Prescribing cascade is a common inappropriate drug use, which will produce and amplify the risk of polypharmacy, causing unrecognized adverse drug reactions or drug-induced diseases, but it is often ignored by clinicians and pharmacists. Prescribing cascade can not only cause harm to patients, but also lead to waste of medical resources and increases the medical burden. This paper reviews the related research progress of the prevention, identification and management of the prescribing cascade, and puts forward suggestions on the identification, termination and research methods of the prescribing cascade. Chinese medical staff should improve their understanding of prescribing cascade, strengthen relevant research, understand the current situation and characteristics of prescribing cascade in China, formulate a list of prescription cascade and study relevant management strategies.

Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an important problem in clinical diagnosis and treatment, and basic research related to ADR is essential. Exploring the mechanism of ADR through basic research can provide a theoretical basis for formulating effective prevention strategies and targeted treatment programs for ADR; many safety problems found in the process of clinical medication can be effectively verified and solved through basic research, such as the dose-response (toxicity) relationship of drugs and drug interactions; basic research related to drug toxicity is an indispensable key link in the process of drug research and development, and its research results are directly related to the safety of candidate compounds and the feasibility of clinical application. At present, there is a limited amount of literature on the basic research related to the mechanism of ADR in China. It is hoped that more researchers will pay attention to basic research related to ADR and drug safety, and promote the development of this field to a higher level.

Objective:To analyze the screening results of the Urban Cancer Early Diagnosis and Treatment Project in Qinghai Province from 2019 to 2024.Methods:A summary and statistical analysis were conducted on six years of screening data from the Urban Cancer Early Dia-gnosis and Treatment Program in Qinghai Province,with the high-risk rate,screening rate,and detection rate calculated separately for each type of cancer.Results:From 2019 to 2024,56,882 high-risk individuals were identified.The high-risk rates for lung,colorectal,breast,up-per gastrointestinal,and liver cancer were 22.02%,21.57%,14.23%,13.52%,and 6.10%,respectively.Overall,13,592 individuals com-pleted clinical screening,with detection rates of 0.32%for lung cancer,0.41%for liver cancer,0.08%for precancerous gastric lesions,3.63%for precancerous colorectal lesions,0.08%for esophageal cancer,0.16%for gastric cancer,and 0.14%for colorectal cancer.Conclusions:The implementation of the Urban Cancer Early Diagnosis and Treatment Program in Qinghai Province aids in the early detection of cancer,improves early diagnosis and survival rates,and reduces mortality.Nevertheless,due to low public awareness and limited participation,en-hancements in program management and public outreach are required.

Prescribing cascade is a common inappropriate drug use, which will produce and amplify the risk of polypharmacy, causing unrecognized adverse drug reactions or drug-induced diseases, but it is often ignored by clinicians and pharmacists. Prescribing cascade can not only cause harm to patients, but also lead to waste of medical resources and increases the medical burden. This paper reviews the related research progress of the prevention, identification and management of the prescribing cascade, and puts forward suggestions on the identification, termination and research methods of the prescribing cascade. Chinese medical staff should improve their understanding of prescribing cascade, strengthen relevant research, understand the current situation and characteristics of prescribing cascade in China, formulate a list of prescription cascade and study relevant management strategies.

Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an important problem in clinical diagnosis and treatment, and basic research related to ADR is essential. Exploring the mechanism of ADR through basic research can provide a theoretical basis for formulating effective prevention strategies and targeted treatment programs for ADR; many safety problems found in the process of clinical medication can be effectively verified and solved through basic research, such as the dose-response (toxicity) relationship of drugs and drug interactions; basic research related to drug toxicity is an indispensable key link in the process of drug research and development, and its research results are directly related to the safety of candidate compounds and the feasibility of clinical application. At present, there is a limited amount of literature on the basic research related to the mechanism of ADR in China. It is hoped that more researchers will pay attention to basic research related to ADR and drug safety, and promote the development of this field to a higher level.

Objective:To analyze the screening results of the Urban Cancer Early Diagnosis and Treatment Project in Qinghai Province from 2019 to 2024.Methods:A summary and statistical analysis were conducted on six years of screening data from the Urban Cancer Early Dia-gnosis and Treatment Program in Qinghai Province,with the high-risk rate,screening rate,and detection rate calculated separately for each type of cancer.Results:From 2019 to 2024,56,882 high-risk individuals were identified.The high-risk rates for lung,colorectal,breast,up-per gastrointestinal,and liver cancer were 22.02%,21.57%,14.23%,13.52%,and 6.10%,respectively.Overall,13,592 individuals com-pleted clinical screening,with detection rates of 0.32%for lung cancer,0.41%for liver cancer,0.08%for precancerous gastric lesions,3.63%for precancerous colorectal lesions,0.08%for esophageal cancer,0.16%for gastric cancer,and 0.14%for colorectal cancer.Conclusions:The implementation of the Urban Cancer Early Diagnosis and Treatment Program in Qinghai Province aids in the early detection of cancer,improves early diagnosis and survival rates,and reduces mortality.Nevertheless,due to low public awareness and limited participation,en-hancements in program management and public outreach are required.

Osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture (OPHF) is one of the common osteoporotic fractures in the aged, with an incidence only lower than vertebral compression fracture, hip fracture, and distal radius fracture. OPHF, secondary to osteoporosis and characterized by poor bone quality, comminuted fracture pattern, slow healing, and severely impaired shoulder joint function, poses a big challenge to the current clinical diagnosis and treatment. In the field of diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of OPHF, traditional Chinese and Western medicine have accumulated rich experience and evidence from evidence-based medicine and achieved favorable outcomes. However, there is still a lack of guidance from a relevant consensus as to how to integrate the advantages of the two medical systems and achieve the integrated diagnosis and treatment. To promote the diagnosis and treatment of OPHF with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, relevant experts from Orthopedic Expert Committee of Geriatric Branch of Chinese Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Youth Osteoporosis Group of Orthopedic Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Osteoporosis Group of Orthopedic Surgeon Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, and Osteoporosis Committee of Shanghai Association of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine have been organized to formulate Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporotic proximal humeral fracture with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine ( version 2024) by searching related literatures and based on the evidences from evidence-based medicine. This consensus consists of 13 recommendations about the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of OPHF with integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, aimed at standardizing, systematizing, and personalizing the diagnosis and treatment of OPHF with integrated traditional Chinse and Western medicine to improve the patients ′ function.

Old drugs are generally considered as drugs that have been on the market for many years and are well known by medical workers and the public. There are still many unsolved problems about the safety of older drugs. Some adverse reactions of old drugs may not be fully understood at present, the safety of their application in special populations still needs long-term monitoring, the study on mechanism of many adverse reactions of old drugs need to be strengthened, and most adverse reactions lack specific diagnostic biomarkers and effective prevention and treatment measures. The adverse reaction content in the old drug labels needs to be continuously improved, and many safety issues in drug application still require standardized expert consensus and guidance.

Old drugs are generally considered as drugs that have been on the market for many years and are well known by medical workers and the public. There are still many unsolved problems about the safety of older drugs. Some adverse reactions of old drugs may not be fully understood at present, the safety of their application in special populations still needs long-term monitoring, the study on mechanism of many adverse reactions of old drugs need to be strengthened, and most adverse reactions lack specific diagnostic biomarkers and effective prevention and treatment measures. The adverse reaction content in the old drug labels needs to be continuously improved, and many safety issues in drug application still require standardized expert consensus and guidance.

Conducting quality evaluation of adverse drug reaction (ADR) case report and obtaining accurate, objective and scientific data is related to the level and quality of the entire monitoring work, and is an important basis for drug regulatory departments to formulate safety regulatory measures. The research progress and application status of the methodology of quality evaluation of ADR reports abroad were investigated through literature search in this paper. It mainly includes 3 different evaluation methods (WHO quality evaluation method, clinical documentation tool, ADR report quality algorithm) from Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Netherlands and Australia. There are currently 2 versions of ADR report quality evaluation methods in China, which are included in the appendices of the 2005 and 2012 editions of the "Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting and Monitoring Work Manual". Different ADR report quality evaluation methods have different focus points, and it is necessary to develop a scientific evaluation method suitable to provide reference for the quality supervision and management of ADR in China.