Objective:To analyze the characteristics and trends of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) burden attributable to non-optimal temperature in China and globally from 1990 to 2021.Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database to extract indicators including death numbers, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rate for COPD due to non-optimal temperature in China and globally. The Joinpoint regression model was applied to analyze temporal trends and identify inflection points. Disease burden distribution characteristics were analyzed by gender and age groups. The Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model was used to predict the disease burden from 2022 to 2035.Results:Compared with 1990, in 2021 the global ASMR and DALY rate for COPD decreased by 44.59% and 50.02%, respectively, while China saw larger reductions of 69.61% and 72.57%. However, the absolute number of deaths and DALYs increased globally by 31.55% and 12.23%, respectively; in China, the number of deaths remained stable while DALYs decreased by 21.59%. The Joinpoint regression model showed statistically significant differences in trend inflection points between China and the world. The disease burden was higher in males than in females and was significantly higher in people aged≥65 years. The projected burden of COPD mortality and DALYs due to non-optimal temperature is expected to continue rising in both China and the world from 2022 to 2035. By 2035, China′s ASMR and DALY rate are predicted to increase to 21.32/100 000 and 284.68/100 000, respectively, and the global ASMR and DALY rate are predicted to rise to 7.88/100 000 and 122.16/100 000.Conclusions:From 1990 to 2021, the burden of COPD due to non-optimal temperature showed a declining trend in both China and globally, but the absolute burden continued to rise, particularly among elderly males and advanced age populations. The burden in both China and globally is projected to continue increasing through 2035, with a higher growth rate in China than globally.

Objective:To analyze the characteristics and trends of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) burden attributable to non-optimal temperature in China and globally from 1990 to 2021.Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database to extract indicators including death numbers, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rate for COPD due to non-optimal temperature in China and globally. The Joinpoint regression model was applied to analyze temporal trends and identify inflection points. Disease burden distribution characteristics were analyzed by gender and age groups. The Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model was used to predict the disease burden from 2022 to 2035.Results:Compared with 1990, in 2021 the global ASMR and DALY rate for COPD decreased by 44.59% and 50.02%, respectively, while China saw larger reductions of 69.61% and 72.57%. However, the absolute number of deaths and DALYs increased globally by 31.55% and 12.23%, respectively; in China, the number of deaths remained stable while DALYs decreased by 21.59%. The Joinpoint regression model showed statistically significant differences in trend inflection points between China and the world. The disease burden was higher in males than in females and was significantly higher in people aged≥65 years. The projected burden of COPD mortality and DALYs due to non-optimal temperature is expected to continue rising in both China and the world from 2022 to 2035. By 2035, China′s ASMR and DALY rate are predicted to increase to 21.32/100 000 and 284.68/100 000, respectively, and the global ASMR and DALY rate are predicted to rise to 7.88/100 000 and 122.16/100 000.Conclusions:From 1990 to 2021, the burden of COPD due to non-optimal temperature showed a declining trend in both China and globally, but the absolute burden continued to rise, particularly among elderly males and advanced age populations. The burden in both China and globally is projected to continue increasing through 2035, with a higher growth rate in China than globally.

With the development of artificial intelligence(AI),AI ethics has become one of the core topics of discussion and research.Starting from the ethical issues and human crises that may be triggered by AI in the process of medical application,this paper discussed the significance of the interpersonal narrative connection between doctors and patients advocated by narrative medicine.It was proposed that to ensure the ethicality,deep humanity,and deep emotional connection of AI applications,AI should create a"life narrative database"based on the"human life database"in the process of basic database modelling.Meanwhile,it also revealed that Chinese narrative medicine helped to improve the professional narrative ability of medical doctors and realise deeply humanized medicine,while actively promoting human-machine value symbiosis and contributing narrative power to the deep humanisation of AI.Combining the concept of narrative medicine in China with the future development and application prospects of medical AI,on the one hand,aims to raise awareness among more people about the importance of interpersonal narrative connection and narrative data for medical quality,on the other hand,calls for active cultivation of clinical narrative thinking by both real doctors and future intelligent doctors to better realize the bioethical and humanistic values emphasized by big health.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and correlation of adult primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) with thyroid dysfunction,and early identify high-risk adult PNS patients with abnormal thyroid function by clinical data.Methods The clinical data of 101 adult PNS patients in Heji Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College from March 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the thyroid function,the patients were divided into 2 groups:normal thyroid function group (67 cases) and thyroid dysfunction group (34 cases),including 9 cases with low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome and 25 cases with subclinical hypothyroidism.The clinical data were compared,and the correlation between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and 24 h urinary protein,blood albumin and systolic blood pressure were analyzed.Results The incidence of thyroid dysfunction in adult PNS patients was 33.66％ (34/101),including 21 cases of membranous nephropathy,8 cases of minimal change disease,4 cases of IgA nephropathy and 1 case of membranoproliferative nephritis.The 24 h urinary protein in thyroid dysfunction group was significantly higher than that in normal thyroid function group:(8.76 ± 3.62) g vs.(6.96 ± 3.43) g,the albumin was significantly lower than that in normal thyroid function group:(21.82 ± 4.89) g/L vs.(24.49 ± 4.14) g/L,and there were statistical differences (P＜0.05 or ＜0.01);there was no significant difference in gender composition,age,course of disease,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,body mass index,hemoglobin,platelet,creatinine,cystatin C,fasting blood glucose,total cholesterol,triacylglycerol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),fibrinogen,complement C3,IgG,IgM,IgA,PNS types and comorbidities between 2 groups (P＞0.05).The results of subgroup analysis results showed that the systolic blood pressure in subclinical hypothyroidism patients of thyroid dysfunction group was significantly higher than that in normal thyroid function group and the low T3 syndrome patients of thyroid dysfunction group:(148.16 ± 18.09) mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) vs.(139.55 ± 18.77) and (127.78 ± 16.81) mmHg,the 24 h urinary protein was significantly higher than that in normal thyroid function group:(9.00 ± 3.64) g vs.(6.96 ± 3.43) g,the albumin was significantly lower than that in normal thyroid function group:(21.71 ± 5.26) g/L vs.(24.49 ± 4.14) g/L,and there were statistical differences (P＜0.05).Pearson correlation analysis result showed that TSH had no correlation with 24 h urinary protein and systolic blood pressure (r =0.193 and 0.072,P =0.053 and 0.472);however TSH was negatively correlated with albumin (r =-0.340,P =0.001).Conelusions In adult PNS patients with thyroid dysfunction,membranous nephropathy is the most common,followed by minimal change disease.The systolic blood pressure in PNS patients with subclinical hypothyroidism is significantly higher than that in patients with normal thyroid function and low T3 syndrome.In adult PNS patients,the lower the blood albumin is,the more likely they have thyroid dysfunction.

Objective To reduce the incidence of muscle spasm during hemodialysis by using the management method of the quality control circle (QCC).Methods QCC team was founded to determine the theme and plan events. Brainstorming was used to develop countermeasures. Countermeasures implementation was divided into four stages and verification conducted, so as to ensure clear countermeasure effectiveness. The patients confirmed the effect and the team members performed self-evaluation.Results After QCC management mode, muscle cramps patient during dialysis incidence dropped to 2.3%, decreased significantly compared with that before implementing countermeasures (P＜0.05). After the implementation of quality control circle, circle members self-evaluation 8 content, in which seven scores were higher than the previous implementation with a statistically significant difference (P＜0.05).Conclusions The quality control circle pattern can significantly reduce the incidence of muscle spasms, improve the professional level as well as the ability to work in all the medical staff, and bring a new operating mode for future health care work.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of the first radioiodine (131 I) ablation of residual thyroid on differentiated thyroid carcinomas after surgery and to analyze the influential factors for efficacy.Methods All 91 differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients were treated with 131I after surgery.According to pathologic types of the tumor,surgical options,and time interval between surgery and radioiodine treatment,patients were divided into different groups,then the efficacy was observed.Results Fifty of 91 patients (54.9％) achieved successful thyroid remnant ablation after the first dose.The success rate of first ablation of residual thyroid tissues had no relationship with the pathologic type of the tumor(P ＞ 0.05).While it was statistically related to the surgical options,among which patients undertaking the total thyroidectomy possessed the highest success rate (79.3％)(P ＜0.05).Ninety one patients were divided into 3 groups according to the time interval between surgery and radioiodine ablation:group less than 3 months (3M group),group from 3 to 12 months (3 ～ 12 M group),group beyond 12 months (12M).Among them,the 3M group possessed the highest success rate (68.0％) (P ＜0.05).Conclusions There would be better effect of the first ablation of residual thyroid tissues with total thyroidectomy,ablation conducted within 3 months after surgery.

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for detection of ALK protein expression and gene fusion in cytologic specimens.

METHODSLung adenocarcinoma cytologic specimens were collected from seven hospitals in Beijing city. A detection protocol for ALK protein expression and gene fusion was designed according to the results of comparative experiment. Ventana immunohistochemical (IHC) ALK(D5F3) detecting ALK protein expression was performed in 203 prepared formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cell blocks. ALK gene fusion in 98 EGFR gene wild type cytologic specimens and in 4 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BL) samples was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). ALK gene fusion in the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) positive samples was further tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Six patients with ALK IHC-positive result were followed up to analyze the responses of crizotinib therapy. Comparative experiments: (1) Comparison of the results of 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed for different time (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) on the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) staining was conducted in two cases of IHC ALK positive FFPE cell blocks; (2) Comparing qRT-PCR results for ALK fusion in samples from FFPE cell blocks and cytospin prepared slides in 10 cases of lung adenocarcinoma cytologic specimens.

RESULTSAmong the specimens examined using the standardized protocol recommended by this study, 229 cases of cytologic specimens met the diagnostic criteria of lung adenocarcinoma. Among them, 207 cases obtained ALK gene test results (by at least one method), with an ALK test ratio of 90.4% (207/229). FFPE cell blocks were successfully prepared in 203 cases, Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) were successfully performed in all the 203 FFPE cell blocks (100%), and the ALK protein positive detection rate was 10.3% (21/203). ALK fusion was tested in 98 FFPE cytologic samples of EGFR wild types by qRT-PCR, and 96 out of 98 (97.96%) cytologic samples were successfully performed.18 out of 19 IHC ALK-positive cases were verified to be of ALK fusion status by qRT-PCR. The concordance rate was 94.7% (Kappa=0.967, P<0.001) between Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) and qRT-PCR, and the sensitivity of the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) assay compared with qRT-PCR was 100% and the specificity was 98.7%. FISH assay was used to verify the positive cases detected by Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) staining. Two cases of low tumor cell content FFPE samples obtained indefinite results by FISH test. The six patients with positive ALK protein expression received crizotinib therapy, and 5 paitents got treated effectively. For two ALK IHC positive cases, which were 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed for 72 h, the result of Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) staining became weakened obviously and uneven. In 10 cases of samples, total RNA was extracted from FFPE cytologic sections and cytospin prepared slides, and the results of qRT-PCR test and ALK gene fusion showed good concordance.

CONCLUSIONSThe standardized protocol recommended in this study expands the detection types and quantity of cytologic specimens for ALK protein expression and gene fusion and increased the detection rate. Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) is a reliable method for detecting ALK protein expression in FFPE cell blocks. The pathologic quality control procedure prior to Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) is crucial for the accuracy of testing the ALK gene status. When FFPE cell blocks could not be prepared or prepared unsuccessfully from the cytologic specimens, qRT-PCR may be an alternative option for the detection of ALK gene fusion.

Adenocarcinoma ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Fusion ; Genes, erbB-1 ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; genetics ; pathology ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Proteomics ; Pyrazoles ; therapeutic use ; Pyridines ; therapeutic use ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Objective The aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for detection of ALK protein expression and gene fusion in cytologic specimens. Methods Lung adenocarcinoma cytologic specimens were collected from seven hospitals in Beijing city. A detection protocol for ALK protein expression and gene fusion was designed according to the results of comparative experiment. Ventana immunohistochemical ( IHC) ALK( D5F3) detecting ALK protein expression was performed in 203 prepared
formalin?fixed paraffin?embedded ( FFPE) cell blocks. ALK gene fusion in 98 EGFR gene wild type cytologic specimens and in 4 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BL ) samples was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT?PCR). ALK gene fusion in the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) positive samples was further tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH) . Six patients with ALK IHC?positive result were followed up to analyze the responses of crizotinib therapy. Comparative experiments:( 1) Comparison of the results of 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed for different time ( 24 h, 48 h, 72 h) on the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) staining was conducted in two cases of IHC ALK positive FFPE cell blocks;(2) Comparing qRT?PCR results for ALK fusion in samples from FFPE cell blocks and cytospin prepared slides in 10 cases of lung adenocarcinoma cytologic specimens. Results Among the specimens examined using the standardized protocol recommended by this study, 229 cases of cytologic specimens met the diagnostic criteria of lung adenocarcinoma. Among them, 207 cases obtained ALK gene test results ( by at least one method), with an ALK test ratio of 90.4% (207/229).FFPE cell blocks were successfully prepared in 203 cases, Ventana IHC ALK ( D5F3) were successfully performed in all the 203 FFPE cell blocks ( 100%) , and the ALK protein positive detection rate was 10.3% (21/203). ALK fusion was tested in 98 FFPE cytologic samples of EGFR wild types by qRT?PCR, and 96 out of 98 ( 97. 96%) cytologic samples were successfully performed.18 out of 19 IHC ALK?positive cases were verified to be of ALK fusion status by qRT?PCR. The concordance rate was 94.7% ( Kappa=0.967, P<0.001) between Ventana IHC ALK( D5F3) and qRT?PCR, and the sensitivity of the Ventana IHC ALK ( D5F3) assay compared with qRT?PCR was 100%and the specificity was 98. 7%. FISH assay was used to verify the positive cases detected by Ventana IHC ALK(D5F3) staining. Two cases of low tumor cell content FFPE samples obtained indefinite results by FISH test. The six patients with positive ALK protein expression received crizotinib therapy, and 5 paitents got treated effectively. For two ALK IHC positive cases, which were 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed for 72 h, the result of Ventana IHC ALK(D5F3) staining became weakened obviously and uneven. In 10 cases of samples, total RNA was extracted from FFPE cytologic sections and cytospin prepared slides, and the results of qRT?PCR test and ALK gene fusion showed good concordance. Conclusions The standardized protocol recommended in this study expands the detection types and quantity of cytologic specimens for ALK protein expression and gene fusion and increased the detection rate. Ventana IHC ALK( D5F3) is a reliable method for detecting ALK protein expression in FFPE cell blocks. The pathologic quality control procedure prior to Ventana IHC ALK( D5F3) is crucial for the accuracy of testing the ALK gene status. When FFPE cell blocks could not be prepared or prepared unsuccessfully from the cytologic specimens, qRT?PCR may be an alternative option for the detection of ALK gene fusion.

Objective The aim of this study was to establish a standardized protocol for detection of ALK protein expression and gene fusion in cytologic specimens. Methods Lung adenocarcinoma cytologic specimens were collected from seven hospitals in Beijing city. A detection protocol for ALK protein expression and gene fusion was designed according to the results of comparative experiment. Ventana immunohistochemical ( IHC) ALK( D5F3) detecting ALK protein expression was performed in 203 prepared
formalin?fixed paraffin?embedded ( FFPE) cell blocks. ALK gene fusion in 98 EGFR gene wild type cytologic specimens and in 4 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BL ) samples was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT?PCR). ALK gene fusion in the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) positive samples was further tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH) . Six patients with ALK IHC?positive result were followed up to analyze the responses of crizotinib therapy. Comparative experiments:( 1) Comparison of the results of 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed for different time ( 24 h, 48 h, 72 h) on the Ventana IHC ALK (D5F3) staining was conducted in two cases of IHC ALK positive FFPE cell blocks;(2) Comparing qRT?PCR results for ALK fusion in samples from FFPE cell blocks and cytospin prepared slides in 10 cases of lung adenocarcinoma cytologic specimens. Results Among the specimens examined using the standardized protocol recommended by this study, 229 cases of cytologic specimens met the diagnostic criteria of lung adenocarcinoma. Among them, 207 cases obtained ALK gene test results ( by at least one method), with an ALK test ratio of 90.4% (207/229).FFPE cell blocks were successfully prepared in 203 cases, Ventana IHC ALK ( D5F3) were successfully performed in all the 203 FFPE cell blocks ( 100%) , and the ALK protein positive detection rate was 10.3% (21/203). ALK fusion was tested in 98 FFPE cytologic samples of EGFR wild types by qRT?PCR, and 96 out of 98 ( 97. 96%) cytologic samples were successfully performed.18 out of 19 IHC ALK?positive cases were verified to be of ALK fusion status by qRT?PCR. The concordance rate was 94.7% ( Kappa=0.967, P<0.001) between Ventana IHC ALK( D5F3) and qRT?PCR, and the sensitivity of the Ventana IHC ALK ( D5F3) assay compared with qRT?PCR was 100%and the specificity was 98. 7%. FISH assay was used to verify the positive cases detected by Ventana IHC ALK(D5F3) staining. Two cases of low tumor cell content FFPE samples obtained indefinite results by FISH test. The six patients with positive ALK protein expression received crizotinib therapy, and 5 paitents got treated effectively. For two ALK IHC positive cases, which were 4% neutral buffered formalin fixed for 72 h, the result of Ventana IHC ALK(D5F3) staining became weakened obviously and uneven. In 10 cases of samples, total RNA was extracted from FFPE cytologic sections and cytospin prepared slides, and the results of qRT?PCR test and ALK gene fusion showed good concordance. Conclusions The standardized protocol recommended in this study expands the detection types and quantity of cytologic specimens for ALK protein expression and gene fusion and increased the detection rate. Ventana IHC ALK( D5F3) is a reliable method for detecting ALK protein expression in FFPE cell blocks. The pathologic quality control procedure prior to Ventana IHC ALK( D5F3) is crucial for the accuracy of testing the ALK gene status. When FFPE cell blocks could not be prepared or prepared unsuccessfully from the cytologic specimens, qRT?PCR may be an alternative option for the detection of ALK gene fusion.

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to establish a standard protocol for detection of EGFR mutations in cytologic specimens.

METHODS287 cytologic samples were collected from the patients who were suspected of having lung cancer at six hospitals in Beijing. A detection protocol for EGFR mutations was designed. Two comparative experiments were carried out for the coincidence in EGFR mutation rates between direct sequencing (Seq) and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) methods, and between 40 matched cytologic samples with formaldehyde-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) cytologic blocks and cytospin slides.

RESULTSTumor cells were found in 236 out of 287 cases (82.2%, 236/287) . Among them, there were 31 cases (13.1%, 31/236) of low tumor cell content samples and 205 cases (86.9%, 205/236) of high tumor cell content samples. 180 cases in the high tumor cell content samples (87.8%, 180/205) were diagnosed to be consistent with NSCLC. 25 out of 194 cases were ruled out or indefinite to be diagnosed as NSCLC by immunohistochemistry. By direct sequencing, the mutation rate of EGFR was 27.8% (50/180) in NSCLC samples and 28.2% (50/177) in adenocarcinoma samples (high tumor content samples) . By ARMS, the mutation rate of EGFR was 45.6% (82/180) in NSCLC samples and 46.3% (82/177) in adenocarcinoma samples (high tumor content samples). The EGFR mutation rate in low tumor content samples was 38.7% (12/31) , there was no significant difference in EGFR mutation rates between the groups of low tumor cell content samples and high tumor cell content samples (P = 0.12). The concordance rate of EGFR mutation rates was 100% between scraping tumor cells from slides samples and from FFEP blocks in the 40 matched samples. Forty-eight out of 180 definitive NSCLC patients received Gefitinib therapy. The FPS was 12 months in the gefitinib-treated ARMS⁺ group and 2 months in the ARMS⁻ group (P < 0.001), and the OS was 19 months in the gefitinib-treated ARMS⁺ group and 7 months in the ARMS⁻ group (P = 0.003), but no significant differences were found in the efficacy (PFS and OS) of Gefitinib between Seq⁺ and Seq⁻ groups (P = 0.227, P = 0.510, respectively), and Seq⁺/ARMS⁺ and Seq⁻/ARMS⁺ groups (P = 0.354, P = 0.334, respectively).

CONCLUSIONSThe detection protocol for EGFR mutations in cytological specimens introduced in this study is tested to be reliable and feasible. Pathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry are important in the detection procedure of EGFR mutations in cytologic specimens. High sensitivity methods should be selected for detection of EGFR mutations in cytologic samples.

Adenocarcinoma ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; Mutation ; Mutation Rate ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; genetics ; metabolism