Objective To discuss the main pathological types and imaging characteristics of pulmonary nodules that are highly suspected to be malignant in clinical practice but are pathologically confirmed to be benign. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of patients with pulmonary nodules who were initially highly suspected of malignancy but were subsequently pathologically confirmed to be benign. These patients were treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from December 2020 to April 2023. Based on the outcomes of preoperative discussions, the patients were categorized into a benign group and a suspicious malignancy group. The clinical data and imaging characteristics of both groups were compared. Results A total of 232 patients were included in the study, comprising 112 males and 120 females, with a mean age of (50.7±12.0) years. Among these, 127 patients were classified into the benign group, while 105 patients were categorized into the suspicious malignancy group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding age, gender, symptoms, smoking history, or tumor history (P>0.05). However, significant differences were noted in nodule density, CT values, margins, shapes, and malignant signs (P＜0.05). Further analysis revealed that in the suspicious malignancy group, solid nodules were predominantly characterized by collagen nodules and fibrous tissue hyperplasia (33.3%), followed by tuberculosis (20.4%) and fungal infections (18.5%). In contrast, non-solid nodules were primarily composed of collagen nodules and fibrous tissue hyperplasia (41.2%) and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (17.7%). Conclusion Benign pulmonary nodules that are suspected to be malignant are pathologically characterized by the presence of collagen nodules, fibrous tissue hyperplasia, tuberculosis, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and fungal infections. Radiologically, these nodules typically present as non-solid lesions and may exhibit features suggestive of malignancy, including spiculation, lobulation, cavitation, and pleural retraction.

BACKGROUND: Telesurgery has the potential to overcome spatial limitations for surgeons, which depends on surgical robot and the quality of network communication. However, the influence of network latency and bandwidth on telesurgery is not well understood. METHODS: A telesurgery system capable of dynamically adjusting image compression ratios in response to bandwidth changes was established between Beijing and Sanya (Hainan province), covering a distance of 3000 km. In total, 108 animal operations, including 12 surgical procedures, were performed. Total latency ranging from 170 ms to 320 ms and bandwidth from 15-20 Mbps to less than 1 Mbps were explored using designed surgical tasks and hemostasis models for renal vein and internal iliac artery rupture bleeding. Network latency, jitter, frame loss, and bit rate code were systemically measured during these operations. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and a self-designed scale measured the workload and subjective perception of surgeons. RESULTS: All 108 animal telesurgeries, conducted from January 2023 to June 2023, were performed effectively over a total duration of 3866 min. The operations were completed with latency up to 320 ms and bandwidths as low as 1-5 Mbps. Hemostasis for vein and artery rupture bleeding models was effectively achieved under these low bandwidth conditions. The NASA-TLX results indicated that latency significantly impacted surgical performance more than bandwidth and image clarity reductions. CONCLUSIONS This telesurgery system demonstrated safety and reliability. A total of 320 ms latency is acceptable for telesurgery operations. Reducing image clarity can effectively mitigate the potential latency increase caused by decreased bandwidth, offering a new method to reduce the impact of latency on telesurgery.
Animals ; Robotic Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Laparoscopy/methods*

BACKGROUND: Meningeal metastasis (MM) is a form of malignant metastasis where tumor cells spread from the primary site to the pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, and other cerebrospinal fluid compartments. Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumor types with MM. MM not only signifies that the lung cancer has progressed to an advanced stage but also leads to a range of severe clinical symptoms due to meningeal involvement. Currently, the risk factors associated with the development of MM are not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for MM in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) who underwent non-surgical interventions, in order to identify LUAD patients at high risk for MM. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the clinical data of patients diagnosed with LUAD at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2020 to July 2024. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation methods, and risk factors were identified through LASSO, univariate, and multivariate Logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 170 patients with LUAD were included in this study and divided into two groups: 87 patients with MM and 83 patients without MM. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses revealed that younger age at diagnosis (P=0.004), presence of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) L858R gene mutation (P=0.008), and concurrent liver metastasis at baseline (P=0.004) were independent risk factors for developing MM in LUAD patients who did not undergo surgical intervention. Conversely, higher baseline globulin levels (P=0.039) and the presence of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene mutation (P=0.040) were associated with a reduced risk of MM development. CONCLUSIONS Age at diagnosis, EGFR L858R mutation status, ALK gene mutation status, concurrent liver metastasis, globulin levels at baseline were significantly associated with the risk of developing MM in patients with LUAD patients who did not undergo surgical intervention. For patients diagnosed at a younger age, carrying the EGFR L858R mutation, or presenting with baseline liver metastasis, early implementation of tertiary prevention strategies for MM is crucial. Regular monitoring of MM status should be conducted in these high-risk groups.
Humans ; Male ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung/therapy* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Aged ; Meningeal Neoplasms/genetics* ; Adult

Single-molecule immunoassay technology represents an ultrasensitive immunoassay method that enables the resolution and detection of individual biomolecules at the nanoscale. This article highlights various representative techniques and clinical applications of single-molecule immunoassay technology, while also discussing the current challenges and future development directions. Through multiple optimizations at both the technical and commercial levels, single-molecule immunoassay technology exhibits unique advantages in real-time detection, disease diagnosis and treatment, and medical research. This technology is poised to contribute to the advancement of precision medicine by integrating individualized detection methods into clinical practice.

Objective:To establish and verify a diagnostic model for distinguishing multiple sclerosis (MS) from other neurological diseases with similar symptoms by usingcerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal band (CSF-OCB)combined with IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators and biochemical markers.Methods:Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients admitted to the Neurology Department of Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University from January 2014 to December 2022 were selected as the case group, while patients with similar neurological symptoms were selected as the control group. Using the case-control study design, a retrospective analysis was conducted on the detection of age, gender, oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid, IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators and biochemical indicators for all study subjects. The differential diagnosis model was determined by the multiple logistic regression analysis, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficiency of the differential diagnosis model for neurological diseases with similar symptoms to MS and other conditions.Results:This study included 167 patients in the case group and 335 patients in the control group, of which 128 patients in the case group and 265 patients in the control group were used to construct the model, and 39 patients in the case group and 70 patients in the control group were used for model validation. The differential diagnostic model constructed by a multivariate logistic regression model was Y=0.871×CSF-OCB-0.051×CSFprotein-0.231×CSFchloride+1.183×gender-0.036×LDH+35.770. The model showed that the area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity were respectively 0.916, 87.3% and 87.6%. The Delong test results showed that the diagnostic efficacy of the model was significantly different from OCB, IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators, and OCB combined with IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators ( P<0.05). The new model validation showed that the actual diagnostic consistency rate for the MS group was 84.6%, while the actual diagnostic consistency rate for the control group was 90.0%. Conclusion:This study combines OCB, IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators, and biochemical indicators to establish a diagnostic prediction model for neurological diseases with similar clinical symptoms in MS. This model may have good differential diagnostic value and can better assist clinical diagnosis in the early stages of disease progression in MS patients.

Objective To evaluate the value of intrathecal synthetic related markers in patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI),Alzheimer's disease(AD),and other types of dementia.Methods Retrospec-tively collect the clinical data of 577 patients diagnosed with MCI(MCI group,178 cases),AD(AD group,131 cases),and other types of dementia(other types group,268 cases)from June 2019 to July 2023 in Beijing Tiantan Hospital,Capital Medical University.Oligoclonal zone electrophoresis(OCB)and 24 h intrathecal pro-tein synthesis rate(ISR)of each group were investigated,and the difference of different indexes among the groups was compared to evaluate the value of related indexes in the differential diagnosis of different diseases.Results Compared with AD group and other groups,AD group had a higher proportion of females,more patients were＞50-70 years old,and the incidence of abnormal lipid metabolism was higher,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).There were significant differences in OB(S),cerebrospinal fluid albumin,serum albumin and cerebrospinal flu-id IgG in different disease groups(P＜0.05).IgG index and ISR in patients with positive SOB(CSF)were higher than those in negative and weakly positive patients,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.001).IgG index was positively correlated with ISR(r=0.878,P＜0.001).Conclusion Intrathecal synthetic mark-ers such as IgG index,SOB(CSF)and 24 h ISR have synergistic effects in the diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction and various dementias,which can be collectively utilized in the diagnosis of diseases.

Objective To analyze the basic case data and laboratory test index characteristics of patients with myasthenia gravis(MG),so as to evaluate the application value of common clinical laboratory indicators in the construction of a diagnostic model for MG.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the basic data and laboratory indicators of MG patients and gender and age-matched healthy controls diagnosed at Beijing Tiantan Hospital,Capital Medical University from April 2021 to April 2023.A diagnostic model was constructed,and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to analyze the area under the curve(AUC).Results The BMI,heart rate,systolic blood pressure,and diastolic blood pressure in the MG group were significantly higher than those in the control group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).There were significant differences in total protein,albumin,white blood cell count,proportion of large platelets,abso-lute value of monocyte and triiodothyronine between MG group and control group(P＜0.05).Seven indexes of heart rate,diastolic blood pressure,albumin,creatine kinase,cholinesterase,triglyceride and apolipoprotein B were selected to construct the diagnostic model.The area under the curve of the combined application of multiple indexes could reach 0.995,with a sensitivity and specificity of 97.60％and 96.10％,respectively.Conclusion In this study,the laboratory test indexes that can be used for the diagnosis of MG are successfully selected,and the sensitivity and specificity of the combined application of multiple indexes are high,which can be used for the auxiliary diagnosis of MG.

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics and application value of liver,renal func-tion indexes and autoantibody-related indexes of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(NMOSD).Methods The liver,renal function and autoantibody-related indexes data of patients diagnosed with NMOSD and multiple sclerosis(MS)in Beijing Tiantan Hospita,Capital Medical University from June 2015 to June 2023,as well as gender and age-matched controls underwent routine physical examination were retrospectively collected.A total of 95 patients with NMOSD(NMOSD group),230 patients with MS(MS group),and 244 healthy controls(routine physical examination group)were selected to evaluate the diagnostic value of each index for NMOSD.Results Compared with MS group,the levels of alanine aminotransferase,as well as the positive rates of α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase,y-glutamyltransferase,anti-SS-A antibody,anti-SS-B anti-body,anti-ribosomal P protein antibody and Ro-52 antibody were significantly increased in NMOSD group,while the levels of albumin,indirect bilirubin and total bilirubin were significantly decreased,and the differ-ences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).The difference index between NMOSD and conventional physi-cal examination group was similar to that of MS group.The seven indexes,a-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase,albumin,globulin,direct bilirubin,indirect bilirubin,total bile acid and uric acid alkalinity could be used for the diagnosis of NMOSD.The area under the curve of combined diagnosis of NMOSD was 0.969,and the sensitiv-ity and specificity were 92.6％and 92.9％.Conclusion Multiple indexes of liver and kidney function in NMOSD patients are different from those in MS patients and healthy subjects underwent routine physical ex-amination,and the positive rate of some autoantibody indexes in NMOSD patients is higher than that in MS patients.Liver,renal function and autoantibody-related indexes can be used clinically to assist diagnosis,and the combined application of multiple indexes can further enhance its diagnostic value.

Single-molecule immunoassay technology represents an ultrasensitive immunoassay method that enables the resolution and detection of individual biomolecules at the nanoscale. This article highlights various representative techniques and clinical applications of single-molecule immunoassay technology, while also discussing the current challenges and future development directions. Through multiple optimizations at both the technical and commercial levels, single-molecule immunoassay technology exhibits unique advantages in real-time detection, disease diagnosis and treatment, and medical research. This technology is poised to contribute to the advancement of precision medicine by integrating individualized detection methods into clinical practice.

Objective:To establish and verify a diagnostic model for distinguishing multiple sclerosis (MS) from other neurological diseases with similar symptoms by usingcerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal band (CSF-OCB)combined with IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators and biochemical markers.Methods:Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients admitted to the Neurology Department of Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University from January 2014 to December 2022 were selected as the case group, while patients with similar neurological symptoms were selected as the control group. Using the case-control study design, a retrospective analysis was conducted on the detection of age, gender, oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid, IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators and biochemical indicators for all study subjects. The differential diagnosis model was determined by the multiple logistic regression analysis, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficiency of the differential diagnosis model for neurological diseases with similar symptoms to MS and other conditions.Results:This study included 167 patients in the case group and 335 patients in the control group, of which 128 patients in the case group and 265 patients in the control group were used to construct the model, and 39 patients in the case group and 70 patients in the control group were used for model validation. The differential diagnostic model constructed by a multivariate logistic regression model was Y=0.871×CSF-OCB-0.051×CSFprotein-0.231×CSFchloride+1.183×gender-0.036×LDH+35.770. The model showed that the area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity were respectively 0.916, 87.3% and 87.6%. The Delong test results showed that the diagnostic efficacy of the model was significantly different from OCB, IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators, and OCB combined with IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators ( P<0.05). The new model validation showed that the actual diagnostic consistency rate for the MS group was 84.6%, while the actual diagnostic consistency rate for the control group was 90.0%. Conclusion:This study combines OCB, IgG intrathecal synthesis indicators, and biochemical indicators to establish a diagnostic prediction model for neurological diseases with similar clinical symptoms in MS. This model may have good differential diagnostic value and can better assist clinical diagnosis in the early stages of disease progression in MS patients.