Objective:To investigate the feasibility of DNA tetrahedral framework (DNA-TH) as a carrier and adjuvant for mucosal vaccines, using streptavidin (SA) as a model antigen.Methods:DNA-TH was designed using software, integrating the adjuvant CpG sequence into its structure. After in vitro synthesis, it was conjugated with SA to form SA-DNA-TH nanoparticles. In vitro experiments: free SA and the two-dimensional structure SA-CpG (SA directly conjugated to CpG) were used as controls. The uptake efficiency of SA-DNA-TH by mouse primary macrophages and its ability to activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were evaluated. In vivo experiments: following submucosal oral injection, a mixture of free SA and free CpG (mixed group) was used as a control. The distribution of SA within mouse lymph nodes was observed using immunofluorescence staining. Levels of SA-specific antibodies (serum IgG, IgM; salivary sIgA) in serum and saliva were measured to assess humoral and mucosal immune responses.Results:Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the successful synthesis of DNA-TH and SA-DNA-TH. In vitro experiments: SA-DNA-TH was rapidly taken up by primary macrophages. Its uptake rate (92.65%±4.43%) was significantly higher than that of the SA-CpG group (25.37%±3.56%) and the free SA group (1.80%±1.02%; both P<0.01). SA-DNA-TH also induced significantly stronger APC activation (OD value fold increase: 3.60±0.32) compared to the free SA group (1.13±0.10) and the SA-CpG group (1.21±0.02; both P<0.01). In vivo experiments: lymph node distribution analysis revealed overlapping signals of SA with subcapsular sinus macrophages (SCSMs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in the SA-DNA-TH group, whereas SA signals appeared dispersed and non-overlapping with APCs in the mixed group. Regarding immunogenicity, both serum anti-SA antibody (IgG+IgM) titers and salivary anti-SA sIgA antibody titers induced by SA-DNA-TH were significantly higher than those in the mixed group and the blank control group (both P<0.05). Conclusion:DNA-TH effectively delivers the model antigen SA to antigen-presenting cells, significantly induces the production of serum-specific antibodies, and activates mucosal immune responses. It demonstrates potential as a carrier and adjuvant for developing mucosal vaccines.

Objective:To investigate the feasibility of DNA tetrahedral framework (DNA-TH) as a carrier and adjuvant for mucosal vaccines, using streptavidin (SA) as a model antigen.Methods:DNA-TH was designed using software, integrating the adjuvant CpG sequence into its structure. After in vitro synthesis, it was conjugated with SA to form SA-DNA-TH nanoparticles. In vitro experiments: free SA and the two-dimensional structure SA-CpG (SA directly conjugated to CpG) were used as controls. The uptake efficiency of SA-DNA-TH by mouse primary macrophages and its ability to activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were evaluated. In vivo experiments: following submucosal oral injection, a mixture of free SA and free CpG (mixed group) was used as a control. The distribution of SA within mouse lymph nodes was observed using immunofluorescence staining. Levels of SA-specific antibodies (serum IgG, IgM; salivary sIgA) in serum and saliva were measured to assess humoral and mucosal immune responses.Results:Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the successful synthesis of DNA-TH and SA-DNA-TH. In vitro experiments: SA-DNA-TH was rapidly taken up by primary macrophages. Its uptake rate (92.65%±4.43%) was significantly higher than that of the SA-CpG group (25.37%±3.56%) and the free SA group (1.80%±1.02%; both P<0.01). SA-DNA-TH also induced significantly stronger APC activation (OD value fold increase: 3.60±0.32) compared to the free SA group (1.13±0.10) and the SA-CpG group (1.21±0.02; both P<0.01). In vivo experiments: lymph node distribution analysis revealed overlapping signals of SA with subcapsular sinus macrophages (SCSMs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in the SA-DNA-TH group, whereas SA signals appeared dispersed and non-overlapping with APCs in the mixed group. Regarding immunogenicity, both serum anti-SA antibody (IgG+IgM) titers and salivary anti-SA sIgA antibody titers induced by SA-DNA-TH were significantly higher than those in the mixed group and the blank control group (both P<0.05). Conclusion:DNA-TH effectively delivers the model antigen SA to antigen-presenting cells, significantly induces the production of serum-specific antibodies, and activates mucosal immune responses. It demonstrates potential as a carrier and adjuvant for developing mucosal vaccines.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the Chinese Han national criteria for the thickness of upper lip in Chongqing and to investigate the effect of lip thickness on lip retraction in orthodontic treatment.
 METHODS: A total of 240 adult patients (male=120, female=120) of Chinese Han nationality aged 18-35 years in Chongqing were treated with cephalograms and measured the thickness of upper lip. We established the Chinese Han national criteria for the thickness of upper lip in Chongqing according to the results. Sixty-eight female patients with Angle II 1 from Department of Orthodontics Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were treated with maxillary premolars extraction, and pre- and post-treated with lateral cephalograms, then divided into 3 groups according to our criteria: a thin lips group, a normal lips group and a thick lips group. The ratio of the incisors retraction and the upper lip retraction were measured and calculated. The correlation between incisors retraction and the upper lip retraction was analyzed by the Pearson correlation method.
 RESULTS: There was statistical significance in the thickness of upper lip between males and females (P<0.01). The ratio of maxillary inscior retraction to the upper lip soft tissue retraction was 1.6:1, 2.2:1 and 2.9:1 in the thin lips group, the normal lips group and the thick lips group, respectively.
 CONCLUSION Gender differences exist in the thickness of upper lip. Upper lip retraction with the incisors was negatively correlated with the soft tissue thickness of the upper lip in females with Angle II 1.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Bicuspid ; Cephalometry ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Lip ; anatomy & histology ; Male ; Tooth Extraction ; Young Adult

Objective To objectively evaluate the intrusion effects on the maxillary incisors of implants versus conventional method(J-hook headgear ,utility arch) .Methods Such online databases as Cochrane library ,PubMed ,EMbase ,VIP ,Wanfang and CNKI were searched by randomized control test and prospective case controlled study about implants vs conventional anchorage for the maxillary incisor intrusion .After study selection ,assessment and data extraction conducted ,meta-analyses were performed by u-sing the RevMan 5 .1 software .Results Totally 11 studies were included ,6 studies involving 154 patients were included in the J-hook headgear group ,5 studies involving 127 patients were included in the utility arch group .The results of meta-analyses showed that :(1)Compared with the J-hook headgear ,implants had more decrement in the distance of upper center incisior cutting to palatal plane(P<0 .001) ,more decrement in overbite(P=0 .001) ,shorter treatment time (P<0 .001) ,less increase in SN-OP angle(P=0 .004) ,less decrement in distance of maxillary molar cusp to palatal plane (P=0 .020);There was no statistically significant differ-ence in overjet ,root resorption(P>0 .05) .(2)Compared with the utility arch ,implants had more decrement in the distance of the center of resistance of the upper incisor to palatal plane (P=0 .010) ,less increase in U6-PP angle (P<0 .001);There was no statis-tically significant difference in the distance of upper center incisior cutting to palatal plane ,U1-PP angle ,the distance of upper first Molar cutting to palatal plane ,sagittal position of the mesial tip of the upper first Molar ,overbite ,overjet ,course of treatment ,root resorption(P>0 .05) .Conclusion The implants anchorage intruded the maxillary incisor was better than conventional method (J-hook headgear ,utility arch) ,it has more incisor intrusion ,shorter treatment time and more comfortable for the patients ,there was no difference in root resorption between the two groups .