Objective: To assess the impact of long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) blood screening outcomes in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure cases through a longitudinal analysis of blood screening results over a 7-year period in a patient with HIV PEP failure. Methods: This study conducted 13 follow-up assessments for a high-risk individual who initiated ART shortly after exposure. The effectiveness of various blood screening methods, including immunological assays and nucleic acid testing (NAT), was analyzed. Blood samples were also tested with HIV RNA quantification testing, Western blot (WB) confirmation testing, chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), and HIV rapid tests utilizing gold and selenium labels. A comprehensive analysis was performed to evaluate the changes in diagnostic capabilities of different testing methods for HIV biomarkers over an extended period following PEP failure. Results: The patient had two high-risk exposures: one day before ART initiation (BA1) and seven days preceding treatment (BA7). On the first day after the ART treatment (AA1), the HIV RNA concentration (viral load) was 9.07×10 copies/mL; by day five (AA5), the viral load decreased to 1.04×10 copies/mL. At day eleven (AA11), NAT and ELISA tests were both positive, with the WB result remaining indeterminate (gp160+). At day 48 (AA48), the S/CO value of the fourth generation ELISA reagent was 1.07, while results from a 6-sample pool and quantitative NAT were negative. However, a single sample NAT returned a positive result and WB tests indicated positivity for p17, p24, and gp160. At AA74, the quantitative NAT rebounded to 2.83×10 copies/mL, with positive NAT results for single and 6-sample pool NAT tests. The S/CO values of the imported and domestic ELISA reagents were 3.39 and 23.44, respectively. At AA201, 6-sample pool and quantitative NAT were negative again, while single sample NAT remained positive. From AA319 to AA2221, all NAT results have remained consistently below the minimum detection limit. At AA2221, S/CO values of the imported and domestic ELISA reagents were 3.47 and 23.44, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that patients experiencing PEP failure after high-risk HIV exposure are at a higher risk of being missed by mixed-sample NAT pools and individual serological tests. Nonetheless, anti-HIV antibody levels are sustained at elevated values for an extended duration, underscoring antibody testing as an effective measure for blood screening.

In 2025, the American Cancer Society published "Cancer statistics, 2025", which projected cancer data for the upcoming year based on incidence data collected by central cancer registries (through 2021) and mortality data obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (through 2022). Similarly, the National Cancer Center of China released "Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022" in December 2024, analyzing data from 22 cancer registries across the country. This study provides a comparative analysis of cancer incidence and mortality trends in China and the United States during the same period, with a focus on sex- and age-specific distributions and long-term changes in cancer patterns. Long-term trends indicate that lung and liver cancer mortality rates in China have declined, primarily due to tobacco control measures and hepatitis B vaccination programs. However, the burden of gastric and esophageal cancers remains substantial. In the United States, mortality rates for colorectal and lung cancers have continued to decline, largely attributed to widespread screening programs and advances in immunotherapy. As economic growth and social development, China’s cancer profile is gradually shifting towards patterns observed in countries with high human development index. However, the prevention and control of upper gastrointestinal cancers remains a critical public health challenge that requires further attention.

Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)continues to exhibit a high incidence and mortality worldwide,posing a serious threat to human health.In recent years,the rapid advancement of immunotherapy has profoundly reshaped the therapeutic paradigm for NSCLC,particularly by improving long-term outcomes in the perioperative period.However,with its increasingly widespread clinical use during this period,several critical issues have emerged,including the precise identification of patients most likely to benefit,optimization of therapeutic strategies,evaluation of pathological value,formulation of adjuvant therapy strategies for patients with complete pathological response after surgery,and the management of immune-related adverse events.This review will systematically discuss these key challenges and aims to provide insights that may facilitate the standardized application of perioperative immunotherapy in NSCLC.

Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)continues to exhibit a high incidence and mortality worldwide,posing a serious threat to human health.In recent years,the rapid advancement of immunotherapy has profoundly reshaped the therapeutic paradigm for NSCLC,particularly by improving long-term outcomes in the perioperative period.However,with its increasingly widespread clinical use during this period,several critical issues have emerged,including the precise identification of patients most likely to benefit,optimization of therapeutic strategies,evaluation of pathological value,formulation of adjuvant therapy strategies for patients with complete pathological response after surgery,and the management of immune-related adverse events.This review will systematically discuss these key challenges and aims to provide insights that may facilitate the standardized application of perioperative immunotherapy in NSCLC.

Objective:To discuss the method of modified balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (M-BRTO) combined with antegrade transvenous obliteration (ATO) using tissue adhesive and (or) coils in the treatment of portal hypertension with spontaneous portosystemic shunt (SPSS), and to evaluate its clinical efficacy.Methods:From February 2018 to October 2022,clinical data of patients with portal hypertension with SPSS treatment in Henan Anyang District Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 21 patients were enrolled. Under the blood flow limit of SPSS outflow tract, ATO was firstly performed, then followed by M-BRTO. The ATO route could be performed from percutaneous transhepatic portal vein, percutaneous transumbilical vein or transjugular intrahepatic portal vein shunt (TIPS) approach and the M-BRTO route could be performed from femoral vein (FV), jugular vein (JV) or anterior cubical vein (ACV). The operation of M-BRTO+ATO was performed under local anesthesia and was suitable for patients with isolated gastric varicose bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy or cardiac insufficiency. TIPS combination with M-BRTO+ATO was performed under general anesthesia and was suitable for patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage complicated with severe gastrorenal or splenorenal shunt, or with portal thrombosis. Abdominal plain CT scan was performed 1 week later to show the deposition of embolic agent. Abdominal color ultrasound was done 1 month later, contrast-enhanced CT scan was performed 3 months and 6 months later, and then color ultrasound or contrast-enhanced CT was performed every 6 months to show the portal vein blood flow or the patency of TIPS stent. Hepatic artery chemoembolization was performed 1 month later for patients with liver cancer.Results:A total of 23 times of operation were performed in 21 patients, including 1 case with 3 times of operation. The approach of percutaneous transhepatic route was used in 11 cases (7 cases combined with FV, 3 cases combined with JV and 1 case combined with ACV), the approach of TIPS route combination with FV was used in 9 cases, paraumbilical vein combination with FV was used in 2 cases and paraumbilical vein combination with ACV was used in 1 case. Ectopic embolization occurred in 3 cases (1 case to the spleen vein, 2 cases to the liver). Perioperative fever occurred in 5 cases, bleeding of hepatic puncture tract occurred in 1 case, and death happened in 2 cases (1 case of acute liver failure induced by bile duct stone, 1 case of acute heart failure combined with acute gastrointestinal massive hemorrhage). During the follow-up, 4 cases died (3 cases of liver cancer and 1 case of infection). The remaining 15 patients were followed up for 2 to 47 (22±13) months and there was no recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy and gastrointestinal hemorrhage during follow-up.Conclusions:The operation of M-BRTO+ATO using tissue adhesive or combining with coils as embolic agent can quickly obliterate outflow tract of SPSS and completely block the whole tract of SPSS, so it is a fast, safety and effective method for the treatment of PH with SPSS.

Objective To investigate the application of Rotarex mechanical thrombectomy system in lower extremity arterial thrombosis and to evaluate its clinical efficacy.Methods The clinical data of 61 patients(71 limbs,35 cases in acute phase,21 cases in subacute phase and 5 cases in chronic phase)with lower extremity arterial thrombosis treated with Rotarex were analyzed retro-spectively.Distal protective device was used in patients with poor distal artery outflow.High pressure saline was used during the pro-cedure and stent was used in patients with flow-limiting dissection.Catheter aspiration was performed in patients with distal artery embo-lization.Anticoagulant therapy was used in patients with thromboembolism and dual antiplatelet therapy was used in patients with in-situ thrombosis.Postoperative follow-up was performed with color Doppler ultrasound or computed tomography angiography(CTA)at 1 month,3 months and 6 months.Results Fifty-nine cases were treated with 6F Rotarex catheters and 2 cases were treated with 8F Rotarex catheters.Distal protective device was used in 10 cases,balloon dilation was performed in 49 cases and stent was used in 5 cases.Catheter aspiration was performed in 10 cases.Vessel rupture occurred in 4 cases,among whom 3 cases were successfully treated with the method of balloon compression and 1 case was treated with covered stent.Severe adverse events occurred in 4 cases and perioperative toe amputation was performed in 7 cases.Follow-up time was 3 to 6 months(mean 4.9 months).Lower extremity ischemic event occurred in 1 case at 6th month follow-up and was treated with stent.No other lower extremity ischemic events occurred in the course of follow-up.Conclusion For the treatment of lower extremity arterial thrombosis,Rotarex mechanical thrombectomy sys-tem has the advantages of minimally invasion,rapid and high efficiency.Combined with the therapy of catheter aspiration and stent place-ment,vascular patency can be further maintained and the lower extremity ischemic symptoms can be quickly relieved.

Objective To study changes in immune cells and cytokines during the reactivation stage of varicella-zoster virus(VZV)in patients with herpes zoster.Methods A total of 50 patients with herpes zoster and 30 healthy individuals were selected from Xi'an Ninth Hospital between May 2022 and October 2022.Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of peripheral blood CD3+cells,CD4+cells,CD8+T cells,B cells and NK cells,as well as levels of cytokines IL-2,IFN-γ,IL-10 and IL-6.We analyzed the immune mechanism of VZV reactivation stage in herpes zoster patients.Results Compared with the healthy control group,the proportion of CD3+cells and CD4+T cells in herpes zoster patients decreased significantly;the proportion of NK cells significantly increased;the levels of IFN-γ,IL-10 and IL-6 significantly increased;the proportion of CD8+T cells,B cells and IL-2 content showed an increasing trend,but there was no significant difference.In addition,the severity of neurological involvement in herpes zoster patients might affect changes in cytokine levels.Conclusion During the reactivation period of VZV,changes in the proportion of immune cells and cytokine expression levels are closely related to the occurrence and development of herpes zoster.

In 2022, the National Cancer Center (NCC) of China reported the nationwide statistics of 2016 using population-based cancer registry data from all available cancer registries in China, which was mainly about the cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer remains a major health problem currently in our country and requires long term cooperation to deal with. This article provided a key point interpretation and analysis of cancer prevalence data in China, and provided an analysis of several main risk factors for cancer, which was conducive to the development of cancer prevention and control programs in different regions.

Humans ; Asthma/drug therapy* ; Biological Therapy

Long-term parenteral nutrition-associated liver dysfunction is caused by intestinal failure and associated complications rather than the parenteral nutrition administration. Intestinal failure-associated liver disease has a diverse etiology, so its prevention and treatment usually require multiple measures at the same time. This article provides a summary of the preventative as well as treatment options for intestinal failure-associated liver disease.