Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

Objective:To study echinococcosis in the population and canine Echinococcus infection in Yushu City, Qinghai Province, and to explore the current epidemic situation and main transmission species of Echinococcus. Methods:In June 2023, a multi-stage sampling method was used to select 2 villages each in Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Town, Yushu City, Qinghai Province. Each village included at least 100 permanent residents who had lived locally for at least 1 year and were 2 years old or older as the survey subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum antibodies against Echinococcus larvae in the population, and B-mode ultrasound was used for abdominal organ scanning. Meanwhile, on the main roads of Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Town, canine feces were collected in designated areas at intervals. ELISA was used to detect the antigen of canine fecal Echinococcus, and PCR was used to detect the types of parasites ( Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus shiquicus). Results:A total of 511 residents were investigated in Yushu City, and the positive rate of serum Echinococcus larvae antibodies in the population was 26.22% (134/511), and the detection rate of echinococcosis B-mode ultrasound was 1.37% (7/511). Among them, the detection rates of B-mode ultrasound for cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) were 1.17% (6/511) and 0.20% (1/511), respectively. The positive rate of Echinococcus antigen in 543 canine feces detected by ELISA was 12.89% (70/543). PCR was used to test 497 canine feces, and the detection rate of Echinococcus was 3.02% (15/497). Among them, the detection rate of Echinococcus multilocularis was higher than that of Echinococcus granulosus [2.82% (14/497) vs 0.20% (1/497)], and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 11.44, P < 0.001). No Echinococcus shiquicus was detected. Conclusions:The positive rates of Echinococcus larvae antibodies in the population and canine Echinococcus antigen in Yushu City, Qinghai Province are both relatively high. There is a mixed epidemic of CE and AE, with Echinococcus multilocularis being the main species.

Objective:To investigate the effects of different doses of ionizing radiation on the changes in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the intestines of mice.Methods:C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly assigned to four groups (0 Gy, 0.1 Gy, 0.2 Gy, and 0.5 Gy; n=10/group) and subjected to single whole-body irradiation using a 60Co γ-ray source at a dose rate of 13 mGy/min. At 20 weeks post-irradiation, jejunal, ileal, and colonic tissues were collected. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were employed to assess mRNA and protein expression of NADPH oxidase components. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) levels and the expression of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a transcriptional regulator of Dual Oxidase 2 (DUOX2), were also measured. Results:Compared with the 0 Gy group, mice in the 0.5 Gy group exhibited shortened villus length in the jejunum, villus fusion in the ileum, and increased crypt spacing in the colon, with statistically significant differences ( t=2.48, P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in other dose groups compared to the 0 Gy group ( P > 0.05).The expression of H 2O 2 in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of the 0.1 Gy group was significantly elevated compared to the 0 Gy group ( t=4.12, 3.12, 3.12; P < 0.05). In the 0.5 Gy group, H 2O 2 expression in the jejunum and colon increased nearly twofold relative to the 0 Gy group ( t=8.67, 8.69; P < 0.05).At 20 weeks post-irradiation, DUOX2 protein expression levels in the jejunum, ileum, and colon were markedly higher in irradiated mice than in the 0 Gy group ( t=3.03, 10.29, 2.74; P < 0.05). DUOX2 mRNA levels in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of the 0.1 Gy group were significantly upregulated compared to the 0 Gy group ( t=12.75, 4.12, 11.14; P < 0.05). Additionally, NOX4 mRNA expression increased in the jejunum of the 0.2 Gy group ( t=4.54, P < 0.05) and in the ileum of the 0.1 Gy group ( t=4.13, P < 0.05).The nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), a transcriptional regulator of DUOX2, showed an upward trend in expression in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of the 0.1 Gy group compared to the 0 Gy group, with statistically significant differences ( t=8.73, 8.18, 7.02; P < 0.05). Conclusion:Low-dose radiation induces long-term effects on the intestinal tract. Specifically, 0.5 Gy irradiation causes mild morphological alterations in the jejunum, ileum, and colon, while 0.1 Gy irradiation promotes the upregulation of DUOX2, a NADPH oxidase, in intestinal tissues.

Objective:To investigate the effects of different doses of ionizing radiation on the changes in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the intestines of mice.Methods:C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly assigned to four groups (0 Gy, 0.1 Gy, 0.2 Gy, and 0.5 Gy; n=10/group) and subjected to single whole-body irradiation using a 60Co γ-ray source at a dose rate of 13 mGy/min. At 20 weeks post-irradiation, jejunal, ileal, and colonic tissues were collected. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were employed to assess mRNA and protein expression of NADPH oxidase components. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) levels and the expression of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a transcriptional regulator of Dual Oxidase 2 (DUOX2), were also measured. Results:Compared with the 0 Gy group, mice in the 0.5 Gy group exhibited shortened villus length in the jejunum, villus fusion in the ileum, and increased crypt spacing in the colon, with statistically significant differences ( t=2.48, P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in other dose groups compared to the 0 Gy group ( P > 0.05).The expression of H 2O 2 in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of the 0.1 Gy group was significantly elevated compared to the 0 Gy group ( t=4.12, 3.12, 3.12; P < 0.05). In the 0.5 Gy group, H 2O 2 expression in the jejunum and colon increased nearly twofold relative to the 0 Gy group ( t=8.67, 8.69; P < 0.05).At 20 weeks post-irradiation, DUOX2 protein expression levels in the jejunum, ileum, and colon were markedly higher in irradiated mice than in the 0 Gy group ( t=3.03, 10.29, 2.74; P < 0.05). DUOX2 mRNA levels in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of the 0.1 Gy group were significantly upregulated compared to the 0 Gy group ( t=12.75, 4.12, 11.14; P < 0.05). Additionally, NOX4 mRNA expression increased in the jejunum of the 0.2 Gy group ( t=4.54, P < 0.05) and in the ileum of the 0.1 Gy group ( t=4.13, P < 0.05).The nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), a transcriptional regulator of DUOX2, showed an upward trend in expression in the jejunum, ileum, and colon of the 0.1 Gy group compared to the 0 Gy group, with statistically significant differences ( t=8.73, 8.18, 7.02; P < 0.05). Conclusion:Low-dose radiation induces long-term effects on the intestinal tract. Specifically, 0.5 Gy irradiation causes mild morphological alterations in the jejunum, ileum, and colon, while 0.1 Gy irradiation promotes the upregulation of DUOX2, a NADPH oxidase, in intestinal tissues.

Objective:To study echinococcosis in the population and canine Echinococcus infection in Yushu City, Qinghai Province, and to explore the current epidemic situation and main transmission species of Echinococcus. Methods:In June 2023, a multi-stage sampling method was used to select 2 villages each in Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Town, Yushu City, Qinghai Province. Each village included at least 100 permanent residents who had lived locally for at least 1 year and were 2 years old or older as the survey subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum antibodies against Echinococcus larvae in the population, and B-mode ultrasound was used for abdominal organ scanning. Meanwhile, on the main roads of Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Town, canine feces were collected in designated areas at intervals. ELISA was used to detect the antigen of canine fecal Echinococcus, and PCR was used to detect the types of parasites ( Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus shiquicus). Results:A total of 511 residents were investigated in Yushu City, and the positive rate of serum Echinococcus larvae antibodies in the population was 26.22% (134/511), and the detection rate of echinococcosis B-mode ultrasound was 1.37% (7/511). Among them, the detection rates of B-mode ultrasound for cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) were 1.17% (6/511) and 0.20% (1/511), respectively. The positive rate of Echinococcus antigen in 543 canine feces detected by ELISA was 12.89% (70/543). PCR was used to test 497 canine feces, and the detection rate of Echinococcus was 3.02% (15/497). Among them, the detection rate of Echinococcus multilocularis was higher than that of Echinococcus granulosus [2.82% (14/497) vs 0.20% (1/497)], and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 11.44, P < 0.001). No Echinococcus shiquicus was detected. Conclusions:The positive rates of Echinococcus larvae antibodies in the population and canine Echinococcus antigen in Yushu City, Qinghai Province are both relatively high. There is a mixed epidemic of CE and AE, with Echinococcus multilocularis being the main species.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in small rodents around human residential areas in Yushu City, Qinghai Province in 2023, so as to provide insights into precision echinococcosis control. Methods One or two quadrats, each measuring 50 m × 50 m, were randomly assigned in Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Township, Yushu City, Qinghai Province on June 2023, respectively, and 300 plate-type mouse traps, each measuring 12.0 cm × 6.5 cm, were assigned in each quadrat. Small rodents were captured during the period between 10 : 00 and 18 : 00 each day for 4 days. Then, all captured small rodents were identified and dissected, and liver specimens with suspected Echinococcus infections were subjected to pathological examinations. The Echinococcus cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene was amplified using PCR assay, and the sequence of the amplified product was aligned to that was recorded in the GenBank to characterize the parasite species. In addition, a phylogenetic tree of Echinococcus was generated based on the cox1 gene sequence using the neighbor-joining method. Results A total of 236 small rodents were captured in Shanglaxiu and Longbao townships, Yushu City, including 65 Qinghai voles and 51 plateau pikas in Shanglaxiu Township, and 62 Qinghai voles and 58 plateau pikas in Longbao Township, and there was no significant difference in the constituent ratio of small rodents between the two townships (χ² = 0.294, P > 0.05). Seven plateau pikas and 12 Qinghai voles were suspected to be infected with Echinococcus by dissection, and pathological examinations showed unclear structure of hepatic lobules and disordered hepatocyte arrangement in livers of small rodents suspected of Echinococcus infections. PCR assay identified E. shiquicus DNA in 7 Qinghai voles, which were all captured from Shanglaxiu Township. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the cox1 gene sequence of Echinococcus in small rodents was highly homologous to the E. shiquicus cox1 gene sequence reported previously. Conclusion Plateau pika and Qinghai vole were predominant small rodents around human residential areas in Yushu City, Qinghai Province in 2023, and E. shiquicus infection was detected in Qinghai voles.

Objective To study the characteristics of a rat model of migraine with hyperactivity of liver-yang and blood stagnation,which was established by Fuzi Decoction combined with electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion.Methods The 30 SD rats were divided into normal group,model group,and Zhengtian pill group(1.6 g·kg-1),with 10 rats in each group.Rats in the model group and Zhengtian pill group were fed with aconite decoction(2.00 g·kg-1)once a day for 28 day to establish the hyperthermia model;On the 15 day of intragastric administration,rats in the Zhengtai pill group were simultaneously given Zhengtai pill solution once a day for 14 day;At 29 day,the trigeminal ganglion was stimulated to create the migraine model of hyperliver and stasis.After 30 min of the last dose,the macroscopic signs and behaviors were observed,and the blood rheology was detected by blood visticometer.Positive substance P(SP)expression,mRNA and relative protein expression in the trigeminal cervical pulp complex(TCC)in rat mice by immunohistochemistry,RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis.Results Compared with the normal group,the model group has macro signs such as red eyes,irritability,cage fighting,dark tongue and stasis points;regular head positioning and frequent hair management;increased distance in the central area(P<0.05).The relative viscosity of whole blood,plasma viscosity,red blood cell aggregation index all increased(P<0.05),and the red blood cell variant index decreased(P<0.05);SP positive expression,mRNA and the relative protein expression increased in TCC(P<0.05).Compared with model group,Zhengtian pill group can improve macro representation and behavior significantly;can significantly reduce central distance(P<0.05);can reduce plasma viscosity,high-shear relative viscosity of whole blood,and red blood cell aggregation index(P<0.05);increase the Red blood cell variant index significantly(P<0.05);down-regulate SP positive expression,mRNA and relative protein expression in TCC(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion SD rats were used for 4 weeks to construct a migraine model of hyperhepatic hyperactivity and stasis,which was basically consistent with the clinical manifestations.

OBJECTIVE To expl ore the mechanism of effe ctive fractions from Xiongma decoction in the treatment of migraine with hyperactivity of liver-yang and blood stasis. METHODS Totally 70 male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group ， model group ，positive control group （Flunarizine hydrochloride capsules 0.9 mg/kg），low-dose and high-dose groups of Xiongma decoction effective fractions （ethyl acetate extract 0.87，3.46 g/kg，n-butanol extract 1.80，7.20 g/kg）. Except for normal group ， rats in other groups were given aconite decoction （2 g/kg），once a day ，for 4 consecutive weeks to establish the hyperactivity model of liver-yang. On the 15th day of modeling ，all administration groups were given corresponding drugs intragastrically at the same time ，once a day ，for 2 consecutive weeks. On the 29th day of modeling ，rats trigeminal ganglion was stimulated to establish the migraine model with hyperactivity of liver-yang and blood stasis ，then the medication was maintained for another time according to the above method. The macroscopic signs and behavior of the rats were observed ；positive expression ，mRNA and protein expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 （TRPV1），calcitonin generelated peptide （CGRP），calcitonin receptor-like receptor （CRLR） and receptor-associated membrane proteins 1 （RAMP1） in trigeminal cervical spinal complex （TCC） were detected by immunohistochemistry ，RT-qPCR and Western blot assay. RESULTS Rats in model group showed macrophysical signs and behaviora l manifestations related to migraine with hyperactivity of liver-yang and blood stasis. Thirty minutes after last administration ，the above conditions of rats in Xiongma decoction effective fraction groups were improved significantly. Compared with normal group ， positive expression，mRNA and protein expression of TRPV 1，CGRP， CRLR and RAMP 1 in TCC of rats in the model group were significantly increased （P＜0.05）. Compared with model zengguirong@hnse.org group， most of above indicators in Xiongma decoction effective fraction groups were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of Xiongma decoction in preventing and treating migraine with hyperactivity of liver-yang and blood stasis may be related to inhibit the activity of TRPV1-CGRP/CGRP receptor signaling pathway in TCC.

Objective To investigate the psychological status of clinical nurses in a class A hospital facing the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), in order to provide effective psychological and social intervention. Methods A total of 867 clinical nurses were randomly selected from the Mianyang Central Hospital. The general information questionnaire, standard self-assessment anxiety scale (SAS) and crisis intervention classification assessment scale (TAF) were used to conduct self-assessment questionnaire survey. Then the data were analyzed by the SPSS22.0 software. Results 38.8% of the nurses had a low risk of infection, 18.0% of them had a medium risk, 29.6% had a medium high risk, and 13.6% had a high risk. The SAS scores of clinical nurses in this hospital were statistically significant different, compared with the Chinese norm value ( P <0.05). The difference between TAF score and the degree of crisis response of nursing students in SARS period was statistically significant ( P <0.05). The majority of clinical nurses had less crisis response to NCP, with 80.7% of them suffered mild cognitive, emotional and behavioral damage, and only 2.0% suffered severe damage. Analysis of related factors showed that department, self-test risk of infection, length of service had significant influence on SAS and TAF scores of clinical nurses ( P <0.05). Conclusion During the period of NCP prevalence, no obvious anxiety and crisis reaction among clinical nurses is found in the third grade hospital. However, the psychological changes of clinical nurses with middle-age, from key epidemic prevention departments and in high risk of self-test infection are more likely to produce anxiety and crisis reaction. Therefore, appropriate and timely psychological intervention should be given.

To study the protective effect of Xingnaojing Injection on early global brain ischemia-induced deep coma in rats.
 Methods: The deep coma model was induced by global brain ischemia by using four-vessel occlusion method in male SD rats. According to the body weight, the rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: a model control group, three different dose of Xingnaojing Injection (1.8, 3.6 and 5.4 mL.kg-1) groups, a Xingnaojing Injection (3.6 mL.kg-1) plus PI3K inhibitor group, a naloxone injection (0.04 mL.kg-1) group and a naloxone injection (0.04 mL.kg-1) plus Xingnaojing Injection (3.6 mL.kg-1) group (n=8 per group). In addition, eight animals served as the sham group were performed same operation with the model group excepting no blockage of the blood vessels. After the operation, three different doses of Xingnaojing Injection and/or naloxone injection were given intravenously once a day for three days. Ten μL PI3K inhibitor (LY294002, 10 mmol/L) was injected via anterior cerebral ventricle at once after global brain ischemia. The awakening time after the first drug treatment, the grasping power and the autonomous activity within 10 min after the last drug treatment were recorded. The levels of both dopamine (DA) and glutamate (Glu) in cerebrospinal fluid were detected by ELISA. The pathological changes were observed in brain tissue slices with HE staining and the protein levels of Akt/p-Akt and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)/p-CREB in hippocampus were detected by Western blotting.
 Results: Comparing with the model group, single administration of Xingnaojing Injection could significantly shorten the waking time (P<0.05) and continuous administration of Xingnaojing Injection for 3 d could increase grasping power, distance, frequency and duration of autonomous activities (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in the deep coma rat. Also, Xingnaojing Injection could inhibit these increases in neurotransmitters DA and Glu contents (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and improve pathological changes of hippocampal tissue. Xingnaojing Injection significantly induced protein phosphorylation of both Akt and CREB (P<0.05 or P<0.01); this effect was inhibited by PI3K inhibitor (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, the protective effects of naloxone on awakening time, grasping power, the autonomous activity and hippocampus damage in global brain ischemia-induced deep coma could be enhanced by joint use of Xingnaojing Injection (P<0.05 or P<0.01).
 Conclusion: Xingnaojing Injection could significantly improve deep coma induced by global brain ischemia in rat, which is related to inducing PI3K/Akt-dependent protein phosphorylation of CREB, and reducing hippocampal damage. The protective effect of Xingnaojing Injection is synergistically enhanced by naloxone.
Animals ; Brain ; Brain Ischemia ; Coma ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Male ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley