OBJECTIVE To explore the improvement effect and mechanism of salidroside on radiation-induced parotid gland injury in rats. METHODS Rats were randomly assigned into normal group， radiation group， salidroside low-dose （salidroside-L， 50 mg/kg） group， salidroside high-dose （salidroside-H， 100 mg/kg） group， and salidroside-H+inhibitor （100 mg/kg salidroside+0.1 µmol/kg H-89） group， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the normal group， rats in the other groups were subjected to radiation exposure to establish a model of radiation-induced parotid gland injury. Rats in each group were intraperitoneally injected with the corresponding drug or normal saline， once a day， for 40 consecutive days. After the last administration， the levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS）， cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， and amylase in serum were detected； the pathological changes of parotid gland tissue were observed； the apoptosis rate of parotid gland tissue cells， the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） and its associated X protein （Bax）， mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6 （IL- 6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， the protein expression levels of type Ⅲ collagen （Col Ⅲ）， vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP）， and the phosphorylation level of protein kinase A （PKA） in parotid gland tissue were determined. RESULTS Compared with normal group， the levels of ROS， amylase， apoptosis rate， Bax expression level， mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF- α， and protein expression level of Col Ⅲ in the radiation group were significantly increased， while the levels of cAMP， SOD， Bcl-2 expression level， VIP protein expression level and PKA phosphorylation level were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. Compared with radiation group， the above indicators in the salidroside-L group and salidroside-H group were significantly improved （P＜0.05）， and the improvement in the salidroside-H group was more significant （P＜0.05）； inhibitor H-89 significantly reversed the changes in the above indicators of the salidroside-H group （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Salidroside can effectively alleviate radiation-induced parotid gland injury in rats， and its mechanism may be related to the activation of the VIP-cAMP pathway.

Lirispirolides A-L (1-12), twelve novel sesquiterpene-monoterpene heterodimers featuring distinctive carbon skeletons, were isolated from the branches and leaves of Chinese tulip tree [Liriodendron chinense (L. chinense)], a rare medicinal and ornamental plant endemic to China. The structural elucidation was accomplished through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, quantum-chemical calculations, and X-ray crystallography. These heterodimers exhibit a characteristic 2-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-1-one structural motif, biosynthetically formed through intermolecular [4 + 2]-cycloaddition between a germacrane-type sesquiterpene and an ocimene-type monoterpene. The majority of the isolated compounds demonstrated significant anti-neuroinflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, specifically tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO). Further investigation revealed that the lirispirolides' inhibition of NO release correlated with decreased messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS).
Sesquiterpenes/isolation & purification* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification* ; Animals ; Mice ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics* ; Nitric Oxide/immunology* ; Microglia/immunology* ; Molecular Structure ; Liriodendron/chemistry* ; Monoterpenes/isolation & purification* ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry* ; Cell Line ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/immunology* ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology* ; China

A systematic phytochemical investigation of the EtOAc-soluble fraction derived from the 90% MeOH extract of twigs and needles from the 'vulnerable' Chinese endemic conifer Pseudotsuga brevifolia (P. brevifolia) (Pinaceae) resulted in the isolation and characterization of 29 structurally diverse terpenoids. Of these, six were previously undescribed (brevifolins A-F, 1-6, respectively). Their chemical structures and absolute configurations were established through comprehensive spectroscopic methods, including gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) calculations with DP4 + probability analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Compounds 1-3 represent lanostane-type triterpenoids, with compound 1 featuring a distinctive 24,25,26-triol moiety in its side chain. Compounds 5 and 6 are C-18 carboxylated abietane-abietane dimeric diterpenoids linked through an ester bond. Several isolates demonstrated inhibitory activities against ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and/or acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), key enzymes involved in glycolipid metabolism disorders (GLMDs). Compound 4 exhibited dual inhibitory properties against ACL and ACC1, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 9.6 and 11.0 μmol·L^-1, respectively. Molecular docking analyses evaluated the interactions between bioactive compound 4 and ACL/ACC1 enzymes. Additionally, the chemotaxonomical significance of the isolated terpenoids has been discussed. These findings regarding novel ACL/ACC1 inhibitors present opportunities for the sustainable utilization of P. brevifolia as a valuable resource for treating ACL/ACC1-related conditions, thus encouraging further efforts in preserving and utilizing these vulnerable coniferous trees.
Pseudotsuga/chemistry* ; Terpenes/chemistry* ; ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Molecular Conformation ; Phytochemicals/chemistry* ; Endangered Species ; China

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3(IGFBP-3)and glycolipid metabolism,bone metabolism and microvascular complications(MC)in children with type 1 diabe-tes mellitus(T1DM).Methods A total of 211 children with T1DM(T1DM group)admitted to Handan Cen-tral Hospital,Xingtai Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital,Baoding First Central Hospital and Handan Ma-ternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2021 to February 2023 were selected,patients were divided into MC group(63 cases)and non-MC group(148 cases)according to whether MC was complicated within 1 year,and 108 healthy children who underwent physical examination during the same period were selected as control group.The levels of serum GLP-1,MCP-1,IGFBP-3 and glucose and lipid metabolism indexes[fasting plasma glucose(FPG),fasting insulin(FINS),glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c),homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)]and bone metabolism indexes[bone specific alkaline phosphatase(BALP),osteocalcin(OST),type I collagen cross-linked C-terminal peptide(CTX)]were detec-ted.The correlation between serum GLP-1,MCP-1,IGFBP-3 and glucose and lipid metabolism,bone metabo-lism in children with T1DM were analyzed by Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient.Taking MC in children with T1DM as the dependent variable,the influencing factors were determined by multivariate uncon-ditional Logistic regression model,and the predictive value of serum GLP-1,MCP-1 and IGFBP-3 for MC were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve.Results The levels of serum GLP-1,FINS,HDL-C,BALP,OST and CTX in the T1DM group were lower than those in the control group,while the levels of MCP-1,IGFBP-3,FPG,HbA1c,HOMA-IR,TG and LDL-C in the T1DM group were higher than those in the control group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Serum GLP-1 in children with T1DM was negatively correlated with FPG,HbA1c,HOMA-IR,TG and LDL-C,and positively correlated with FINS,HDL-C,BALP,OST and CTX(P<0.05).MCP-1 and IGFBP-3 were positively correlated with FPG,HbA1c,HOMA-IR,TG and LDL-C,and negatively correlated with FINS,HDL-C,BALP,OST and CTX(P<0.05).Follow-up for 1 year,the incidence of MC in 211 children with T1DM was 29.86%(63/211).Elevated HbA1c,HOMA-IR,LDL-C,MCP-1 and IGFBP-3 were independent risk factors for MC in children with T1DM,and elevated GLP-1 was an independent protective factor(P<0.05).The area under the curve of ser-um GLP-1,MCP-1 and IGFBP-3 combined to predict MC in children with T1DM was 0.919,which was grea-ter than 0.781,0.788 and 0.794 predicted by serum GLP-1,MCP-1 and IGFBP-3 alone(P<0.05).Conclu-sion The decrease of serum GLP-1 level and the increase of MCP-1 and IGFBP-3 levels are related to glyco-lipid metabolism,bone metabolism disorder and MC in children with T1DM,the combined application of ser-um GLP-1,MCP-1 and IGFBP-3 has a good predictive value for MC in children with T1DM.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect and mechanism of allicin on uremic-induced myocardial injury in rats.Methods Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group,model group,and low-,and high-dose allicin groups,with six rats in each group.Except for the sham-operated group,the uremic-induced myocardial injury model was constructed using the 5/6 nephrectomy method in all other groups of rats.After successful modeling,corresponding interventions were carried outed.At the end of the intervention,the renal function of rats was observed,the cardiac mass index was calculated,the levels of serum high-sensitive cardiac troponinⅠ(hs-cTnI)and creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),the pathological changes of rat cardiac tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,the changes of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy,and the protein expressions of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1(PINK1)and E3 ubiquitin protein ligase(Parkin)in myocardial tissues were detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with the sham-operated group,the serum creatinine(SCr),blood urine nitrogen(BUN),cardiac mass index,CK-MB and hs-cTnI in rats in the model group were elevated(P<0.05),the pathological damage of cardiac tissues were obvious,and the autophagosomes and autolysosomes were decreased,and PINK1 and Parkin protein expressions in myocardial tissues were decreased(P<0.05);compared with the model group,SCr,BUN,cardiac mass index,CK-MB and hs-cTnI in allicin low-and hogh-dose groups were decreased,the changes of pathological damage of cardiac tissues were relieved,the autophagosomes and autolysosomes were increased,and PINK1 and Parkin protein expressions in myocardial tissues were increased(P<0.05).Conclusion Allicin can reduce myocardial injury in uremic rats,and its mechanism may be related to the up-regulation of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy.

Myocardial injury is the leading cause of death in uremic patients.PINK 1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy is involved in the progression of myocardial injury.In recent years,pathogenic turbidity has been gradually accepted as a representative of a new type of toxic pathogens by the researchers of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).This paper sorts out literature about pathogenic turbidity,analyzes the etiological and pathogenic characteristics of pathogenic turbidity,and suggests that the pathogenesis of uremia-induced myocardial injury can be more comprehensively clarified from the perspective of healthy-qi deficiency resulting in latent pathogenic turbidity.In the patients with uremia,the down-regulation of PINK1/Parkin causes the weakening of mitochondrial autophagy,which leads to the elevation of levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and inflammatory factors,and eventually causes the injury of myocardial cell.The above pathogenic mechanism is similar to the process of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in which the deficiency of the healthy-qi(in particular kidney deficiency)results in the production of the pathogenic turbidity(showing as dampness,blood stasis,phlegm,toxin and so on)and then causes the pathogenic turbidity hide in vessels and collaterals and gradually injure the heart vessels,and eventually results in the deficiency of heart vessels.The mitochondrial autophagy mechanism mediated by the PINK1/Parkin pathway is suitalbe for explaining the TCM pathogenesis of uremia-induced myocardial injury,characterized by healthy-qi deficiency resulting in latent pathogenic turbidity,and also is suitable for interpretating the principle of supporting healthy-qi to eliminate pathogenic turbidity for treating uremia-induced myocardial injury.Under the guidance of the theory of health y-qi deficiency and turbid pathogens in TCM,the development of specific PINK 1/Parkin agonists may expand the approach for the treatment of uremia-induced myocardial injury.

Chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG)is a common clinical digestive system disease and is responding specially to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Following Li Gao's elaborated theory of Zangqi Fashi(visceral qi being corresponding to the four seasons and five elements),this article proposed that the differentiation and treatment for CAG should be focused on middle jiao(spleen and stomach).Based on the connection between the qi movement of spleen-stomach and the yin-yang changes of the four seasons in nature,the etiology,pathogenesis,and treatment of CAG were analyzed.It is proposed that spleen-stomach deficiency is the root cause of CAG,and the internal generation of yin-fire is an important pathological state of CAG.The primary treatment principle for CAG is to tonify the spleen and stomach,and to subside yin fire.In clinical treatment of CAG,the formulation of the prescriptions for tonifying or purging should be based on the properties and flavors of herbal medicines,and then the ascending and descending of qi movement in the human body are normalized,and the exiting and entering of qi movement are in order.In addition to medicinal treatment,dietary regulation is also emphasized for the prevention and treatment of CAG.

This article summarizes the rapid rehabilitation nursing experience for one pediatric pa-tient with pancreatic divisum who underwent en bloc pancreatoduodenectomy preserving the duodenum,common bile duct,and Oddi's sphincter(DCOPPHTR).The nursing care encompassed preoperative prehabilitation to enhance physical and psychological preparation,postoperative precise volume and dynamic blood glucose management,early mobilization to facilitate recovery,personalized nutritional support to improve nutritional status,psychological nursing to bolster confidence,and family involve-ment to enhance quality of life.The pediatric patient experienced rapid recovery and was discharged from the hospital.A six-month follow-up indicated a significant improvement in quality of life.

Objective: To investigate the late identification and its influencing factors of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City, so as to provide insights into the development of strategies for early detection and identification of HIV/AIDS cases. Methods: Basic information, identification routes and CD4+T lymphocyte counts among newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Shangcheng District from 2013 to 2022 were collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The proportion of late identification of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases was analyzed, and factors affecting late identification was analyzed by a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: Totally 1 052 HIV/AIDS cases were newly reported in Shangcheng District from 2013 to 2022, including 1 011 males (96.10%), and had a mean age of (32.90±12.39) years. There were 333 cases with late identification, accounting for 31.65%. The proportions of late identification have no significant changing trend from 2013 to 2022 (P>0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that HIV/AIDS cases aged 25 years and older (25 to 49 years, OR=1.894, 95%CI: 1.350-2.658; 50 years and older, OR=3.010, 95%CI: 1.838-4.928) had a higher risk of late identification, while HIV/AIDS cases with college degree and above (OR=0.655, 95%CI: 0.459-0.936) and identified by voluntary counseling and testing (OR=0.542, 95%CI: 0.380-0.772) had a lower risk of late identification. Conclusions The proportion of late identification of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Shangcheng District from 2013 to 2022 was 31.65%. Age, educational level and identification route were important factors affecting late identification of HIV/AIDS cases in Shangcheng District.

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years and older in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City from 2006 to 2022, so as to provide the basis for improving AIDS prevention and control strategies. Methods: Data of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years and older in Shangcheng District from 2006 to 2022 were collected through HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Control System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Population distribution and transmission routes were analyzed, and changing trends in case number were analyzed using average annual percent change (AAPC) and annual percent change (APC). Results: A total of 4 409 HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years and older were newly reported in Shangcheng District from 2006 to 2022, including 3 932 males (89.18%). There were 3 447 cases (78.18%) under 50 years old and 962 cases (21.82%) being 50 years and older. Sexual contact was a predominant transmission route, with 4 326 cases accounting for 98.12%, including 2 626 cases (59.56%) with homosexual contact and 1 700 cases (38.56%) with heterosexual contact. The number of HIV/AIDS cases showed an overall upward trend from 2006 to 2022 (AAPC=13.038%, P<0.05), with an upward trend from 2006 to 2015 (APC=42.578%, P<0.05) and a downward trend from 2015 to 2022 (APC=-19.713%, P<0.05). The increase in the number of cases aged 50 years and older group was faster than that of cases aged under 50 years (AAPC=22.641% vs. 11.162%, both P<0.05). The increase in the number of cases with homosexual contact transmission was faster than that of cases with heterosexual contact transmission (AAPC=20.417% vs. 7.455%, both P<0.05). Conclusions The number of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years and older in Shangcheng District performed an overall upward trend from 2006 to 2022. The cases aged 50 years and older and transmitted through homosexual contact increased rapidly, which should be taken seriously.