Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Yunnan province, China from 2000 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control work.Methods:Descriptive epidemiological method were used for epidemiological feature analysis. Excel 2019 and ArcGIS 10.8.2 software were used to establish case databases and map drawings, Joinpoint 4.9.1 software was used to conduct time trend analysis, and ArcGIS 10.8.2 software was used to construct a geographic information database and conduct spatial autocorrelation analysis. SaTScan 10.1.2 software was used for spatiotemporal scanning analysis.Results:A total of 7 006 JE cases and 342 deaths were reported in Yunnan province from 2000 to 2023, with an average annual incidence of 0.58/100 000 (0.03/100 000-1.69/100 000) and a fatality rate of 4.88%, both of which showed a decreasing trend. JE cases have been reported in 129 counties in 16 prefectures of the province, and the average annual incidence rate in prefecture was 0.09/100 000-1.96/100 000. Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Zhaotong, Baoshan, Pu′er, Wenshan and Chuxiong prefectures were highly prevalent areas. Spatial-temporal scanning analysis found that 33 counties in 6 prefectures in the China-Myanmar and China-Laos border areas in southwest Yunnan constitute the first-class cluster area, and 9 counties in Zhaotong prefecture in northeastern Yunnan constitute the second-class cluster area. JE cases occured in every month of the year, with the main epidemic period from May to October. The ratio of male to female cases was 1.54∶1, the proportion of the age group <15 years was 68.49%, and the age group ≥15 years was 31.51%. The proportion of scattered children and preschool children was 38.54%, with students accounting for 33.19% and farmers accounting for 21.18%.Conclusions:JE was widely distributed in Yunnan province, with high-incidence areas mainly concentrated in southwestern and northeastern Yunnan. The incidence rate among children was high, and the number of cases among adults and farmers has increased significantly. It is still necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of JE in high-risk areas, especially in rural areas, and fully implement the children′s JE immunization program and adult JE prevention measures.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Yunnan province, China from 2000 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control work.Methods:Descriptive epidemiological method were used for epidemiological feature analysis. Excel 2019 and ArcGIS 10.8.2 software were used to establish case databases and map drawings, Joinpoint 4.9.1 software was used to conduct time trend analysis, and ArcGIS 10.8.2 software was used to construct a geographic information database and conduct spatial autocorrelation analysis. SaTScan 10.1.2 software was used for spatiotemporal scanning analysis.Results:A total of 7 006 JE cases and 342 deaths were reported in Yunnan province from 2000 to 2023, with an average annual incidence of 0.58/100 000 (0.03/100 000-1.69/100 000) and a fatality rate of 4.88%, both of which showed a decreasing trend. JE cases have been reported in 129 counties in 16 prefectures of the province, and the average annual incidence rate in prefecture was 0.09/100 000-1.96/100 000. Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Zhaotong, Baoshan, Pu′er, Wenshan and Chuxiong prefectures were highly prevalent areas. Spatial-temporal scanning analysis found that 33 counties in 6 prefectures in the China-Myanmar and China-Laos border areas in southwest Yunnan constitute the first-class cluster area, and 9 counties in Zhaotong prefecture in northeastern Yunnan constitute the second-class cluster area. JE cases occured in every month of the year, with the main epidemic period from May to October. The ratio of male to female cases was 1.54∶1, the proportion of the age group <15 years was 68.49%, and the age group ≥15 years was 31.51%. The proportion of scattered children and preschool children was 38.54%, with students accounting for 33.19% and farmers accounting for 21.18%.Conclusions:JE was widely distributed in Yunnan province, with high-incidence areas mainly concentrated in southwestern and northeastern Yunnan. The incidence rate among children was high, and the number of cases among adults and farmers has increased significantly. It is still necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of JE in high-risk areas, especially in rural areas, and fully implement the children′s JE immunization program and adult JE prevention measures.

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a very important pathogen, especially for children.On a global scale, GAS is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.But the burden of disease caused by GAS is still unknown in China and also has not obtained enough attention.For this purpose, the expert consensus is comprehensively described in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of GAS diseases in children, covering related aspects of pneumology, infectiology, immunology, microbiology, cardiology, nephrology, critical care medicine and preventive medicine.Accordingly, the consensus document was intended to improve management strategies of GAS disease in Chinese children.

Acute respiratory tract infection is the most common infectious disease in children, which seriously threatens children′s health.Rapid and accurate etiological diagnosis is of great significance for the clinical treatment and control of these diseases.Pathogen nucleic acid test was applied and became the main method of respiratory tract infection diagnosis for its high sensitivity and specificity.To regulate the application of pathogen nucleic acid amplification test in respiratory tract infection in children, improve the diagnosis level, expert consensus on nucleic acid amplification test of respiratory pathogens in children was prepared to guide the application and promote pathogens diagnosis ability.

Objective:To explore the clinical effects of arthroscopic treatment of intraarticular displaced fractures of the calcaneus in children.Methods:The clinical data were analyzed retrospectively of the 11 children who had been treated for intraarticular displaced fractures of the calcaneus at Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from January 2015 to June 2018. They were 6 boys and 5 girls, aged from 8 to 12 years (average, 10.6 years) and involving the left foot in 7 cases and the right foot in 4. By the Sanders classification, there were 10 cases of type Ⅱ and one of type Ⅲ. Preoperative evaluation of the injury was conducted by X-ray examination and three-dimensional CT reconstruction of the calcaneus. After arthroscopic prying reduction, internal fixation with mere Kirschner wire was performed for 8 cases and internal fixation with Kirschner wire plus hollow screws for 3. The affected feet were fixated with plaster bracket or brace for one month after operation. The Kirschner wires were removed 4 to 6 weeks after operation when X-ray films revealed fracture union. The clinical effects were evaluated by anatomic recovery of the calcaneus in terms of preoperative and postoperative B?hler and Gissane angles and functional recovery of the calcaneus in terms of ankle-hindfoot scores of American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale.Results:All the 11 pediatric patients were followed up for 12 to 19 months (average, 14 months). No bone grafting was applied. Their operation time averaged 63 min (from 50 to 75 min). Their incisions healed at one stage without infection. All their fractures healed within 2 to 3 months without any delayed union or nonunion. The B?hler angle (28.4°±2.9°) and Gissane angle (125.6°±3.1°) at the final follow-up were significantly improved than the preoperative values (11.8°±5.4° and 138.8°±6.3°) ( P< 0.05). The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores were 89.6 points at the final follow-up. Conclusion:Arthroscopic percutaneous prying reduction combined with internal fixation with Kirschner wire and hollow screws can effectively reduce and fixate the intraarticular displaced fracture of the calcaneus in children, leading to limited surgical trauma and fine curative effects.

Objective To report the therapeutic effects of transfer of flexor hallucis longus tendon on the treatment of obsolete Achilles tendon rupture with a defect greater than 5 cm.Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of the 39 patients with obsolete Achilles tendon rupture who had been treated at Department of Bone and Joint Surgery,Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from September 2010 to January 2017.They were 33 males and 6 females,aged from 15 to 46 years(average,31.6 years).All the defects of Achilles tendon were greater than 5 cm.The duration between injury and operation ranged from 5 to 32 weeks(mean,16 weeks).All the 39 patients underwent transfer of flexor hallucis longus tendon to reconstruct their Achilles tendons.The tendons were harvested using double incisions in 23 patients and using a single incision in 16.The functional recovery of the ankle was evaluated according to ankle-hindfood score of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society(AOFAS),Achilles tendon total rupture score(ATRS),visual analogue scale(VAS),dorsal extension and plantar flexion of the ankle and patient's satisfaction as well.Results Healing by the first intention was achieved in 38 cases.Delayed healing occurred in one patient due to wound infection.One patient had postoperative numbness in the medial plantar region which disappeared 3 months later with no special treatment.All the 39 patients were followed up for 24 to 91 months(mean,32 months).None of the tendons was re-ruptured during the follow-up.The AOFAS scores at postoperative 3 months,one year and last follow-up were significantly higher than the preoperative one(P<0.05);the postoperative VAS scores were significantly lower than the preoperative one(P<0.05);the postoperative ranges of dorsal extension and plantar flexion of the ankle were all significantly larger than the preoperative ranges(P<0.05).At the last follow-up,31 patients expressed great satisfaction,7 satisfaction,and one neutral attitude.Conclusion Reconstruction of the Achilles tendon with transfer of flexor hallucis longus tendon is an effective surgical option for obsolete rupture of Achilles tendon with a defect greater than 5 cm.

We investigated the molecular characteristics of the full-length genome of 14 dengue serotype 1 virus (DENV-1)strains isolated in Sino-Myanmar border region in Yunnan Province,China during 2013-2015.Isolation of dengue virus was using C6/36 cell culture method.Viral RNA was extracted from virus isolates,and then the full-length genome was amplified by RT-PCR.The homology and phylogenetic analysis was made on the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences by bioinformatics software including ClastalX1.83 and MEGA6 etc.Results showed that fourteen strains of DENV-1 isolated from dengue fever cases,of these,9 strains from Ruili City of Dehong Prefecture,3 from Lincang Prefecture,2 from Kunming City.RT-PCR and sequencing indicated that the full-length genes (10 735 nt) of 14 DENV-1 strains were obtained,and their open reading frame (95-10 271) were coded 3 392 amino acid residues.The genotypes of DENV-1 were revealed by homology and phylogenetic analysis based on structural and non-structural proteins.Thirteen were genotype Ⅰ (G-Ⅰ) (7 from indigenous cases in Ruili and Lincang and 6 from imported case from Myanmar to Ruili,Lincang and Kunming),and 1 G-Ⅲ from imported case from India to Kunming.The phylogenic analysis indicated that the 13 isolates from Yunnan divided into 2 phylogenic subgroups,and they had a closer genetic relationship with the strains isolated from Southeast Asia.The gene sequences of the 13 G-Ⅰ strains have been acquired,the rate of their nucleotide homology and amino acid homology were 97.02 ％-100 ％ and 98.78 ％100 ％ respectively.Compared with 6 strains from Southeast Asia,nucleotide homology and amino acid homology were 96.53％-99.53％ and 97.33％-100％ respectively.Compared with prototype strain (US_Hawaii) of DENV-1,nucleotide homology and amino acid homology were 93.76％-94.45 ％ and 95.86 ％-96.91％ respectively.Compared with US_Hawaii strain,there were 44 and 150 different sites in amino acid of structural and non-structural proteins,respectively.The G-1 of DENV-1 have been popular in Sino-Myanmar border region in Yunnan,2013-2015.They have genetic diversity but multiple transmission sources were from Myanmar,and should strengthen control cross-border spread of dengue fever in this region.It is necessary to further study that change of the amino acid sites of Yunnan strains of DENV-1 is related to its antigenicity and pathogenicity.

Objective To explore the effects of open reduction and internal fixation plus primary subtalar arthrodesis for the treatment of severely comminuted calcaneal fractures of Sanders type Ⅳ.Methods From January 2012 to December 2016,23 patients with severely comminuted calcaneal fracture of Sanders type Ⅳ were treated by open reduction and internal fixation plus primary subtalar arthrodesis at our department.They were 16 men and 7 women with an average age of 39.6 years (range,from 32 to 67 years).Auto-iliac bone graft was performed in 18 cases and allo-bone graft in the other 5 cases.B(o)hler and Gissane angles were measured preoperatively,postoperatively and at the last follow-up to evaluate anatomical morphology of the calcaneus;the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score was used to evaluate the functional recovery.Results All the 23 cases were followed up successfully for an average time of 21 months (range,from 6 to 39 months).The operations lasted from 40 to 100 minutes with an average of 60 minutes;the intraoperative bleeding ranged from 10 to 40 mL with an average of 20 mL.No one suffered from wound infection but partial epidermal necrosis happened in only one case.Union and fusion of the fractures was achieved after 3 to 5 months with an average of 3.5 months.At the last follow-up,no failed fusion of the subtalar joint happened.Anatomical morphology of the calcaneus was improved obviously.The B(o)hler angles were respectively 12.47° ± 1.61°,30.58° ± 5.34° and 30.09° ± 5.78° preoperatively,postoperatively and at the last follow-up;the Gissane angles were respectively 86.21° ±7.70°,127.44°± 7.61° and 129.07°± 5.47° preoperatively,postoperatively and at the last follow-up.There were significant differences between preoperation versus postoperation and the last follow-up in the above 2 values (P ＜ 0.05);there were no significant differences between postoperation and the last follow-up in the above 2 values (P ＞ 0.05).The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scoring at the last follow-up showed 8 excellent,11 good and 4 fair cases,giving an excellent to good rate of 82.6％.Conclusion Open reduction and internal fixation plus primary subtalar arthrodesis is a safe alternative for the treatment of severely comminuted calcaneal fractures of Sanders type Ⅳ.

Three new lignan glucosides, baicalensinosides A-C (1-3), were isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. The structural elucidation was achieved by in-depth spectroscopic examinations and qualitative chemical test. Structurally, these compounds belong to the 3,4-dibenzyltetrahydrofuran-type lignan glycoside with a mono-hydroxyl substitution at the 7'-position of benzylidene group on the numbering system of lignans being one of their shared critical features. The anti-osteoporotic activity of the isolated compounds was assessed in an in vitro osteoprotegerin (OPG) transcriptional activity assay using dual luciferase reporter detection. At 10 μmol/L, compounds 1-3 increased the relative activating ratio of OPG transcription to 1.83, 0.84 and 0.98 times that of the control group, respectively.

Ongoing study on the chemical constituents of the roots of Macleaya microcarpa led to the isolation of eight compounds of derivatives of triterpenes and organic acids in addition to some previously identified benzophenanthridines. The eight compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods as well as comparison with literature values as 1-oxo-2, 22 (30)-hopandien-29-oic acid (1), 3-oxo-12-oleanen-30-oic acid (2), 3α-hydroxy-12-oleanen-30-oic acid (3), 3β-hydroxy-12-oleanen-30-oic acid (4), ferulic acid (5), ferulic acid 4-O-β-D-glucoside (6), 3-O-feruloylquinic acid (7), and methyl 3-O-feruloylquinate (8). Of which, 1 is a new triterpenoid of hopanes and 2-8 are isolated from M microcarpa for the first time. In order to discover natural active compounds as potential agents of anti-ulcerative colitis (UC), an in vitro drug high-throughput screening model targeted x-box-binding protein 1 (xbp1) was employed to evaluate the activity of the major chemical constituents of M microcarpa. The result confirmed that two dihydrobenzophenanthridines, dihydrosanguinarine (9) and dihydrochelerythrine (10), showed a certain activity on activating the transcription of xbpl, a transcription factor (TF) associated with the occurrence, development, and potential treatment of UC, with their relative activating ratios being 1.76 and 1.77 times, respectively, as compared with control group.