BACKGROUND:Recently,regenerative endodontic therapy is a promising alternative to the maturation of tissue engineering.Inflammatory microenvironment plays a key role in regulating pulp regeneration. OBJECTIVE:To focus on the change in the inflammatory pulp microenvironment,the balance between inflammation and regeneration,and the research advances in tissue-engineered regenerative endodontic therapy within the context of the inflammatory microenvironment to provide a reference for future investigations into regenerative endodontic therapy. METHODS:We conducted a literature search on PubMed and CNKI using search terms"pulp regeneration,inflammation,regenerative endodontic therapy,tissue engineering"in Chinese and English for articles published between 2013 and 2023.The review finally included 61 relevant articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The changes in the microenvironment of pulpitis involve a complex interplay of cellular and molecular reactions,which,as inflammation progresses,ultimately the microenvironment hinders tissue repair more than facilitates it.(2)Inflammation can promote dental pulp regeneration through stem cell recruitment and activate the complement system,but it can also hinder the regenerative process through immunosuppression and fibrosis.(3)Tissue engineering's three components(stem cells,growth factors,scaffold materials)collaborate to balance inflammation and regeneration,for example,by using interleukin-6 to regulate dental pulp stem cells and foster a regenerative environment.(4)Current research has been largely silent on infection and inflammation issues.The mechanisms underlying changes in the microenvironment of pulpitis are still not fully understood.One promising avenue for improving the clinical applicability of regenerative dental pulp therapy is to achieve precise regulation of the inflammatory-regeneration balance and create a regenerative microenvironment by synergistically leveraging the three elements of tissue engineering.However,this field of investigation still exhibits significant gaps in understanding,necessitating further exploration into innovative strategies for facilitating dental pulp regeneration under inflammation.As such,additional animal experimentation and randomized clinical trials are required to establish a robust foundation for the clinical practice of tissue engineering-based regenerative dental pulp therapy.

BACKGROUND:Lumbar decompression and fusion is the most effective surgical method to treat lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis.In recent years,the sagittal balance of the spine has been widely considered the key factor to adjust the outcome of spinal surgery,and factors that can affect the sagittal balance of the spine indirectly affect the surgical effect and prognosis. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the risk factors that can affect the sagittal balance of the spine during decompression and fusion due to lumbar spondylolisthesis,and play a certain reference role in the surgical treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis. METHODS:With"lumbar spondylolisthesis,the sagittal plane balance of the spine,surgical treatment,risk factors"as the Chinese search terms,and"lumbar spondylolisthesis,sagittal balance,risk factor"as the English search terms,PubMed,Springer,ScienceDirect,Wanfang,VIP and CNKI were searched respectively.The focus of the search was from January 2010 to January 2023,and a few classic long-term articles were included.Preliminary screening was conducted by reading the title and abstract.After excluding repetitive research in Chinese and English literature,low-quality journals and irrelevant literature,67 articles were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is an important factor causing spinal canal stenosis and lumbar instability,and is the main cause of low back pain and intermittent claudication.Lumbar decompression,fusion and internal fixation is an effective way to treat degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis.(2)In the past,the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with decompression,fusion and fixation focused on thorough exploration and release of nerve roots,reduction of spondylolisthesis and solid internal fixation,but less attention was paid to the balance of sagittal plane of the spine.(3)With the popularization of lumbar decompression,fusion and internal fixation,complications caused by the sagittal imbalance of the spine gradually increased,resulting in poor prognosis of patients and even increased risk of secondary surgery.(4)Previous studies have only discussed the correlation between lumbar sagittal plane parameters and spinal sagittal plane balance,but have not in-depth studied the relevant factors causing spinal sagittal plane imbalance.(5)Our results show that open lumbar fixation and fusion,complete reduction of spondylolisthesis,selection of thicker pedicle screws,selection of larger fusion cages,and autologous bone transplantation are beneficial factors for maintaining sagittal balance.The higher the number of fusion segments,the higher the level of fusion segments is,which is a risk factor for sagittal plane imbalance.

BACKGROUND:Percutaneous vertebroplasty is the most widely used method for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,and most studies have concluded that percutaneous vertebroplasty increases the probability of adjacent vertebral secondary compression fractures in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.However,controversy remains regarding the risk factors associated with adjacent vertebral re-fracture caused after percutaneous vertebroplasty. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the influencing factors of adjacent vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,in order to provide a certain reference for reducing the risk of its occurrence as well as formulating the corresponding treatment plan. METHODS:Using"osteoporosis,fracture,percutaneous vertebroplasty,adjacent vertebral compression fractures,risk factors"as the Chinese search terms,"osteoporosis,osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,percutaneous vertebroplasty,adjacent vertebral compression fractures,risk factors"as English search terms,computerized searches were conducted on CNKI,Wanfang Medical Network,VIP,PubMed,Springer,ScienceDirect,and Elsevier databases.The search timeframe focuses on January 2018 through September 2023,with the inclusion of a few classic forward literature.The literature was screened by reading the titles and abstracts,and 83 papers were finally included in the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are one of the most common complications of osteoporosis,placing elderly patients at a significant risk of disability and death.Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a practical and effective treatment for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.(2)With the popularity of percutaneous vertebroplasty,its secondary vertebral compression fractures have gradually increased,with adjacent vertebral compression fractures being the most common.(3)Previous studies have only discussed the effects of factors such as bone mineral density,multiple vertebral fractures,body mass index,age,sex,amount of bone cement,cement leakage,and anti-osteoporosis treatment on secondary compression fractures of adjacent vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty,and summarized the number of vertebral fractures,timing of the operation,surgical approach,cement material,diffuse distribution of bone cement,recovery height of the injured vertebrae,and wearing of a support after surgery,which is not yet comprehensive.The analysis of the specific mechanisms of risk factor-induced adjacent vertebral fractures is relatively rare.(4)The results of the article showed that low bone mineral density,advanced age,perimenopausal women,multiple vertebral fractures,excessive recovery of the height of the injured vertebrae,cement leakage,comorbid underlying diseases,and poor lifestyle habits were the risk factors for secondary adjacent vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty,and that maintaining a normal body mass index,early surgery,bilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty,use of a new type of cement material,an appropriate volume of bone cement injection and uniform cement dispersion,regular anti-osteoporosis treatment,and postoperative brace wearing are protective factors for secondary adjacent vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty.

Objective:To investigate the safety and outcome of a new method to repair the morphological defects after epicanthic fold surgery.Methods:Retrospective analysis was commenced for patients from September 2020 to January 2022 at Chengdu Qingyang Yayuan Medical Beauty Clinic who received new methods to repair postoperative dysplasia of epicanthus. This method was improved on the basis of V-Y advancing skin flap. A flipped skin flap was made from the normal skin of the lower eyelid as the "posterior flap", which was diagonally crossed and covers the front of the inner canthus angle. Then, a skin muscle sliding flap was made from the upper eyelid as the "anterior flap", covering the surface of the posterior flap to form a new "epicanthus". Follow up were focused on the incidence of postoperative complications, patient satisfaction, and improvement in indicators such as eye spacing, inner canthus scars, lacrimal caruncle exposure, and inner canthus symmetry. Patient satisfaction was divided into three levels: satisfaction, average effect, and dissatisfaction. The evaluation of epicanthus scars was referred to the observer scar assessment scale (OSAS), which evaluates scar width, color, protrusion, and surface roughness in four aspects. The scores of the last three are all 1-10 points. Higher the score, the more severe the scar was. If the exposure of the lacrimal caruncle was less than 70%, it was considered undercorrected, 70%-80% is considered appropriate, and >80% is considered overcorrected. The symmetry of the inner canthus can be divided into three levels: symmetrical, basic symmetrical, and asymmetrical. Normally distributed econometric data were expressed as Mean±SD and analyzed by paired t-test. Results:A total of 34 patients (68 eyes) were included, including 4 males and 30 females, aged 20-38 years, with an average age of 27.4 years. Among them, there were 8 cases of inner canthal scars, 4 cases of excessive exposure of lacrimal caruncle, and 22 cases of inner canthal scars combined with excessive exposure of lacrimal caruncle. Postoperative follow-up was 6-12 months, with an average of 9.3 months. 28 cases (82.4%) were satisfied with the surgical results, 4 cases (11.7%) reported average results, and 2 cases (5.9%) were dissatisfied. After surgery, the distance between the eyes significantly increased compared to before surgery [(36.9±1.5) mm vs. (33.2±1.1) mm, P<0.05], the width of the inner canthus scar [(2.3±0.3) mm vs. (4.6±0.4) mm, P<0.05], and the surface roughness [(1.8±0.3) points vs. (3.3±0.5) points, P<0.05] were all significantly improved. Postoperative exposure of lacrimal caruncle: 5 eyes (7.4%) were undercorrected, 60 eyes (88.2%) were appropriate, and 3 eyes (4.4%) were overcorrected. Postoperative symmetry of inner canthus: 33 cases (97.1%) had symmetrical or almost symmetrical inner canthus, and 1 case (2.9%) had asymmetric inner canthus. All patients did not experience infection, delayed healing, or flap necrosis. Conclusion:This method of repair the defects after epicanthic fold correction is safe and effective, with high postoperative satisfaction, and can be widely used in clinical practice.

Nasal tip hypertrophy is one of the common nasal tip morphological abnormalities in clinical practice. A comprehensive treatment regimen is possible only when one can correctly understand the mechanism of nasal tip hypertrophy. In this paper, the mechanism and treatment of nasal tip hypertrophy were analyzed and summarized in order to provide some reference for rhinoplastic surgeons.

Objective:To investigate the safety and outcome of a new method to repair the morphological defects after epicanthic fold surgery.Methods:Retrospective analysis was commenced for patients from September 2020 to January 2022 at Chengdu Qingyang Yayuan Medical Beauty Clinic who received new methods to repair postoperative dysplasia of epicanthus. This method was improved on the basis of V-Y advancing skin flap. A flipped skin flap was made from the normal skin of the lower eyelid as the "posterior flap", which was diagonally crossed and covers the front of the inner canthus angle. Then, a skin muscle sliding flap was made from the upper eyelid as the "anterior flap", covering the surface of the posterior flap to form a new "epicanthus". Follow up were focused on the incidence of postoperative complications, patient satisfaction, and improvement in indicators such as eye spacing, inner canthus scars, lacrimal caruncle exposure, and inner canthus symmetry. Patient satisfaction was divided into three levels: satisfaction, average effect, and dissatisfaction. The evaluation of epicanthus scars was referred to the observer scar assessment scale (OSAS), which evaluates scar width, color, protrusion, and surface roughness in four aspects. The scores of the last three are all 1-10 points. Higher the score, the more severe the scar was. If the exposure of the lacrimal caruncle was less than 70%, it was considered undercorrected, 70%-80% is considered appropriate, and >80% is considered overcorrected. The symmetry of the inner canthus can be divided into three levels: symmetrical, basic symmetrical, and asymmetrical. Normally distributed econometric data were expressed as Mean±SD and analyzed by paired t-test. Results:A total of 34 patients (68 eyes) were included, including 4 males and 30 females, aged 20-38 years, with an average age of 27.4 years. Among them, there were 8 cases of inner canthal scars, 4 cases of excessive exposure of lacrimal caruncle, and 22 cases of inner canthal scars combined with excessive exposure of lacrimal caruncle. Postoperative follow-up was 6-12 months, with an average of 9.3 months. 28 cases (82.4%) were satisfied with the surgical results, 4 cases (11.7%) reported average results, and 2 cases (5.9%) were dissatisfied. After surgery, the distance between the eyes significantly increased compared to before surgery [(36.9±1.5) mm vs. (33.2±1.1) mm, P<0.05], the width of the inner canthus scar [(2.3±0.3) mm vs. (4.6±0.4) mm, P<0.05], and the surface roughness [(1.8±0.3) points vs. (3.3±0.5) points, P<0.05] were all significantly improved. Postoperative exposure of lacrimal caruncle: 5 eyes (7.4%) were undercorrected, 60 eyes (88.2%) were appropriate, and 3 eyes (4.4%) were overcorrected. Postoperative symmetry of inner canthus: 33 cases (97.1%) had symmetrical or almost symmetrical inner canthus, and 1 case (2.9%) had asymmetric inner canthus. All patients did not experience infection, delayed healing, or flap necrosis. Conclusion:This method of repair the defects after epicanthic fold correction is safe and effective, with high postoperative satisfaction, and can be widely used in clinical practice.

Nasal tip hypertrophy is one of the common nasal tip morphological abnormalities in clinical practice. A comprehensive treatment regimen is possible only when one can correctly understand the mechanism of nasal tip hypertrophy. In this paper, the mechanism and treatment of nasal tip hypertrophy were analyzed and summarized in order to provide some reference for rhinoplastic surgeons.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of reduction and in situ intervertebral fusion fixation in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis.Methods:A total of 182 patients (92 males and 90 females) with L 4 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis of Meyerding's classification of grade I and grade II, aged (62.6±6.8) years (range, 57-73 years), who underwent posterior L 4, 5 internal fixation and interbody fusion in the Department of Spinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, were retrospectively analyzed from January 2019 to December 2022. There were 105 cases of I-degree spondylolisthesis and 77 cases of II-degree spondylolisthesis. According to the operation method, the patients were divided into reduction intervertebral fusion fixation (reduction group) and in situ intervertebral fusion fixation group (in situ group). Imaging parameters such as lumber lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI)-LL, L 3, 4 intervertebral space heights, fusion segment angle, and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) were measured on the pre- and post-surgical lumbar spine lateral radiographs. The visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) of low back pain were recorded before and after surgery. The differences in clinical and imaging parameters were compared between reduction and in situ fusion group. Results:All 182 patients successfully completed the surgery and were followed up for 12.0±2.4 months (range, 9-15 months). The LL of the reduction group before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at the last follow-up were 46.9°±7.1°, 57.2°±5.9°, 55.6°±5.5°, respectively, with statistically significant differences ( F=87.61, P<0.001), with immediate and final follow-up being smaller than those in the in situ fixation group. The LL of the in situ fixation group before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at the last follow-up were 47.8°±7.2°, 50.5°±7.0°, and 48.7°± 6.4°, respectively, with no statistically significant difference ( F=2.83, P=0.062). The immediate and final follow-up of LL in the reduction group was lower than those in the in situ fixation group ( P<0.05). The fusion segment angles of the reduction group before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at the last follow-up were 14.2°±5.1°, 23.2°±4.7°, 23.2°±4.7°, respectively, with statistically significant differences ( F=152.87, P<0.001), with immediate and final follow-up after surgery being greater than before surgery. The fusion segment angles of the in situ fixation group before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at the last follow-up were 15.4°±5.9°, 18.2°±5.5°, and 17.4°±5.1°, respectively, with statistically significant differences ( F=4.69, P=0.009), with immediate and final follow-up being greater than before surgery. The fusion segment angulation in the reduction group was greater than that in the in situ fixation group at both the immediate and final follow-up ( P<0.05). The SVA of the reduction group before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at the last follow-up were 16.9±18.2 mm, 9.5±12.0 mm, and 8.7±11.3 mm, respectively, with statistically significant differences ( F=11.32, P<0.001), with immediate and final follow-up being smaller than before surgery. The SVA of immediately after surgery and at the last follow-up were both smaller than before surgery. The SVA of the in situ fixation group before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at the last follow-up were 16.4±17.2 mm, 14.3±15.5 mm, and 13.8±15.0 mm, respectively, with no statistically significant difference ( F=0.57, P=0.576). The SVA of the reduction group at immediate and final follow-up was lower than that of the in situ fixation group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Both reduction and in situ intervertebral fusion fixation can effectively relieve the clinical symptoms of patients. Fusion fixation after reduction can improve the angulation of fusion segments to form segmental kyphosis, which is more conducive to improving SVA.

Injection fear is widespread in the population, which can cause patients to tolerate or avoid injection, reduce treatment compliance, and increase the burden of healthcare. Choosing appropriate injection fear assessment tools in clinical practice is helpful to understand the degree, psychological characteristics and influencing factors of individual injection fear. In this paper, the contents, characteristics and application methods of fear of injection assessment tools at home and abroad are reviewed, in order to provide reference for the application and development of fear of injection assessment tools for medical staff.

Nasal tip hypertrophy is one of the common nasal tip morphological abnormalities in clinical practice. We make a reasonable and comprehensive treatment plan only when correctly understanding the mechanism of nasal tip hypertrophy. In this paper, the mechanism and treatment of nasal tip hypertrophywere analyzed and summarized in order to provide some guidance for rhinoplastic surgeons.