With the rapid advancement of synthetic biology, CRISPR-Cas systems have emerged as a powerful tool for gene editing, demonstrating significant potential in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and industrial biotechnology. This review comprehensively summarizes the significant progress in applying artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to the design, mining, and modification of CRISPR-Cas systems. AI technologies, especially machine learning, have revolutionized sgRNA design by analyzing high-throughput sequencing data, thereby improving the editing efficiency and predicting off-target effects with high accuracy. Furthermore, this paper explores the role of AI in sgRNA design and evaluation, highlighting its contributions to the annotation and mining of CRISPR arrays and Cas proteins, as well as its potential for modifying key proteins involved in gene editing. These advancements have not only improved the efficiency and precision of gene editing but also expanded the horizons of genome engineering, paving the way for intelligent and precise genome editing.
CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics* ; Artificial Intelligence ; Gene Editing/methods* ; RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics* ; Machine Learning ; Humans ; Genetic Engineering/methods* ; Synthetic Biology

A UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS method was developed to identify the related substances in apixaban tablets. Complete separation was accomplished with a Waters Xbridge C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column by linear gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of 30 mmol/L ammonium acetate buffer solution (pH 4.50) and acetonitrile. The related substances were successfully characterized through the accurate mass and elemental composition of the parent ions and their product ions determined by electrospray positive ionization high-resolution Q-Orbitrap/MS methods. Under the established analytical condition, apixaban and its related substances were well separated, and 30 related substances were detected and identified by hyphenated techniques in apixaban tablets and their stressed samples. Among them, 11 were known impurities and the rest 19 were unknown related substances identified for the first time in this study. The results obtained are valuable for apixaban manufacturing process optimization and quality control.

Transient apical breakdown (TAB) may occur after dental trauma, which is manifested by obvious radiolucent shadows at the root apex of the affected tooth on X-ray examination within a certain period after trauma, or persistent widening of the periodontal ligament space for a long time after trauma. However, it can resolve spontaneously without intervention. At present, researches on TAB are rather limited, and clinicians have insufficient understanding of it, which may easily lead to misdiagnosis as apical periodontitis and subsequently unnecessary endodontic treatment. In view of this, this article intends to discuss the occurrence of TAB, related influencing factors, characteristic imaging findings, diagnostic methods and possible mechanisms, aiming to provide references for clinical diagnosis and treatment, as well as to reduce misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

The establishment of standardized statistical analysis strategies is of great significance to ensuring scientific value and promoting high-quality development in pharmacoepidemiology research.Based on the Guide on Methodological Standards in Pharmacoepidemiology(2nd edition),this article interprets the statistical analysis content within it section of the Guidelines.The first part outlines the importance and specific content of statistical analysis strategies in pharmacoepidemiology studies,introduces the variable definitions and sample size estimation and elaborates on data preprocessing and statistical methods.It also briefly discusses bias control and sensitivity analysis.The second part focuses on considerations for developing statistical analysis strategies,with further clarification on subgroup analysis,interim analysis,and the preparation of the statistical analysis reports.

Transient apical breakdown (TAB) may occur after dental trauma, which is manifested by obvious radiolucent shadows at the root apex of the affected tooth on X-ray examination within a certain period after trauma, or persistent widening of the periodontal ligament space for a long time after trauma. However, it can resolve spontaneously without intervention. At present, researches on TAB are rather limited, and clinicians have insufficient understanding of it, which may easily lead to misdiagnosis as apical periodontitis and subsequently unnecessary endodontic treatment. In view of this, this article intends to discuss the occurrence of TAB, related influencing factors, characteristic imaging findings, diagnostic methods and possible mechanisms, aiming to provide references for clinical diagnosis and treatment, as well as to reduce misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

The establishment of standardized statistical analysis strategies is of great significance to ensuring scientific value and promoting high-quality development in pharmacoepidemiology research.Based on the Guide on Methodological Standards in Pharmacoepidemiology(2nd edition),this article interprets the statistical analysis content within it section of the Guidelines.The first part outlines the importance and specific content of statistical analysis strategies in pharmacoepidemiology studies,introduces the variable definitions and sample size estimation and elaborates on data preprocessing and statistical methods.It also briefly discusses bias control and sensitivity analysis.The second part focuses on considerations for developing statistical analysis strategies,with further clarification on subgroup analysis,interim analysis,and the preparation of the statistical analysis reports.

Objective To assess the correlation between wall shear stress(WSS)in the internal carotid artery and neovascularization of carotid plaque using color ultrasound imaging.Methods A total of 99 patients diag-nosed with carotid atherosclerotic plaque(CAP)were prospectively selected between July 2021 and September 2023.All patients underwent comprehensive carotid imaging including color ultrasound,conventional ultrasound,and carotid contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS).Based on the presence or absence of intraplaque neovasculariza-tion(IPN)in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease,they were categorized into the forming group and non-forming group.Comparative analysis was performed on wall shear stress(WSS)values and clinical data between these two groups to identify factors influencing IPN formation in the carotid artery among patients with ischemic cere-brovascular disease,while also assessing the predictive value of average WSS for IPN formation.Results Among 99 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease,carotid artery IPN was observed in 23 cases,while the remaining 76 cases did not exhibit carotid artery IPN.The formation group demonstrated significantly higher levels of white blood cell count,plaque thickness,plaque length,stenosis≥70%ratio,C-reactive protein,and matrix metallopro-teinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-9/TIMP-1)ratio compared to the non-formation group(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis revealed that mean wall shear stress(OR=4.545;95%CI:1.998～10.339),stenosis severity(OR=2.765;95%CI:1.215～6.290),C-reactive protein levels(OR=3.047;95%CI:1.339～6.930),and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio(OR=3.543;95%CI:1.558～8.060)were significant influencing factors for carotid artery IPN formation in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease(P<0.05).The receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)analysis revealed that the area under the curve(AUC)for average WSS in predicting carotid artery intraplaque neovascularization formation in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease was 0.797(P<0.05).At an average WSS of 10.23 dyne/cm2,the maximum specificity and sensitivity were deter-mined to be 85.53%and 78.26%,respectively.Conclusion The mean WSS of internal carotid artery has a good value in predicting the formation of carotid IPN in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Objective: To investigate the epidemilogical characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province from 2014 to 2023, so as to provide the basis for formulating prevention and control measures for the construction of "TB-free city". Methods: The data of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Huzhou City from 2014 to 2023 was collected through the Infectious Disease Reporting Management System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The onset time, region, and population distribution characteristics of the cases were described. Results: A total of 11 598 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were reported in Huzhou City from 2014 to 2023, with an average annual incidence of 37.42/105. The reported incidence decreased from 47.50/105 in 2014 to 28.36/105 in 2023 (P<0.05), with an annual decline rate of 5.57%. There were 6 304 etiological positive cases, accounting for 54.35%. The peak season for pulmonary tuberculosis cases was from March to September, with the highest seasonal ratio of 112.48% in May. The average annual reported incidence rates in Anji County and Changxing County were relatively high (46.14/105 and 41.15/105). The reported incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in Huzhou City increased with age (P<0.05), peaking at 97.36/105 in the group aged 75 to <80 years. There were 7 991 male pulmonary tuberculosis cases and 3 607 female cases, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.22∶1. The average annual incidence rates of pulmonary tuberculosis was higher in males than in females (50.39/105 vs. 23.87/105). Farmers were the primary occupation affected, with 6 350 cases accounting for 54.75%. Conclusions The reported incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in Huzhou City decreased from 2014 to 2023, with a high incidence in spring and summer. The incidence rates in Anji County and Changxing County were higher than Huzhou City's average. Male, elderly residents and farmers were the key populations for pulmonary tuberculosis prevention and control.

Objective:To explore the association between environment exposure and hormone-sensitive cough in patients with chronic cough.Methods:Clinical data of 197 patients with chronic cough visited outpatient clinic of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from June 2016 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including 130 cases of corticosteroid responsive cough (CRC, 66.0%) and 67 cases of non-corticosteroid responsive cough (NCRC, 34.0%). The association between living environment exposure and hormone sensitivity was examined with a binary logistic regression analysis.Results:Among 197 patients with chronic cough, there were 82 males (41.6%) and 115 females (58.4%). 75.1% (148/197) had a history of smoking, and 16.8% (33/197) had a history of allergies. 66.0% (130/197) lived in the city center, 18.3% (36/197) had a chemical factory around their place of residence, 11.2% (22/197) renovated their homes within the first six months of the disease, 15.7% (31/197) purchase new furniture, 54.3% (107/197) plant flowers and plants in their houses, 21.3% (42/197) keep pets in their houses, 79.2% (156/197) had lived in their houses for more than 2 years, 71.1% (140/197) had cockroaches in their houses, 16.2% (32/197) had mold in their houses, 83.3% (164/197) had a frequency of air conditioning cleaning exceeds 2 months per time.There were 130 patients (66.0%) with CRC and 67 patients (34.0%) with NCRC.Binary logistic regression analysis showed that living close to the main road ( OR=2.296, 95% CI: 1.350-3.904, P=0.002), living near chemical factories ( OR=3.322, 95% CI: 2.158-5.573, P<0.001), history of allergy ( OR=2.175, 95% CI: 1.165-4.058, P=0.015), purchasing new furniture within 6 months ( OR=2.828, 95% CI: 1.402-5.706, P=0.004), cotton and linen curtains ( OR=1.875, 95% CI: 1.038-3.388, P=0.037) were positively correlated with CRC; while down and wool pillowcases and quilts ( OR=0.142, 95% CI: 0.033-0.602, P=0.008; OR=0.207, 95% CI: 0.067-0.640, P=0.006) and low ventilation frequency ( OR=0.281, 95% CI: 0.131-0.603, P=0.001) were negatively correlated with CRC. Conclusion:Hormone-sensitive cough patients account the most of chronic cough cases, and there are differences in the living environment exposure between CRC and NCRC patients, which provides information for corresponding interventions to prevent and manage CRC.

Objective:To explore the effect of positive psychological group training in epilepsy patients.Methods:From January to December 2020, a total of 60 epilepsy patients in Department of Neurology in Shandong Daizhuang Hospital were selected as the research objects using the convenience sampling method, and were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group by random number table, with 30 cases each. The control group received routine nursing, and the observation group received positive psychological group training on the basis of the control group, lasting for 8 weeks. The scores of Self-Esteem Scale, the Feelings of Inadequacy Scale, Shame Scale and General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale were compared between the two groups.Results:After intervention, the behavioral shame and body shame scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.01). After intervention, the scores of Self-Esteem Scale, the Feelings of Inadequacy Scale and General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.01) . Conclusions:Positive psychological group training can improve epilepsy patients' inferiority, self-esteem and self-efficacy, reduce sense of shame, which is worthy of clinical application.