Social working memory (SWM)-the ability to maintain and manipulate social information in the brain-plays a crucial role in social interactions. However, research on SWM is still in its infancy and is often treated as a unitary construct. In the present study, we propose that SWM can be conceptualized as having two relatively independent components: "externally oriented SWM" (e-SWM) and "internally oriented SWM" (i-SWM). To test this external-internal hypothesis, participants were tasked with memorizing and ranking either facial expressions (e-SWM) or personality traits (i-SWM) associated with images of faces. We then examined the neural correlates of these two SWM components and their functional roles in empathy. The results showed distinct activations as the e-SWM task activated the postcentral and precentral gyri while the i-SWM task activated the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex and superior frontal gyrus. Distinct multivariate activation patterns were also found within the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex in the two tasks. Moreover, partial least squares analyses combining brain activation and individual differences in empathy showed that e-SWM and i-SWM brain activities were mainly correlated with affective empathy and cognitive empathy, respectively. These findings implicate distinct brain processes as well as functional roles of the two types of SWM, providing support for the internal-external hypothesis of SWM.
Humans ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology* ; Male ; Female ; Empathy/physiology* ; Young Adult ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Adult ; Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Brain Mapping ; Facial Expression ; Social Behavior ; Facial Recognition/physiology* ; Social Perception ; Personality/physiology*

ObjectiveTo establish the multi-technique characteristic profiles of Alumen by X-ray diffraction（XRD）， Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis（TG-DTA）， and to explore the spectral characteristics for rapid identification of Alumen and its potential adulterant， Ammonium alum. MethodsA total of 27 batches of Alumen samples from 8 production regions were collected for preliminary identification based on visual characteristics. The PDF standard cards of XRD were used to differentiate Alumen from A. alum， and the XRD characteristic profiles of Alumen were established， and then the common peaks were screened. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis（HCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）， the characteristic information that could be used for identification of Alumen was selected with variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1. FTIR characteristic profiles of Alumen were established， and key wavenumbers for identification were screened by HCA and OPLS-DA with VIP value>1. Meanwhile， the thermogravimetric differences between Alumen and A. alum were analyzed by TG-DTA， and the thermogravimetric traits that could be used for identification were screened. ResultsAlumen and A. alum could not be effectively distinguished by traits alone. However， by comparing the PDF standard cards of XRD， 15 batches of Alumen and 12 batches of A. alum could be distinguished. In the XRD profiles， 10 characteristic peaks were confirmed， corresponding to diffraction angles of 14.560°， 24.316°， 12.620°， 32.122°， 17.898°， 34.642°， 27.496°， 46.048°， 40.697° and 21.973°. In the FTIR profiles， 4 wavenumber ranges（399.193-403.050， 1 186.010-1 471.420， 1 801.190-2 620.790， 3 612.020-3 997.710 cm^-1） and 12 characteristic wavenumbers（1 428.994， 1 430.922， 1 432.851， 1 434.779， 1 436.708， 1 438.636， 1 440.565， 1 442.493， 1 444.422， 1 446.350， 1 448.279， 1 450.207 cm^-1） were identified. In the TG-DTA profiles， there were characteristic decomposition peaks of ammonium ion and mass reduction features near 555.34 ℃ for A. alum. These characteristics could serve as important criteria for distinguishing the authenticity of Alumen. ConclusionXRD， FTIR and TG-DTA can be used to rapidly detect Alumen and A. alum， and combined with the discriminant features selected through chemometrics， the rapid and accurate identification of Alumen and A. alum can be achieved. The research findings provide new approaches for the rapid identification of Alumen.

ObjectiveTo establish the multi-technique characteristic profiles of Alumen by X-ray diffraction（XRD）， Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis（TG-DTA）， and to explore the spectral characteristics for rapid identification of Alumen and its potential adulterant， Ammonium alum. MethodsA total of 27 batches of Alumen samples from 8 production regions were collected for preliminary identification based on visual characteristics. The PDF standard cards of XRD were used to differentiate Alumen from A. alum， and the XRD characteristic profiles of Alumen were established， and then the common peaks were screened. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis（HCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）， the characteristic information that could be used for identification of Alumen was selected with variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1. FTIR characteristic profiles of Alumen were established， and key wavenumbers for identification were screened by HCA and OPLS-DA with VIP value>1. Meanwhile， the thermogravimetric differences between Alumen and A. alum were analyzed by TG-DTA， and the thermogravimetric traits that could be used for identification were screened. ResultsAlumen and A. alum could not be effectively distinguished by traits alone. However， by comparing the PDF standard cards of XRD， 15 batches of Alumen and 12 batches of A. alum could be distinguished. In the XRD profiles， 10 characteristic peaks were confirmed， corresponding to diffraction angles of 14.560°， 24.316°， 12.620°， 32.122°， 17.898°， 34.642°， 27.496°， 46.048°， 40.697° and 21.973°. In the FTIR profiles， 4 wavenumber ranges（399.193-403.050， 1 186.010-1 471.420， 1 801.190-2 620.790， 3 612.020-3 997.710 cm^-1） and 12 characteristic wavenumbers（1 428.994， 1 430.922， 1 432.851， 1 434.779， 1 436.708， 1 438.636， 1 440.565， 1 442.493， 1 444.422， 1 446.350， 1 448.279， 1 450.207 cm^-1） were identified. In the TG-DTA profiles， there were characteristic decomposition peaks of ammonium ion and mass reduction features near 555.34 ℃ for A. alum. These characteristics could serve as important criteria for distinguishing the authenticity of Alumen. ConclusionXRD， FTIR and TG-DTA can be used to rapidly detect Alumen and A. alum， and combined with the discriminant features selected through chemometrics， the rapid and accurate identification of Alumen and A. alum can be achieved. The research findings provide new approaches for the rapid identification of Alumen.

Alzheimer disease(AD)is a neurological disease characterized by cognitive decline.AD continuum refers to the dynamic development progression from early pathological changes to obvious clinical symptoms,covering the continuous spectrum of subjective cognition decline(SCD)stage,mild cognitive impairment(MCI)stage and dementia stage.As one of the key brain regions involved in early stage,hippocampus(HP)in AD continuum is closely related to the progression of disease.MRI has been widely used in the study of HP in the AD continuum.The progresses in structural and functional MRI research of HP changes in AD continuum were reviewed in this article.

Alzheimer disease(AD)is a neurological disease characterized by cognitive decline.AD continuum refers to the dynamic development progression from early pathological changes to obvious clinical symptoms,covering the continuous spectrum of subjective cognition decline(SCD)stage,mild cognitive impairment(MCI)stage and dementia stage.As one of the key brain regions involved in early stage,hippocampus(HP)in AD continuum is closely related to the progression of disease.MRI has been widely used in the study of HP in the AD continuum.The progresses in structural and functional MRI research of HP changes in AD continuum were reviewed in this article.

Objective To study the relationship among the sense of organizational fairness, innovative self-efficacy (ISE) and innovative behavior in nurses. Methods A total of 392 nurses from a grade A tertiary hospital were selected as the research subjects using convenience sampling method. The Organizational Fairness Scale, Innovation Self-efficacy Scale, and Innovation Behavior Scale were used to evaluate the sense of organizational fairness, ISE, and innovation behavior, respectively. The mediate equation model was constructed, and Bootstrap analysis was applied for validation. Results The scores for organizational fairness, ISE, and innovative behavior among the nurses were (67.8±15.2), (23.9±3.5), and (30.5±6.7) points, respectively. Organizational fairness score was positively correlated with both innovative behavior and ISE scores ［correlation coefficients (r) were 0.38 and 0.36, respectively, both P<0.01］. ISE score was positively correlated with innovative behavior total score (r=0.51, P<0.01). The results of the mediation analysis indicated that the total effect of organizational fairness on innovation behavior was 0.34 (P<0.01),with a direct effect of 0.17 (P<0.01). ISE plays a mediating role between organizational fairness and innovation behavior among nurses(P<0.01) with standardized mediation effect of 0.17, accounting for 50.0% of the total effect. Conclusion Organizational fairness can influence the ability of innovative behavior directly or through the mediating role of ISE.

OBJECT IVE To provide reference for relevant decision-makers to formulate policies to guide the transfer of pharmaceutical industry. METHODS Using the statistical data from 2000 to 2019，taking industrial transfer index as index ，on the basis of 4 regions，our country was divided into 8 comprehensive economic areas ：the eastern coastal area ，the southern coastal area，the northern coastal area ，the middle reaches of the Yellow River area ，the middle reaches of the Yangtze River area ，the northeast area ，the southwest area and the northwest area. The regional characteristics and regularity of China ’s pharmaceutical industrial transfer were discussed in terms of space and time. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS From 2004 to 2019，among the 31 provinces，pharmaceutical industry was transferred in 19 provinces，including Jilin ，Shandong，Henan and Gansu ，accounting for 61.3％；pharmaceutical industry was transferred out in 12 provinces，including Hebei ，Beijing，Xinjiang and Hubei ，accounting for 38.7％. There were 12 provinces whose absolute average values of industrial transfer index were greater than 0.2，indicating that China’s pharmaceutical industry had undergone large-scale migration among provinces ，and the scale of pharmaceutical industrial transfer varied significantly among provinces. From the perspective of regional distribution ，4 pharmaceutical industrial transfer-in centers had been formed in China ，the eastern coastal area ，the northeast area ，the middle reaches of the Yangtze River area and the southern coastal area ；industrial transfer followed the location selection mode from within areas to between areas. From the perspective of time change trend ，there was a phenomenon of gradient deviation in the transfer of pharmaceutical industry in various areas of China ，and there are 5 evolution types ，mainly including “up and down fluctuation ”，“first decrease and then increase”，“first increase and then decrease ”；the transfer of pharmaceutical industry was active in most areas ，and the transfer path remained relatively stable. In some areas ，the roles of transfer-out place and transfer-in place had been exchanged. According to the scale and trend of industrial transfer ，each area should formulate guiding policies to realize the coordinated development of inter-regional pharmaceutical industry.

Objective:To simulate the occupancy rates of baicalein， quercetin and galangin on the target sites of xanthine oxidase in vivo. Method:In this experiment， the half inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） of febuxostat， baicalein， quercetin and galangin against xanthine oxidase were determined by in vitro enzymatic reaction. Binding free energy was predicted by molecular docking technology and their association rate constant （k_on） and dissociation rate constant （k_off） were determined by surface plasmon resonance technology. Based on measured binding kinetic parameters （k_on and k_off） and extracted pharmacokinetic data， the target occupancy model in vivo was established. Result:The IC₅₀ values of febuxostat， baicalein， quercetin and galangin were 0.002 7， 1.63， 0.38， 1.59 µmol·L^-1， respectively. The IC₅₀ of febuxostat was very close to that reported in the literature. The predicted curve of target occupancy rate in vivo of febuxostat was consistent with its duration of clinical efficacy. When single intragastric administration of long-circulating liposomes of quercetin with dose of 100 mg·kg^-1 in rats， the time of target occupancy rate >70% in vivo lasted for about 3.9 h. When rats were orally administered baicalein and galangin with dose of 200 mg·kg^-1， the time of target occupancy rate >50% in vivo lasted for about 10 h and 1.7 h， respectively. Conclusion:The prediction model of xanthine oxidase target occupancy constructed by drug target binding kinetics and in vivo pharmacokinetic curves can effectively evaluate the in vivo inhibitory activity of compounds against the target.

Objective:To explore the value of three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (3D-STI) in the diagnosis of immunoglobulin light-chain cardiac amyloidosis(AL-CA) patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).Methods:A total of 92 consecutive patients diagnosed with systemic immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis(sAL) and with normal LVEF from October 2014 to January 2018 in Xijing Hospital were enrolled.Based on the diagnostic criteria of cardiac involvement, the patients were divided into AL-CA group (52 cases) and immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) group (40 cases). The clinical data and serological markers of the patients were collected, the conventional echocardiography and full-volume three dimensional dynamic images were acquired, left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS), global radial strain (GRS), global circumferential strain (GCS), and global area strain (GAS) were analyzed using off-line TomTec software. The differences between the two groups were compared.Results:Compared with the AL group, the NT-proBNP of AL-CA group was significantly higher ( P<0.05) and there were no significant differences of the other serological indexes between the two groups(all P>0.05). Compared with the AL group, the maximal left ventricular wall thickness, left ventricular mass index, left atrial volume index, and E/e′ in the AL-CA group were significantly increased (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences of other conventional echocardiographic measurements between the two groups(all P>0.05). Compared with the AL group, GLS, GAS, and GRS were significantly lower in AL-CA group (all P<0.05); but there was no significant difference of GCS between the two groups( P>0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the cut-off values discriminating cardiac involvement were 16.09% for GLS, 36.54% for GAS and 31.90% for GRS. Conclusions:3D-STI measurements of left ventricular myocardial mechanics could detect cardiac involvement in patients with sAL amyloidosis, and provides a new method for diagnosis of AL-CA.

Objective:To analyze influence on HIV related fatality of implementation of 'Four Free Services One Care’ policy in China during 1993-2012, and evaluate effectiveness for the policy of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment.Methods:The data during 1993-2003 (before the implementation of the policy) and during 2005-2012 (after the implementation of the policy) were collected from the national HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System for the analysis on HIV related fatality in Chinese, especially in rural residents. Interrupted time series analysis was used to analyze the trends of HIV related fatality during 1993 and 2012.Results:During the twenty years from 1993 to 2012, the HIV related fatality in China decreased, and the HIV related fatality in rural areas was higher than the overall HIV related fatality. Compared with the period before the implementation of the policy, the overall HIV related fatality decreased by 1.5 % ( P=0.156) and the HIV related fatality in rural residents decreased by 2.6 % in 2004 when the policy was implemented ( P=0.094). As for the change of slope, the overall slope rate after the policy implementation was -0.466 ( P=0.005), indicating a decrease trend of HIV related fatality. The slope rate after the policy implementation in rural residents was-0.592 ( P=0.005), indicating a decrease trend of HIV related fatality. At the same time, the slope rate after the policy implementation in rural residents infected through blood transmission route was-0.766 ( P<0.001), indicating a decrease trend of HIV related fatality. Conclusions:The implementation of the 'Four Free Services One Care’ policy in China has made remarkable progress in free HIV antiviral therapy.