Biologics are developing rapidly and have demonstrated their unique advantages in the treatment of many diseases. And with common administration, like oral and injection, biological products often have problems in instability, short half-life and poor utilization of the central nervous system, which limits the application scope and development of biological products. Intranasal biologics are promising strategy taking advantages in nasal administration that bypass the restrictions in vivo, like blood-brain-barrier, to improve the drug avalibility in the target site, which have potential to improve efficient delivery and the availability. According to published literature, clinical databases, industry guidelines around the world, this review highlighted the rescent progress in intranasal macromolecular drugs, intranasal vaccine and intranasal cell therapy, which were the main fields of intranasal biologics, offering perspectives suggestions for the further development of this field.

The parameters of illumination conditions include duration,illumination intensity,color temperature and so on.Different combinations of these conditions have different effects on human beings at the visual and psychological level and are related to occurrence or prevention of psychological diseases.Extension of illumination time and phase change of circadian rhythm increase the risk of bipolar disorder;changes in daytime,night or all-day illumination intensity have psychological effects,especially exposure to light at night increases risk of depression;inaddition,changes in color temperature of light also have psychological effects.This paper reviewed the effects of different illumination conditions on visual psychology.

Objective:To study urine albumin excretion (UAE) and its related factors in patients with essential hyper‐tension (EH) .Methods :A total of 113 EH patients without significant target organ damage were enrolled as EH group ,while another 92 healthy subjects were regarded as healthy control group .Ratio of morning urinary albumin to creatinine was measured and regarded as UAE index .Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) ,serum uric acid ,creatinine , blood urea nitrogen ,blood glucose ,blood lipids etc .levels were measured ,and compared between two groups Re‐sults:Compared with healthy control group ,there were significant rise in UAE ,body mass index (BMI) ,waist hip ratio ,blood pressure ,pulse pressure ,heart rate ,plasma levels of triglyceride (TG) ,low density lipoprotein choles‐terol (LDL‐C) ,serum uric acid and Hcy (P<0.05 or <0.01) ,and significant reduction in level of high density lip‐oprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) in EH group ( P=0.001) .Pearson correlation analysis indicated that lgUAE was pos‐itively correlated with lgTG (r=0.257 ,P=0.015) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR ,r=0.284 ,P=0.007) ,and inversely correlated with lg creatinine (r= -0.277 ,P=0.008) in healthy control group ,while in EH group ,lgUAE was positively correlated BMI (r=0.231 ,P=0.014) ,lgTG (r=0.200 ,P=0.034) and lgHcy (r=0.244 , P=0.009) .Muti-factor gradual regression analysis indicated that lg TG (β=0.265 ,P=0.001) and lg Hcy (β=0.170 , P=0.012) were independently positively correlated with lg UAE , R2 =0.112.Conclusion:UAE level significantly rises in EH patients ,and it′s significantly positively correlated with plasma levels of TG and Hcy .

Objective: To investigate the effect of clopidogrel on antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) combining chronic kidney disease (CKD) in order to provide a medication reference in clinical practice. Methods: We retrospectively investigated 423 CAD patients with coronary angiography (CAG) conifrmed diagnosis in our hospital from 2014-01 to 2014-09. According to the value of eGFR, the patients were classiifed into 2 groups:CAD+ CKD- group,n=257 patients with eGFR ≥ 90 ml/(min?1.73 m2), including 182 male and 75 female at the mean age of (60.39 ± 11.09) years, and CAD+CKD+ group,n=166 patients with eGFR < 90 ml/(min?1.73 m2), including 107 male and 59 female at the mean age of (65.80 ± 10.84) years. The patients were treated either by aspirin 0.1 g/d with clopidogrel 75 mg/d for at least 7 days, or by PCI operation with the load of aspirin 0.3g and clopidogrel 300 mg. The thrombelastography was conducted to examine and compare the inhibitory rates of ADP receptor and arachidonic acid (AA) pathway in platelet between 2 groups. Results: The inhibitory rate of platelet ADP receptor in CAD+CKD- group (64.9 ± 27.2) % was higher than that in CAD+CKD+ group (56.6 ± 27.4) %,P=0.039. Based on clinical standard of platelet’s ADP and AA inhibitory rates, in CAD+CKD- group, there were 24/257 (9.4%) of patients only insensitive to clopidogrel, in comparison with 25 (9.7%) of patients only insensitive to aspirin,P=0.99. While in CAD+CKD+ group, there were 21/166 (12.7%) of patients only insensitive to clopidogrel, in comparison with 11 (6.6%) of patients only insensitive to aspirin,P= 0.045. Conclusion: Clopidogrel has decreased effect on anti-platelet therapy in CAD patients combining with CKD, such patients have reduced sensitivity to relevant medication.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics,diagnosis,treatment and outcome of patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA).Methods Clinical data from 18 patients diagnosed as CA by endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) from 1995 to 2005 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Among the 18 patients with CA,all patients had reduced diastolic dysfunction; 12 had mitral valve early diastolic blood flow peak velocity/late diastolic blood flow peak velocity (E/A) ＞ 2.0 and ventricular diastolic early filling deceleration time (DT) ＜ 150 ms; 12 had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ＜50％ ; and 13 had New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification Ⅲ or Ⅳ.The 1-year,3-year and 5-year survival rates of 18 patients with CA were 67％,44％ and 17％,respectively.Kaplan-Meier analysis showed,NYHA functional class ＞ Ⅱ,E/A ＞ 2.0 and DT ＜ 150 ms were associated with increased mortality (log-rank statistic P =0.026 and 0.001,respectively).CA patients with chemotherapy before heart failure were associated with decreased mortality and extend survival.Conclusions The mortality rate goes up and survival rate gradually descends as prolonged onset time.NYHA functional class ＞ Ⅱ and E/A ＞ 2.0 (DT ＜150 ms) are associated with mortality.

Objective To investigate the correlation of diabetes duration and coronary arterial pathological changes by coronary angiography in patients with coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods 206 patients with coronary heart disease admitted into the hospital were divided into 4 groups:no diabetes(n=62),the duration of diabetes ≤5 years(n=41),>5～≤10 years(n=38)and >10～≤20 years(n=45).The interventional therapy history and type 1 diabetes mellitus were excluded.The pathologic changes of coronary artery evaluated by coronary angiography and the results among different groups were analyzed with the diabetes duration.Results There was no significant differences in the pathological changes of coronary artery between the group of no diabetes and the groups of ≤5 years duration and >5～≤10 years duration.However,the group of >10～≤20 years duration showed more serious pathologic changes of coronary artery than other groups including the multi-branch lesion,diffuse lesion and obstruct lesion(P<0.01).Conclusion Following the process of the diabetes,the coronary lesions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus tend to be more widespread and severe.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene shows restriction fragment length polymorphism with incision enzyme Bsm Ⅰ ,Apa Ⅰ ,Taq Ⅰ ,which is related to bone mineral density (BMD).However, it is unclear that the relationship between VDR gene (Bsm Ⅰ ) polymorphisms and BMD,osteoporosis.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution regularity of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism related to BMD in postmenopausal women of Han,Uygur, Kazak and Mongoloid nationality in China. DESIGN: controlled observation.SETTING: Institute of Gerontology,General Hospital of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 179 women of Han,who were taking physical examination in General Hospital of Chinese PLA from January 2002 to December 2003, at the average age of (59±3) years,were selected. A total number of 122 women of Uygur with average age of 56.49 years; 63 women of Kazak with average age of (55±3) years; and 112 women of Mongoloid with average age of (57±3) years,who were all taking physical examination in department of geriatrics, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from January 2001 to December 2003.All of them were informed consent.METHODS: VDR genotypes(Bsm Ⅰ ) were defined with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism,so as to analyze distribution of Vitamin-D receptor gene (Bsm Ⅰ )polymorphisms of postmenopausal women in Han,Uygur, Kazak,Mongoloid nationality,and compared with the data of USA,Australia,France,Japan,Korea. Enumeration data were compared with Chi-square test.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: VDR (Bsm Ⅰ ) polymorphisms in healthy postmenopausal women from Han, Uygur, Kazak, Mongoloid populations in China, which were compared with the data of USA, Australia,France, Japan, Korea.RESULTS: For women of Han, Uygur, Kazak and Mongoloid nationality,the BB genotypes accounted for 0, 4.1%, 6.35% and 4.46%, the bb genotypes accounted for 90.5%, 69.67%, 38.1% and 50% respectively. There was a significant difference between women of Han, Uygur, Kazak, and Mongoloid nationality(P ＜ 0.01). There was insignificant difference in comparation of distribtuion of VDR genotype between Kazak nationality and the west races, but it was significantly different to that in Japan,Korea races.CONCLUSION:VDR genotype polymorphisms is characterized by obvious racial diversify in postmenopausal women of Han,Uygur, Kazak,Mongoloid populations in China;Distribution of VDR gene frequency of Kazak population is similar with the west race ,but is different to Japanese and Korea's race.

30%) might be a risk factor in HAPE susceptibility.

BACKGROUND: More attention has been paid upon the injury effect resulted from the decrease of superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and increase of malonaldehyde (MDA) content in brain. Whether pig brain peptide solution can pass blood-brain barrier and penetrate into brain tissue and protect brain nerve is still found in limited cases reports. Relevant reports are still rare both in China and abroad.OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of pig brain peptide solution on SOD activity and MDA content in brain and liver of senile model mice made by D-galactose.DESIGN: Experimental animals-based randomized and controlled experimental observation.SETTING: Institute of Senile Medical of General Hospital of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experimant was made in the Institute of Senile Medical (Chinese PLA key laboratory) of General HosPital of Chinese PLA from February to April 2001. Totally 82 NH mice, weighted from 18 to 22 g, half male and half female, were provided by the Medical Experimental Animal Center of General Hospital of Chinese PLA. These mice were randomly divided into the control group, hige dose group, middle dose group, low dose group, aniracetam group (positive control group), and D-galactose group.METHODS: Each group was given drugs seperately for 6 weeks. The senile mice model was induced by D-galactose. SOD activity of each group was checked with chemiluminescence method and MDA content examined with thiobarbituric acid colourimetry method.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SOD activity and MDA content of mice in each group.RESULTS: Pig brain peptide solution with high and middle doses significantly increased SOD activity[ (30.23 ± 5.23), (29.65 ± 4. 88 );(19. 84 ± 5.79), (16.75 ± 5.32) μkat/g respectively], and decreased MDA content[ (630.00 04; 8(34): 7748-50CONCLUSION: Pig brain peptide solution has obvious antioxidative effect, and has certain protective effects on brain nerve cells and liver cells of senile mice.

This review summarized the current studies about the abnormality of blood cells morphology,transmembrane transport and membrane receptor and the change of Hemodynamies in essential hypertention.It suggests that these alternations play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertention.