OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of vitamin D analogue for postmenopausal osteoporotic women in China. METHODS A Markov microsimulation model was developed to analyze the clinical and economic outcomes of eldecalcitol， alfacalcidol and calcitriol for postmenopausal osteoporosis from the healthcare system perspective in China. The clinical parameters required for the model were derived from network meta-analysis， while cost and utility data were primarily obtained from the literature. The cycle length was 1 year ， the time horizon was life time， and the willingness-to-pay threshold was 0.5 times the gross domestic product per capita in China in 2023（44 679 yuan/QALY）. Model uncertainty was tested with one-way sensitivity analysis， probabilistic sensitivity analysis， and scenario analysis. RESULTS The quality-adjusted life years （QALYs） for eldecalcitol were calculated to be 12.03 QALYs， which were higher than those for alfacalcidol （11.94 QALYs） and calcitriol （11.92 QALYs）. Meanwhile， the direct medical cost associated with eldecalcitol treatment amounted to 38 805 yuan， which was lower than that of alfacalcidol （45 173 yuan） and calcitriol （45 821 yuan）. The results of the one-way sensitivity analysis showed that the risk ratio of hip fracture and vertebral fracture had a significant impact on the result. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis showed the robustness of the findings from the base-case analysis. CONCLUSIONS Compared with alfacalcidol and calcitriol， eldecalcitol is likely to be a cost-effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporotic women in China.

As a tool for evaluating the value of drugs,Economic Evaluation(EE)models are playing an increasingly important role in healthcare and reimbursement decision-making in China.However,the lack of transparency and the uncertainty surrounding the results of these EE models have significantly hindered the translation of research evidence into policy decisions.Constructing a disease reference model provides a critical approach to address these challenges.First,starting from the concept of disease reference model,it compares its differences with traditional economics evaluation models and analyzes the key steps involved in their construc-tion;secondly,it takes advanced lung cancer,diabetes mellitus,and osteoporosis as typical cases to illustrate the main features and the current development of disease reference models;and it finally analyzes the advantages and challenges of the development of disease reference models in China.By systematically reviewing the methods and applications of disease reference models,it con-tributes to the exploration of future directions for economic evaluation models and promotes the high-quality development and deci-sion-making translation of pharmacoeconomics in China.

As a tool for evaluating the value of drugs,Economic Evaluation(EE)models are playing an increasingly important role in healthcare and reimbursement decision-making in China.However,the lack of transparency and the uncertainty surrounding the results of these EE models have significantly hindered the translation of research evidence into policy decisions.Constructing a disease reference model provides a critical approach to address these challenges.First,starting from the concept of disease reference model,it compares its differences with traditional economics evaluation models and analyzes the key steps involved in their construc-tion;secondly,it takes advanced lung cancer,diabetes mellitus,and osteoporosis as typical cases to illustrate the main features and the current development of disease reference models;and it finally analyzes the advantages and challenges of the development of disease reference models in China.By systematically reviewing the methods and applications of disease reference models,it con-tributes to the exploration of future directions for economic evaluation models and promotes the high-quality development and deci-sion-making translation of pharmacoeconomics in China.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible effects of Cefuroxime sodium for injection/Sodium chloride injection(referred to as"Cefuroxime powder-liquid dual-chamber bag")or Cefuroxime sodium for injection(referred to as"Cefuroxime powder injection")used in perioperative patients on hospital costs under the background of medical insurance payment reform from the perspective of the hospital.METHODS Assuming that the effectiveness and safety of Cefuroxime powder-liquid dual-chamber bag(scenario 1)and Cefuroxime powder injection(scenario 2)were the same for perioperative patients,the cost-effectiveness of both scenarios was compared by calculating the costs of drug,infusion sets,and labor in the pharmacy intravenous admixture service.The robustness of the results was explored through univariate sensitivity analysis and different centralized procurement share scenarios analysis.RESULTS The base-case analysis showed that the average cost per treatment course for patients using cefuroxime in scenario 1 and scenario 2 were 314.54 yuan and 349.41 yuan,respectively,meaning scenario 1 saved 34.87 yuan per capita compared to scenario 2.The univariate sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis indicated that the research results were robust.CONCLUSIONS The application of Cefuroxime powder-liquid dual-chamber bag in perioperative patients can save medical costs while ensuring the quality and efficiency of medical services,compared to Cefuroxime powder injection.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors affecting the inclusion of Chinese patent medicines in China’s National reimbursement drug list （NRDL）， and assist these medicines in fully reflecting their actual value in the reimbursement admission process. METHODS From the official website of the China’s National Healthcare Security Administration， the application materials of Chinese patent medicines outside the list that passed the formal review from 2021 to 2023 were obtained， including basic information on the medicines， safety， efficacy， innovation and heritage information， and supplemented with references from the pharmacopeia and the Yaozhi Database. Economic information and enterprise information were obtained through websites such as the Yaozhi Database. Univariate analysis， multivariate Logistic regression analysis and stepwise regression analysis were conducted on the initial application information and admission outcomes of the medicines. Sensitivity analysis was also performed on medicines that applied multiple times in different years as independent samples. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS There were 27 Chinese patent medicines that passed the formal review from 2021 to 2023， involving 37 applications. The univariate analysis results showed that medicines with descriptions of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome types， clear adjustment information for medication plans for specific population groups， short time to market in the indications of the package insert， registered as Class 1 to 6 following or class Ⅰ innovative TCM/class Ⅲ ancient classic prescription compound TCM registered， and those produced by enterprises listed in the “Top 100 Chinese Pharmaceutical Industry Enterprises” list for the current year were more likely to be included in the NRDL （P＜0.05）. The results of the multivariate Logistic regression analysis were not statistically significant， but the stepwise regression results indicated good consistency with the univariate analysis. The results of the sensitivity analysis were consistent with the trend of basic analysis. It is recommended that Chinese patent medicine enterprises further clarify the description of product instructions， expand innovation capabilities， inherit and develop ancient classic prescriptions， and promptly complete clinical trial evidence.

ObjectiveTo analyze the long-term trends of the disease burden of diabetes attributed to metabolic factors in China from 1990 to 2019, and provide scientific recommendations for diabetes prevention and control in China. MethodsDescriptive analysis was conducted on the disease burden data of diabetes attributed to metabolic factors in China from 1990 to 2019, obtained from GBD 2019, encompassing death form diabetes, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), years of life lost (YLL), and years lived with disability (YLD). Joinpoint regression models were employed to analyze the long-term trends in mortality and DALY rates. Furthermore, the study examined the impact of two metabolic risk factors, high fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels and high body mass index (BMI) levels, on the disease burden of diabetes. ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the overall standardized mortality and DALY rates attributed to metabolic factors for diabetes in the general population in China showed an upward trend, with both average annual percent changes (AAPCs) of 0.1% in the total population. The trend was upward in males with AAPCs of 0.9% and 0.6%, while it was downward in females with AAPCs of -0.4% and -0.3%. As age increased, the disease burden of diabetes attributed to metabolic factors showed an upward trend, with high FPG and high BMI ranking as the top two attributing risk factors. The disease burden of diabetes attributed to metabolic factors was higher in Chinese males than females. ConclusionThe disease burden of diabetes attributed to metabolic factors is increasing among the overall population and particularly among males, while the burden for female is declining. There is a need to increase intervention efforts for males aged 65 and above, provide scientific guidance on residents’ diet and lifestyle habits, and control blood glucose and body weight.

OBJECT IVE To evaluate the efficacy ，safety and cost-effectiveness of Qili qiangxin capsule in the treatment of chronic heart failure ，and provide reference for drug selection and evaluation in relevant institutions. METHODS Meta-analysis was performed to investigate clinical efficacy and safety of Qili qiangxin capsule combined with routine treatment （combined treatment group）versus routine treatment （routine treatment group ）in the treatment of chronic heart failure. From the perspective of Chinese health care system ，a decision tree model was constructed. The time horizon of the model was 1 year. The effective rate obtained by meta-analysis was taken as the effect parameter ，and the total cost was calculated by drug cost and hospitalization cost ，to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of combined treatment versus routine treatment in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Subgroup analysis was carried out according to the course of treatment and literature quality ，and one-way sensitivity analysis and probability sensitivity analysis were adopted to check the robustness of basic analysis results. RESULTS Total of 72 literatures involving 9 575 patients were included in meta-analysis. Results of meta-analysis showed that effective rate ，left ventricular ejection fraction ， N-terminal fragment of the prohomone brain-type natriuretic peptide and 6 minute walking distance in combined treatment group were all better than those of routine treatment group ， while its safety was similar to routine therapy. The results of cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the cost of combined therapy was 1 867 yuan higher than that of routine therapy ，patients could get 0.016 QALYs more ，and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio （ICER）was 117 861 yuan/QALY. If only high-quality literature were included for meta-analysis and the effectiveness parameters were obtained ，the ICERs of the combined therapy versus routine therapy were 102 162 yuan/QALY（based on all high-quality literature ）and 72 354 yuan/QALY（based on high-quality literature with treatment course of 24 weeks）. The results of the probability sensitivity analysis showed that taking twice China ’s per capita gross domestic product in 2020 as the willingness to pay threshold ，the probability of cost-effectiveness for Qili qiangxin capsule combined with routine therapy was 67.1％ . CONCLUSIONS Compared with routine therapy ，Qili qiangxin capsule combined with routine therapy has better clinical efficacy ，equivalent safety and cost-effective.

OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for improving the treatment compliance and therapeutic effect of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） in China. METHODS： The follow-up data was from the issue of Pharmacoeconomic Study of Diabetic Drugs in China， which was conducted by China Center for Health Economic Research （CCHER） of Peking University. Using follow-up endpoint HbA1c level as clinical output indicator， univariate analysis and multivariable regression analysis of binary and numerical variables were performed to evaluate the effect of treatment compliance on short-term clinical outcomes. RESULTS： Totally 2 236 community T2DM patients were included for the analysis. The patients with good and poor medication compliance accounted for 23.48％ and 76.52％； the patients with good and poor blood glucose monitoring compliance accounted for 7.02％ and 93.98％； 66.3％， 23.5％ and 10.2％ of the patients had good， medium and poor diet control compliance， respectively. Univariate analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the “good control” group of blood glucose and the “poor control” group of blood glucose in terms of patient age， body mass index， education level， duration of disease， exercise， and eating habits，etc （P＜0.05）. Similar results were obtained in the analysis of multiple Logistic regression and multivariate loglinear regression models， that is， blood glucose monitoring compliance and diet control compliance had significant positive effects on end-point HbA1c （P＜0.05）， but drug compliance had no significant effect （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： The treatment compliance among community patients with T2DM in China was generally poor. After controlling for other variables， patients’ treatment compliance has a positive effect on end-point HbA1c， especially better blood glucose monitoring compliance and diet control compliance contribute to blood glucose control， but medication compliance has no significantly effect.

OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for improving medication compliance and therapeutic efficacy in community patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） in China. METHODS： The data was from the “Economic Study of Diabetic Medications in Patients with T2DM in China”， which was conducted by China Center for Health Economic Research of Peking University. Both univariate analysis and Logistic regression model were used for single factor analysis and multiple factor analysis of medication compliance. RESULTS： Totally 2 236 community T2DM patients were included. The rate of good medication compliance was estimated at as low as 23.48％. Monthly household income and duration of the disease had significant impact on medication compliance. Incidence of good the medication compliance for patients with monthly household income ≥6 000 yuan and during 3 000-＜6 000 yuan， compared to those with monthly household income ＜3 000 yuan， were 70.8％ [95％CI（0.532，0.944）] and 78.5％ [95％CI（0.614，1.004）] respectively. Incidence of good medication compliance for the patients with 5 to 10 years and ＞10 years of disease duration， compared to those with ＜5 years of disease duration， were 69.0％ [95％CI（0.542， 0.878）] and 59.1％ [95％CI（0.459， 0.760）] respectively. CONCLUSIONS： The medication compliance among community patients with T2DM in China was generally poor. Longer duration of the disease and higher monthly household income are associated with poorer medication adherence.

Objective To assess the safety and feasibility of video electroencephalographic (VEEG) monitoring in preterm infants and critically ill neonates in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Method From December 2017 to June 2018, high risk infants were prospectively enrolled and received VEEG monitoring in our NICU. Their basic information, adverse events and disturbances of any procedure during VEEG monitoring were collected by specially-trained nurses. Result A total of 245 times of VEEG were recorded. The average gestational age (GA) was (32.1 ± 3.6) weeks, the birth weight (BW) was (1879 ± 757) g, the corrected GA (cGA) at VEEG monitoring was (33.8±3.3) weeks, and the average weight at VEEG monitoring was (2008±716) g. The earliest cGA at VEEG monitoring was 25+5 weeks, and the lowest weight at VEEG monitoring was 520 g. The average monitoring duration was (4.9±2.4) h, ranging from 3 to 20 hours. During VEEG monitoring, 80 cases (32.7％) received noninvasive ventilation, 43 cases (17.6％) mechanical ventilation. The adverse events during electrodes placement were oxygen desaturation in 8(3.3％) cases. During VEEG monitoring, local skin erythema were found in 4 cases (1.6％), and electrodes displacement in 2(0.8％) cases. The disturbances of any clinical procedures were reported in 18(7.3％) cases. No severe adverse events such as displacement of endotracheal tube nor events requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation occurred during VEEG monitoring. Conclusion It is feasible and safe for trained NICU nurses to place electrodes for high risk neonates.