Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng (SLSP) comprise numerous PPD-type saponins with diverse pharmacological properties; however, their role in Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of SLSP on suppressing microglia-driven neuroinflammation in experimental PD models, including the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPTP)-induced mouse model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Our findings revealed that SLSP mitigated behavioral impairments and excessive microglial activation in models of PD, including MPTP-treated mice. Additionally, SLSP inhibited the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and attenuated the phosphorylation of PI3K, protein kinase B (AKT), nuclear factor-κB (NFκB), and inhibitor of NFκB protein α (IκBα) both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, SLSP suppressed the production of inflammatory markers such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Notably, the P2Y2R agonist partially reversed the inhibitory effects of SLSP in LPS-treated BV-2 cells. These results suggest that SLSP inhibit microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in experimental PD models, likely through the P2Y2R/PI3K/AKT/NFκB signaling pathway. These novel findings indicate that SLSP may offer therapeutic potential for PD by attenuating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
Animals ; Panax notoginseng/chemistry* ; Saponins/pharmacology* ; Microglia/immunology* ; Mice ; NF-kappa B/immunology* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology* ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics* ; Male ; Parkinson Disease/immunology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Disease Models, Animal ; Plant Leaves/chemistry* ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases/drug therapy* ; Humans

Objective:To study the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genotype of Yersinia pestis and its regional distribution characteristics in natural plague focus of Tibet Autonomous Region. Methods:A total of 125 representative Yersinia pestis strains isolated from natural plague focus in Tibet Autonomous Region at different times, regions, hosts and vectors were selected as experimental strains, and the phenol chloroform mixed extraction method was used to extract Yersinia pestis DNA. Three pairs of CRISPR primers (for YPa, YPb, YPc locus) were used to amplify the DNA of the experimental strains, and the CRISPR genotype of Yersinia pestis was determined by sequencing. Results:All 125 strains of Yersinia pestis had three CRISPR locus: YPa, YPb, and YPc. A total of 18 spacer were found, including 8 in YPa loci, 6 in YPb loci, and 4 in YPc loci. Two new types of spacers had been discovered, namely b52 and c14. CRISPR typing revealed 10 genotypes, including G1, G7, G7-b4''', G7-b52, G7-c2 -, G8, G22, G22-a4 -, G22-b4''', and G22-c14, of which 6 were newly discovered genotypes. Among the 125 experimental strains, G7 was the main genotype, accounting for 65.6% (82/125), which was distributed in 6 prefecture level citys and 1 region of Tibet Autonomous Region. Next were G22 and G7-c2 - genetypes, accounting for 14.4% (18/125) and 11.2% (14/125), respectively. G22 gene type was distributed in Nagqu, Changdu, Lhasa citys, and Ngari Prefecture, while G7-c2 - genetype was distributed in Shigatse and Shannan cities. Conclusion:The CRISPR locus of Yersinia pestis in natural plague focus of Tibet Autonomous Region is highly polymorphic, and the Yersinia pestis strains with different genotypes have obvious regional distribution characteristics.

ObjectiveTo reveal the influence of Jianchangbang characteristic processing method on the change process of volatile components and the processing mechanism of reducing toxicity and increasing efficiency of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex（MOC） by studying the changes in the composition and content of volatile components during the processing of ginger processed Xingpo pieces. MethodSamples of raw products， ginger juice moisturized products and stir-fried and heap moisturized products of MOC were taken according to the set time points， and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS） was used to determine the contents of volatile components in the samples， and the relative content of each component was obtained by peak area normalization. Principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were performed on the sample data using SIMCA 14.1 software， and the differential components during the processing were screened with variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1 as the indicator. ResultA total of 68 volatile components were identified in the samples， among which some of the chemical components with similar structures showed similar trends of changes， and there was also the phenomenon of interconversion between compounds. Compared with the raw products， the contents of 42 components in ginger juice moisturized products increased， while the contents of 25 components decreased， 19 components were unique， and 4 components were unique to the raw products. Compared with ginger juice moisturized products， MOC in the early stage of piling had three unique components， and the contents of 11 components such as cyclosativene and （+）-α-pinene increased， and the contents of 5 components such as tricyclic terpene and α-curcumene decreased， and ginger juice moisturized products had four unique components. Compared with the early stage of piling， in the later stage， the contents of 8 components such as （+）-α-pinene and camphene significantly increased， while the contents of 6 components such as linalool and α-selinene significantly decreased. During the processing of MOC， there were significant changes in the chemical composition of the samples before and after 20 days. The differences between ginger juice moistening and the early stage of piling， the early stage and the later stage of piling could be clearly distinguished. ConclusionDuring the preparation process of ginger processed Xingpo pieces， the addition of ginger juice can reduce the contents of stimulating components， and the contents of active components continue to increase in several stages， such as the addition of ginger juice， frying and heap moisturizing， the quality of the decoction pieces may change significantly at about 20 d of processing. This study can provide a research basis for exploring the processing mechanism of ginger processed Xingpo pieces.

Objective To compare conventional MRI manifestations of brain epithelioid glioblastoma(eGBM)and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma(PXA),and to explore the value of radiomics model for differentiating eGBM and PXA.Methods Forty-three cases of brain eGBM(eGBM group)and 79 cases of PXA(PXA group)confirmed by surgical pathology were retrospectively analyzed,and conventional MRI maniofestations were compared between groups.The patients were divided into training set(n=85,including 30 cases of eGBM and 55 cases of PXA)and test set(n=37,including 13 cases of eGBM and 24 cases of PXA)at the ratio of 7∶3.A radiomics regression model was established based on T2WI and enhanced T1WI.Receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn to assess the value of the model for discriminating eGBM and PXA.Results Patients in eGBM group were older than in PXA group,and the proportion of minors in eGBM group was lower than that in PXA group(both P＜0.05).Compared with PXA group,eGBM group showed higher proportion of multiple lesions,with high T1WI signals and peritumoral edema,more unclear boundary and uneven signals(all P＜0.05).After administration of contrast agents,circular enhancement was more often observed in eGBM group,while lesions in PXA group tended to present wall nodule enhancement(both P＜0.05).The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy and area under the curve(AUC)of the radiomics model based on 19 selected features was 88.91％,79.94％,86.75％and 0.892 in training set,respectively,which was 84.58％,79.20％,81.12％and 0.824 in test set,respectively.Conclusion Conventional MRI manifestations of eGBM and PXA were different to a certain extent.Radiomics model was valuable for distinguishing eGBM and PXA.

Objective To investigate whether endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can be an alternative method for diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) by comparing the ability of EUS versus CT and transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS) in the diagnosis of muddy stones of the common bile duct. Methods A prospective study was conducted for 53 patients suspected of muddy stones of the common bile duct who attended Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from July 2019 to December 2021, and all patients underwent EUS, TUS, and CT before ERCP. With ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) for removing muddy stones of the common bile duct as the gold standard for the diagnosis of muddy stones of the common bile duct, EUS, TUS, and CT were compared in terms of their ability to display the muddy stones of the common bile duct. The chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results In the 53 patients, EUS, TUS, and CT had a positive rate of 88.68%, 50.94%, and 62.26%, respectively, in detecting muddy stones of the common bile duct. As for the positive results confirmed by EST under ERCP, EUS had a sensitivity of 93.75%, a specificity of 60.00%, and an accuracy of 90.57% in detecting muddy stones of the common bile duct, while TUS had a sensitivity of 56.25%, a specificity of 100.00%, and an accuracy of 60.38% and CT had a sensitivity of 66.67%, a specificity of 80.00%, and an accuracy of 67.92%. There was a significant difference between EUS and CT in the accuracy in detecting muddy stones of the common bile duct ( χ 2 =8.26, P =0.004), and there was also a significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between EUS and TUS ( χ 2 =13.05, P < 0.001). Conclusion EUS is more accurate than TUS and CT in the diagnosis of muddy stones of the common bile duct, and instead of ERCP, EUS is thus recommended for suspected muddy stones of the common bile duct when TUS and CT fail to identify the lesions in clinical practice, so as to make a confirmed diagnosis and reduce related costs and complications.

Objective: To investigate the current situation of cyberbullying and health risk behaviors among secondary vocational school students, to explore the effects of cyberbullying on health risk behaviors, so as to provide a reference for formulating intervention strategies to promote adolescent health related behaviors. Methods: From March to April 2023, a field survey was conducted on 1 184 students from one secondary vocational school each in Jilin City and Yanji City by random cluster sampling method. The data was analyzed using Chi square tests and generalized linear models. Results: Among secondary vocational school students, 839 individuals (70.9%) experienced the cyberbullying, and 1 036 individuals (87.5%) had one and more health risk behavior group. There was a positive correlation between cyberbullying and health risk behaviors ( r=0.60, P <0.01). The generalized linear model analysis showed that female and no Internet addiction were negatively correlated with the health risk behaviors of secondary vocational students ( β =-2.75, -8.90), and the single parent families and peer pressure was positively correlated with the health behaviors of secondary vocational students ( β =2.56, 4.82)( P ＜0.05). Secondary vocational students experienced cyberbullying who from single parent families, peer pressure and social oriented internet usage were more likely to engage in health risk behaviors ( β= 3.41, 4.88, 2.20, P <0.05). Conclusions The incidence of cyberbullying and health risk behaviors among secondary vocational school students is relatively high, and cyberbullying can influence the occurrence of health risk behaviors. It is important to focus on and implement guidance for internet use and health behavior education for secondary vocational students from multiple perspectives, including the family, school, and society. Corresponding intervention strategies should be taken to promote the healthy development of adolescents.

Objective:To explore the application of cognitive interview (CI) in intercultural adaptation of the Happiness Scale for Middle-Aged Women (HAS-MW) .Methods:This was a qualitative study. In January 2022, 20 middle-aged women in community of Yanji City were selected by purposive sampling for two rounds of CI, and 10 subjects participated in each round of CI. According to the interview outline, we understood the understanding of the subjects on the HAS-MW items that were preliminarily localized in Chinese. The expert group discussed and revised the items of the scale according to the interview results.Results:In this study, a total of 2 rounds of cognitive interviews were conducted, the age of 10 respondents (P1-P10) in the first round was (49.00±3.55) , and the age of 10 respondents (P11-P20) in the second round was (51.00±3.16) . After the first round, 6 items in HAS-MW were revised due to "imperfect language, grammar and expression". The second round of CI results showed that the respondents understood the contents of the revised scale items and believed that they were consistent with the original scale.Conclusions:Through CI, we can comprehensively understand middle-aged women's understanding of the content of the HAS-MW, effectively find out the cognitive bias caused by improper language expression in the process of the scale's localization, improve the understanding of the content of the scale by the interviewees, which is conducive to intercultural adaptation of the HAS-MW and provides a reference for the revision of the scale.

Objective:To explore the association between resting heart rate(RHR) and all-cause mortality among the Chinese oldest-old aged more than 80.Methods:Using a total of seven surveys or follow-ups data (1998, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014) from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). A total of 17 886 elderly over 80 years old were selected as subjects, their resting heart rate were measured though baseline survey and the survival outcome and death time of the subjects were followed up. The subjects were divided into 6 groups according to their resting heart rate. Cox regression model was used to estimate the effect of resting heart rate on mortality risk. The interaction of age, gender and resting heart rate was also analyzed by likelihood ratio test.Results:The age of subjects M( P25, P75) was 92 (86, 100) years old, including 10 531 females (58.9%) and there were 13 598 participants died, the mortality rate was 195.5 per 1 000 person-years. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared to the control group (60-69 pbm/min), the hazard ratio of the elderly are 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.11), 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.15), 1.23 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.34), 1.25 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.44) in the group of RHR between 70-79, 80-89, 90-99 and ≥100 pbm/min and Pvalues are all less than 0.05. Likelihood ratio test showed that RHR and age had an interaction effect. ( P for interaction=0.011). Conclusion:The risk of all-cause death increased with the increase of resting heart rate and this relationship was stronger between the 80-89 years old people.

Objective:To explore the association between resting heart rate(RHR) and all-cause mortality among the Chinese oldest-old aged more than 80.Methods:Using a total of seven surveys or follow-ups data (1998, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014) from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). A total of 17 886 elderly over 80 years old were selected as subjects, their resting heart rate were measured though baseline survey and the survival outcome and death time of the subjects were followed up. The subjects were divided into 6 groups according to their resting heart rate. Cox regression model was used to estimate the effect of resting heart rate on mortality risk. The interaction of age, gender and resting heart rate was also analyzed by likelihood ratio test.Results:The age of subjects M( P25, P75) was 92 (86, 100) years old, including 10 531 females (58.9%) and there were 13 598 participants died, the mortality rate was 195.5 per 1 000 person-years. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared to the control group (60-69 pbm/min), the hazard ratio of the elderly are 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.11), 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.15), 1.23 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.34), 1.25 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.44) in the group of RHR between 70-79, 80-89, 90-99 and ≥100 pbm/min and Pvalues are all less than 0.05. Likelihood ratio test showed that RHR and age had an interaction effect. ( P for interaction=0.011). Conclusion:The risk of all-cause death increased with the increase of resting heart rate and this relationship was stronger between the 80-89 years old people.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of astaxanthin on neuropathic pain in rats and the role of spinal heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).Methods:Seventy-two SPF-grade healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250 g, in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted, were divided into 6 groups ( n=12 each) by a random number table method: blank control group (group C), sham operation group (Sham group), neuropathic pain (NP) group, NP plus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group (NP + DMSO group), NP plus astaxanthin group (NP + AST group) and NP plus zinc protoporphyrin plus astaxanthin group (NP+ ZnPP+ AST group). NP was induced by chronic constriction injury in anesthetized rats.In Sham group, the sciatic nerve was only isolated without ligation.At 5 days after establishing the model, 0.5% DMSO 10 μl was intrathecally injected in NP+ DMSO group, astaxanthin 1 μg (dissolved in 10 μl DMSO) was intrathecally injected in NP+ AST group, HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin 24 μg (dissolved in 10 μl DMSO) was intrathecally injected, and 3 h later astaxanthin 1 μg (dissolved in 10 μl DMSO) was intrathecally injected in NP+ ZnPP+ AST group.Injection was given once a day for 10 consecutive days in the 3 groups mentioned above.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 1 day before establishing the model and 3, 7 and 14 days after establishing the model.The rats were sacrificed at 14 days after establishing the model, and the L 4-6 lumbar segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the contents of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GHS-PX)(by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and expression of HO-1 (by Western blot). Results:Compared with group C and group Sham, the MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shortened at each time point after establishing the model, the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β were increased, and the expression of HO-1 was up-regulated in the other four groups, the SOD and GSH-PX contents were significantly decreased in NP group, NP+ DMSO group and NP+ ZnPP+ AST group, and the SOD and GSH-PX contents were significantly increased in NP+ AST group ( P<0.05). Compared with NP group, the MWT was significantly increased and TWL was prolonged at 7 and 14 days after establishing the model, the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β were decreased, and the expression of HO-1 was up-regulated in NP+ AST group, the expression of HO-1 was down-regulated in NP+ ZnPP+ AST group ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in NP+ DMSO group ( P>0.05). Compared with NP+ AST group, the MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shortened at 7 and 14 days after establishing the model, the contents of SOD and GSH-PX were decreased, the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β were increased, and the expression of HO-1 was down-regulated in NP+ ZnPP+ AST group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Astaxanthin can reduce NP in rats, and the mechanism is related to up-regulating the expression of HO-1 in the spinal cord and inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.