statistics were used.The crude incidence/mortality rate,age-standardized incidence/mortality rate by Chinese standard population(ASIRC/ASMRC)and world standard population(ASIRW/ASMRW),cumulative rate(0～74 year old)were calculated.The annual percentage change(APC),average annual percentage change(AAPC)and 95％confidence interval(CI)were calculated using Joinpoint software to analyze the trends of the incidence and mortality from 2010 to 2020.[Results]In 2020,24 744 new cases and 4 989 deaths of female breast cancer were documented in Henan Province,with a crude incidence rate of 46.96/105,ASIRC of 38.43/105 and ASIRW of 35.71/105;a crude mortality rate of 9.47/105,ASMRC of 6.80/105 and ASMRW of 6.72/105,respectively.The above indicators in urban areas were signifi-cantly higher than those in rural areas.The highest incidence was observed in the age group of 50～54 years old,while the highest mortality reached in the age group of 85 years old and above.From 2010 to 2020,the overall incidence of female breast cancer showed a slow upward trend(AAPC=2.09％,95％CI:0.62％～3.58％,P=0.010),while the mortality rate exhibited a signif-icant downward trend(AAPC=-3.49％,95％CI:-5.62％～-1.30％,P=0.005).[Conclusion]The incidence and mortality rates of female breast cancer in Henan Province are still at a high level,and corresponding preventive measures and control strategies are needed to effectively reduce the health hazards of breast cancer to women.

AIM To investigate the renal protective effects of Qizhi Tongluo Formula on a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy.METHODS The male db/db mice were randomly divided into the model group,the dapagliflozin group(0.76 mg/kg)and the low,medium and high dose Qizhi Tongluo Formula groups(7.83,15.65 and 31.3 g/kg),with 6 mice in each group,in contrast to the 6 db/m mice of the control group.When the mice of the control group and the model group were given distilled water by gavage,those of the other administration groups were dosed with the corresponding drug by gavage once daily for 8 weeks.After the drug administration,the mice had their levels of FBG,BUN,Scr and 24 h-UTP detected;their renal pathological changes observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and HE staining;their levels of serum Nrf2,HO-1,Keap1 and renal oxidative stress assessed by ELISA;their renal Nrf2 protein expression observed by immunofluorescence(IF);their renal protein expressions of Nrf2,HO-1 and Keap1 detected by Western blot;and their renal Nrf2,HO-1,and Keap1 mRNA expressions detected by RT-qPCR.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the model group displayed increased levels of 24 h-UTP,Scr,FBG and renal MDA(P＜0.01);decreased renal activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px(P＜0.01);mild glomerular mesangial hyperplasia,vacuolated renal tubular epithelial cells,widely fused podocyte foot processes,disappearance of tear film,decreased secretion levels of serum Nrf2 and HO-1 and renal protein and mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);and decreased secretion levels of serum Keap1 and renal Keap1 protein and mRNA expressions(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the high-dose Qizhi Tongluo Formula group demonstrated decreased levels of 24 h-UTP,Scr,FBG and renal MDA(P＜0.01);increased renal activities of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px(P＜0.01);alleviated renal pathological damage,increased secretion levels of serum Nrf2 and HO-1 and renal protein and mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1(P＜0.01);and increased level of serum Keap1 secretion and renal Keap1 protein and mRNA expressions(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Qizhi Tongluo Formula can inhibit oxidative stress and alleviate kidney damage in db/db mice by activating Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling pathway.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Citri reticulatae Pericarpium Viride and their anti-triple negative breast cancer activities in vitro.METHODS The ethanolic extract of Citri reticulatae Pericarpium Viride was isolated and purified by silica gel,polyamide,MCI,Sephadex LH-20 and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.The anti-triple negative breast cancer activities were screened by SRB assay,and their effects on the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer cell lines HCC1806,HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 in vitro were evaluated.RESULTS Twenty compounds were isolated and identified as nobiletin(1),tangeritin(2),5,4'-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy flavonoid(3),naringenin(4),artemetin(5),5-demethynobiletin(6),3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxy flavonoid(7),5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone(8),xanthomicrol(9),p-hydroxycinnamic acid(10),5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,3'-tetramethoxyflavone(11),pectolinarigenin(12),4'-dihydroxy-5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone(13),hispidulin(14),4',5,6,7-tetramethoxy-flavone(15),1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexane-1,2-diol(16),umbelliferone(17),5-hydroxymethyl furfural(18),hydroquinone(19),1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde(20).Compound 8 showed a significant inhibitory effect with the IC50 value of(5.36±0.24)μmol/L on HCC1806 cells.CONCLUSION Compound 20 is isolated from genus Citrus for the first time,8,12-13,16-17 are isolated from this plant for the first time.Compound 8 show inhibitory effects on the proliferation of HCC1806,HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and have the strongest activities.Compounds 3-4,11-12,15,17 and 19 show strong inhibitory effect on HCC1806 cells.Compounds 15,19 also inhibit the proliferation of HCC1937 cells in vitro.

[Purpose]To analyze the incidence and mortality rates of female breast cancer in Henan Province in 2020 and the trends from 2010 to 2020.[Methods]Breast cancer incidence and mor-tality data stratified by urban and rural areas and age groups were collected from Henan Provincial tumor registry,and the province's household population statistics were used.The crude incidence/mortality rate,age-standardized incidence/mortality rate by Chinese standard population(ASIRC/ASMRC)and world standard population(ASIRW/ASMRW),cumulative rate(0～74 year old)were calculated.The annual percentage change(APC),average annual percentage change(AAPC)and 95％confidence interval(CI)were calculated using Joinpoint software to analyze the trends of the incidence and mortality from 2010 to 2020.[Results]In 2020,24 744 new cases and 4 989 deaths of female breast cancer were documented in Henan Province,with a crude incidence rate of 46.96/105,ASIRC of 38.43/105 and ASIRW of 35.71/105;a crude mortality rate of 9.47/105,ASMRC of 6.80/105 and ASMRW of 6.72/105,respectively.The above indicators in urban areas were signifi-cantly higher than those in rural areas.The highest incidence was observed in the age group of 50～54 years old,while the highest mortality reached in the age group of 85 years old and above.From 2010 to 2020,the overall incidence of female breast cancer showed a slow upward trend(AAPC=2.09％,95％CI:0.62％～3.58％,P=0.010),while the mortality rate exhibited a signif-icant downward trend(AAPC=-3.49％,95％CI:-5.62％～-1.30％,P=0.005).[Conclusion]The incidence and mortality rates of female breast cancer in Henan Province are still at a high level,and corresponding preventive measures and control strategies are needed to effectively reduce the health hazards of breast cancer to women.