Abstract Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) exposure is a pressing and severe global public health issue. Children and adolescents exposed to multiple ACEs are highly susceptible to toxic stress and impaired physiological functioning, which significantly jeopardize their physical and mental health. Effective prevention and intervention strategies can reduce the prevalence of ACEs and mitigate their severe impacts, thereby minimizing the long term detrimental consequences on future outcomes. The review provides a comprehensive review of intervention strategies across four dimensions: individual, family, school, and public services/policy, so as to establish a theoretical foundation for implementing effective interventions for children and adolescents exposed to adverse childhood experiences.

Reproductive system diseases are among the primary contributors to the decline in social fertility rates and the intensification of aging, posing significant threats to both physical and mental health, as well as quality of life. Recent research has revealed the substantial potential of the gut microbiota in improving reproductive system diseases. Under healthy conditions, the gut microbiota maintains a dynamic balance, whereas dysfunction can trigger immune-inflammatory responses, metabolic disorders, and other issues, subsequently leading to reproductive system diseases through the gut-gonadal axis. Reproductive diseases, in turn, can exacerbate gut microbiota imbalance. This article reviews the impact of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on both male and female reproductive systems, analyzing changes in typical gut microorganisms and their metabolites related to reproductive function. The composition, diversity, and metabolites of gut bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Firmicutes, including short-chain fatty acids, 5-hydroxytryptamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and bile acids, are closely linked to reproductive function. As reproductive diseases develop, intestinal immune function typically undergoes changes, and the expression levels of immune-related factors, such as Toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β), also vary. The gut microbiota and its metabolites influence reproductive hormones such as estrogen, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone, thereby affecting folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis. Additionally, the metabolism and absorption of vitamins can also impact spermatogenesis through the gut-testis axis. As the relationship between the gut microbiota and reproductive diseases becomes clearer, targeted regulation of the gut microbiota can be employed to address reproductive system issues in both humans and animals. This article discusses the regulation of the gut microbiota and intestinal immune function through microecological preparations, fecal microbiota transplantation, and drug therapy to treat reproductive diseases. Microbial preparations and drug therapy can help maintain the intestinal barrier and reduce chronic inflammation. Fecal microbiota transplantation involves transferring feces from healthy individuals into the recipient’s intestine, enhancing mucosal integrity and increasing microbial diversity. This article also delves into the underlying mechanisms by which the gut microbiota influences reproductive capacity through the gut-gonadal axis and explores the latest research in diagnosing and treating reproductive diseases using gut microbiota. The goal is to restore reproductive capacity by targeting the regulation of the gut microbiota. While the gut microbiota holds promise as a therapeutic target for reproductive diseases, several challenges remain. First, research on the association between gut microbiota and reproductive diseases is insufficient to establish a clear causal relationship, which is essential for proposing effective therapeutic methods targeting the gut microbiota. Second, although gut microbiota metabolites can influence lipid, glucose, and hormone synthesis and metabolism via various signaling pathways—thereby indirectly affecting ovarian and testicular function—more in-depth research is required to understand the direct effects of these metabolites on germ cells or granulosa cells. Lastly, the specific efficacy of gut microbiota in treating reproductive diseases is influenced by multiple factors, necessitating further mechanistic research and clinical studies to validate and optimize treatment regimens.

Vertebral refracture following percutaneous vertebral augmentation (PVA) is commonly seen in elderly patients with osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures (OTLCF). It can lead to recurrent pain, loss of vertebral height, progression of kyphosis, and even neurological dysfunction, significantly impairing patients′ quality of life. Current diagnosis and treatment face multiple challenges, including high misdiagnosis rate, difficulty in choosing between surgical and non-surgical treatment options, lack of standardized surgical protocols, interference from intralesional bone cement during procedures, inadequate stability of internal fixation in osteoporotic bone, and suboptimal compliance of anti-osteoporotic therapy. Establishing a standardized diagnostic and therapeutic framework is urgently needed. To standardize the management process and improve outcomes for vertebral refractures after PVA in elderly OTLCF patients, Spinal Trauma Group of the Orthopedic Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts in the field to develop Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of vertebral refracture after percutaneous vertebral augmentation in elderly patients with osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures ( version 2025), based on current literature and clinical experience, and adhering to principles of scientific rigor and clinical applicability. A total of 11 recommendations were proposed, encompassing diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of vertebral refracture after PVA in elderly patients with OTLCF, aiming to provide a foundation for a standardized management.

Nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVF), predominantly affecting the elderly, can lead to intractable pain, vertebral collapse, progressive kyphotic deformity, and neurological impairment, significantly compromising patients′ quality of life. There exists considerable debate on diagnosis and management of OVF, encompassing key issues such as clinical diagnosis and staging criteria for nonunion, surgical indications and procedure selection, and postoperative rehabilitation planning. Currently, there lacks standardized clinical guideline and expert consensus on the diagnosis and management of OVF nonunion in China. To address this gap, Minimally Invasive Surgery Group of Chinese Orthopedic Association, Osteoporosis Committee of Chinese Association of Orthopedic Surgeons, Prevention and Rehabilitation Committee for Osteoporosis of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine and Minimally Invasive Orthopedic Surgery Branch of China Association for Geriatric Care jointly organized domestic experts in spinal surgery, endocrinology, and rehabilitation to formulate the Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment for nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures ( version 2025), based on existing literature and clinical experience and adhering to principles of scientific rigor and practicality. The guideline provided 13 evidence-based recommendations encompassing diagnosis and treatment of OVF nonunion, aiming to standardize its clinical management.

Acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fracture (ASOTLF) can lead to chronic low back pain, kyphosis deformity, pulmonary dysfunction, loss of mobility, and even life-threatening complications. Vertebral augmentation is currently the mainstream treatment method for this condition. In 2019, the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Trauma and the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association collaboratively led the development of Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation for acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures. Six years later, with advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment techniques as well as accumulating evidence in related fields, the 2019 guideline requires updating. To this end, the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, the Spinal Health Professional Committee of China Human Health Science and Technology Promotion Association, and the Minimally Invasive Orthopedics Professional Committee of Shaanxi Medical Doctor Association have organized experts in the field to develop the Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation of acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures ( version 2025) , based on the latest evidence-based medical researches. This guideline incorporates 3 recommendations retained from the 2019 version with updated strength of evidence, along with 12 new recommendations. It provides recommendations from six aspects of diagnosis, pain management, treatment option selection, prevention of postoperative complications, anti-osteoporosis therapy, and postoperative rehabilitation, aiming to provide a reference for standard treatment of vertebral augmentation for ASOTLF in hospitals at all levels.

Based on the similarity of chemical constituents between Panax notoginseng flowers and rhizomes, this study investigated their lipid-lowering effects and impacts on the intestinal flora of rats. The main components of P. notoginseng flowers and rhizomes were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) to compare their chemical similarities. A hyperlipidemia rat model was induced using a high-fat diet. After successful modeling, the rats were divided into the blank control group, blank administration group(0.090 g·kg~(-1)), model group, low-(0.045 g·kg~(-1)), medium-(0.090 g·kg~(-1)), high-dose(0.180 g·kg~(-1)) P. notoginseng flower group, P. notoginseng rhizome group(0.270 g·kg~(-1)), and simvastatin group(0.900 mg·kg~(-1)). After modeling, the rats were given intragastric administration for 3 weeks, once daily, while their body weight was recorded regularly. Before the last administration, fresh feces were collected for analysis of changes in intestinal flora using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology. One hour after the last administration, the rats were anesthetized with 1% pentobarbital sodium, and blood was collected from the abdominal aorta. Serum biochemical indexes were detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Organs(heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney) were harvested, and organ index were calculated. Liver tissue pathology was assessed through HE staining and oil red O staining. The results indicated that there were 33 identical chemical constituents in P. notoginseng flowers and rhizomes, accounting for 75.00% of the total constituents. After treatment, high-dose P. notoginseng flower group and P. notoginseng rhizome group exhibited similar effects on body weight, serum biochemical indexes, and liver histopathological conditions. Compared with model control group, the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria increased in high-dose P. notoginseng flower and rhizome groups, while the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Thermodesulfobacteria decreased. Cluster analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups. Both P. notoginseng flowers and rhizomes possess similar chemical components and lipid-lowering effects, and they can regulate the intestinal flora imbalance caused by hyperlipidemia, indicating their potential for use in hyperlipidemia treatment.
Animals ; Hyperlipidemias/microbiology* ; Panax notoginseng/chemistry* ; Rats ; Rhizome/chemistry* ; Male ; Flowers/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Hypolipidemic Agents/administration & dosage* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Humans ; Liver/drug effects*

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to determine the content of three major components in Citri Reticulatae Semen(CRS), including limonin, nomilin, and obacunone. The chromaticity of the CRS sample during salt processing and stir-frying was measured using a color difference meter. Next, the relationship between the color and content of the salt-processed CRS sample was investigated through correlation analysis. By integrating the oil bath technique for processing simulation with HPLC, the changes in the relative content of nomilin and its transformation products were analyzed, with its structural transformation pattern during processing identified. Additionally, RAW264.7 cells were induced with lipopolysaccharides(LPSs) to establish an inflammatory model, and the anti-inflammatory activity of nomilin and its transformation product, namely obacunone was evaluated. The results indicated that as processing progressed, E~*ab and L~* values showed a downward trend; a~* values exhibited a slow increase over a certain period, followed by no significant changes, and b~* values remained stable with no significant changes over a certain period and then started to decrease. The limonin content remained barely unchanged; the nomilin content decreased, and the obacunone increased significantly. The changing trends in content and color parameters during salt-processing and stir-frying were basically consistent. The content of nomilin and obacunone was significantly correlated with the colorimetric values(L~*, a~*, b~*, and E~*ab), while limonin content showed no significant correlation with these values. By analyzing HPLC patterns of nomylin at different heating temperatures and time, it was found that under conditions of 200-250 ℃ for heating of 5-60 min, the content of nomilin significantly decreased, while the obacunone content increased pronouncedly. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity results indicated that compared to the model group, the group with a high concentration of nomilin and the groups with varying concentrations of obacunone showed significantly reduced release of nitric oxide(NO)(P<0.01). When both were at the same concentration, obacunone showed better performance in inhibiting NO release. In this study, the obvious correlation between the color and content of major components during the processing of CRS samples was identified, and the dynamic patterns of quality change in CRS samples during processing were revealed. Additionally, the study revealed and confirmed the transformation of nomilin into obacunone during processing, with the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of obacunone significantly greater than that of nomilin. These findings provided a scientific basis for CRS processing optimization, tablet quality control, and its clinical application.
Mice ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Limonins/chemistry* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Citrus/chemistry* ; Color ; Benzoxepins/chemistry* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry*

With the continuous advancement of medical research, it is increasingly recognized that the human body functions as a highly coordinated complex system, and the development of diseases often involves intricate interactions among multiple subsystems, including organs, tissues, and cells. Conventional pharmacological research, which primarily focuses on isolated subsystems, tends to emphasize direct interactions between drugs and the molecular targets in diseased organs. However, this approach often falls short in addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by complex diseases such as metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, cancers, and aging. In recent years, inter-organ cross-talk and its role in diseases progression, as well as cross-organ effects of drug intervention, have gained significant attention. This has highlighted the potential for treating complex diseases through holistic regulation of multiple organs. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has long embraced a holistic and systemic approach for treatment, with concepts such as the interdependence and mutual restraint of the five Zang organs, the interconnection of Zang organs and Fu organs, treating the Zang organ diseases by regulating the Fu organs, treating the child organ diseases to cure the parent organs, and treating upper organ diseases by regulating lower organs. These concepts provide valuable insights into exploring the pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying inter-organ cross-talk. Building on our previous work on indirect actions of TCM, this paper introduces the concept of indirect pharmacology mediated by intermediate substances, as a new extension of classical pharmacology. This approach aims to offer new perspectives and innovative ideas for understanding inter-organ cross-talk and discovering cross-organ therapeutic strategies.
Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Animals

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of the "Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction" combined with physical therapy in the treatment of patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis(DLS). METHODS: From January 2021 to December 2021, 72 patients diagnosed with DLS were enrolled and divided into the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction group and the pelvic traction group, with 36 cases in each group. In the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction group, there were 15 males and 21 females;aged 54 to 66 years old, with an average of (59.07±5.69) years old;the course of disease was 14 to 26 years old, with an average of (20.35±5.66) years old. They were treated with the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction combined with low-frequency physical therapy, 3 times a week, for a 4-week course. In the pelvic traction group, there were 12 males and 24 females;aged 54 to 66 years old, with an average of (59.69±5.59) years old;the course of disease was 13 to 26 years old, with an average of (19.74±5.80) years old. They were treated with pelvic traction combined with low-frequency physical therapy. Efficacy evaluation was conducted using the visual analogue scale(VAS), Oswestry disability index(ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, and Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) before treatment, after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, and at the 8-week follow-up after the end of treatment. In addition, imaging parameters of paravertebral muscles were evaluated before treatment and at the completion of treatment. RESULTS: All 72 patients completed the follow-up for 8 weeks. At the 8-week follow-up after the end of treatment, in the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction group, the VAS score for low back pain decreased from (6.25±1.23) points before treatment to (1.25±0.65) points, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05);the ODI decreased from (57.17±7.13)% before treatment to (19.89±5.66)%, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05);the JOA score and SF-36 score increased from (15.46±3.20) points and (35.25±9.28) points before treatment to (23.75±2.10) points and (62.31±13.03) points, respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The improvement of each index in the Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction group was better than that in the pelvic traction group (P<0.05), but the change in imaging parameters was not significant (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05), and no serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION The Three-Step Nine-Method Lumbar Correction combined with physical therapy has a definite efficacy in the treatment of DLS. It can significantly relieve pain symptoms, improve physical function and patients' quality of life. Its effect is better than that of pelvic traction combined with physical therapy, and it has high safety. However, its improvement on paravertebral muscles is not obvious.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Spondylolisthesis/physiopathology* ; Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Lumbar Vertebrae/physiopathology* ; Physical Therapy Modalities ; Adult

Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is avascular necrosis of the femoral head caused by long-erm use of corticosteroids, and its pathogenesis is complex and affected by changes in the dynamic balance of the bone microenvironment. With the deepening of research, the role of bone microenvironment in the pathogenesis of SONFH has been gradually revealed. In the case of excessive use of glucocorticoids (GCs), the bone microenvironment changes significantly, causing imbalance in bone lipid metabolism, microcirculation disorders and disorders of immune regulation, which promotes the increase of the number and activity of osteoclasts, and interferes with the differentiation of osteoblasts and adipoblasts. Through the regulation of PI3K/AKT, OPG/RANKL/RANK, MAPK, JAK/STAT, Hedgehog and other signaling pathways, it eventually leads to osteocyte apoptosis, bone microvascular rupture and destruction of trabecular bone structure, which in turn leads to osteonecrosis, bone density reduction and bone microstructure destruction due to bone microcirculation ischemia, and finally leads to necrosis of the femoral head. This article reviews the role of bone microenvironment homeostasis in GCs-induced ONFH and the regulatory mechanism of bone microenvironment, which is helpful to reveal the pathogenesis of SONFH and provide a theoretical basis for exploring effective intervention strategies.
Humans ; Femur Head Necrosis/physiopathology* ; Animals ; Signal Transduction ; Bone and Bones/metabolism* ; Glucocorticoids/adverse effects* ; Cellular Microenvironment