With the improvement of China’s scientific research capabilities， the number of innovative drug enterprises and clinical trials has increased， and disputes over damage compensation have also risen accordingly. It has become a consensus to resolve such disputes through institutionalization. Given the similarities between China and India in terms of population and development level， this study analyzed India’s compensation mechanism for clinical trial damage， including the definition of damage， compensation procedures， and calculation methods. Through a comparison of the mechanisms between China and India， this paper put forward suggestions for improving China’s compensation mechanism for clinical trial damage， that is， clarifying the compensation process for clinical trial damage， the scope and calculation methods of damage compensation， and the compensation ratio corresponding to the correlation between damage and clinical trials. It also proposed to use disability weights to measure the participants’ health status before their enrollment in clinical trials， and to calculate the amount of compensation for disability and death based on their health status.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of cone-beam computed tomography （CBCT） arthrography for temporomandibular joint disc perforation. MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who were clinically diagnosed with temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis （TMJOA） and underwent CBCT arthrography and open surgery between December 2013 and January 2023. The diagnostic results of CBCT arthrography were compared with the gold standard of open surgical exploration to determine the number of true and false positive and negative cases， thereby evaluating the overall accuracy of CBCT arthrography in diagnosing disc perforation. ResultsA total of 90 patients （106 joints） met the inclusion criteria of this study， including 10 males with an average age of 36.4 years and 80 females with an average age of 42.6 years. Among them， 74 joints exhibited unilateral lesions （82.22%）， and 16 joints exhibited bilateral lesions （17.78%）. Among these， 94 joints （88.68%） showed good contrast medium visualization， while 12 joints （11.32%） showed poor contrast medium visualization. CBCT arthrography clearly diagnosed disc perforation in 75 joints （70.75%）， and surgical exploration confirmed perforation in 75 joints. In 5 cases， poor contrast medium visualization was observed， and the imaging diagnosis suggested possible perforation， with surgical exploration confirming perforation in 5 cases； the true positive rate of imaging diagnosis was 100%. CBCT arthrography clearly diagnosed the absence of disc perforation in 19 joints （17.92%）， and surgical exploration confirmed the absence of perforation in 19 joints， with a true negative rate of 73.08%. In 7 cases， poor contrast medium visualization was observed， and the imaging results did not report disc perforation， but surgical exploration revealed perforation in 7 cases， with a false negative rate of 26.92%. ConclusionsCBCT arthrography demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy for temporomandibular joint disc perforation and may provide reliable imaging evidence for clinical decision-making.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of cone-beam computed tomography （CBCT） arthrography for temporomandibular joint disc perforation. MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who were clinically diagnosed with temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis （TMJOA） and underwent CBCT arthrography and open surgery between December 2013 and January 2023. The diagnostic results of CBCT arthrography were compared with the gold standard of open surgical exploration to determine the number of true and false positive and negative cases， thereby evaluating the overall accuracy of CBCT arthrography in diagnosing disc perforation. ResultsA total of 90 patients （106 joints） met the inclusion criteria of this study， including 10 males with an average age of 36.4 years and 80 females with an average age of 42.6 years. Among them， 74 joints exhibited unilateral lesions （82.22%）， and 16 joints exhibited bilateral lesions （17.78%）. Among these， 94 joints （88.68%） showed good contrast medium visualization， while 12 joints （11.32%） showed poor contrast medium visualization. CBCT arthrography clearly diagnosed disc perforation in 75 joints （70.75%）， and surgical exploration confirmed perforation in 75 joints. In 5 cases， poor contrast medium visualization was observed， and the imaging diagnosis suggested possible perforation， with surgical exploration confirming perforation in 5 cases； the true positive rate of imaging diagnosis was 100%. CBCT arthrography clearly diagnosed the absence of disc perforation in 19 joints （17.92%）， and surgical exploration confirmed the absence of perforation in 19 joints， with a true negative rate of 73.08%. In 7 cases， poor contrast medium visualization was observed， and the imaging results did not report disc perforation， but surgical exploration revealed perforation in 7 cases， with a false negative rate of 26.92%. ConclusionsCBCT arthrography demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy for temporomandibular joint disc perforation and may provide reliable imaging evidence for clinical decision-making.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure in treating high transsphincteric fistulas. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the success rate of LIFT treatment in 82 patients with high transsphincteric fistulas involving at least one-third of the external sphincter. This study was carried out across 2 centers from November 2009 to February 2023. Results: All patients underwent successful surgery with a median operative time of 48.9 minutes (range, 20–80 minutes), and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported. The median follow-up duration was 85.5 months (range, 4–120 months), with 5 patients (6.1%) lost to follow-up. Treatment was successful in 62 patients, whose symptoms disappeared and both the external opening and the intersphincteric incision completely healed, yielding an overall efficiency rate of 80.5%. There were 15 cases (19.5%) of treatment failure, including 6 (7.8%) that converted to intersphincteric anal fistula and 9 (11.7%) that experienced persistent or recurrent fistulas. Only 1 patient reported minor overflow during the postoperative follow-up, but no other patients reported any significant discomfort. There were no statistically significant differences between patients with surgical success and those with treatment failure in terms of fistula length, history of previous abscess or anal fistula surgery, number of external orifices or fistulas, and location of fistulas (all P>0.05). Conclusion LIFT is a safe and effective sphincter-preserving procedure that yields satisfactory healing outcomes and has minimal impact on anal function.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure in treating high transsphincteric fistulas. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the success rate of LIFT treatment in 82 patients with high transsphincteric fistulas involving at least one-third of the external sphincter. This study was carried out across 2 centers from November 2009 to February 2023. Results: All patients underwent successful surgery with a median operative time of 48.9 minutes (range, 20–80 minutes), and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported. The median follow-up duration was 85.5 months (range, 4–120 months), with 5 patients (6.1%) lost to follow-up. Treatment was successful in 62 patients, whose symptoms disappeared and both the external opening and the intersphincteric incision completely healed, yielding an overall efficiency rate of 80.5%. There were 15 cases (19.5%) of treatment failure, including 6 (7.8%) that converted to intersphincteric anal fistula and 9 (11.7%) that experienced persistent or recurrent fistulas. Only 1 patient reported minor overflow during the postoperative follow-up, but no other patients reported any significant discomfort. There were no statistically significant differences between patients with surgical success and those with treatment failure in terms of fistula length, history of previous abscess or anal fistula surgery, number of external orifices or fistulas, and location of fistulas (all P>0.05). Conclusion LIFT is a safe and effective sphincter-preserving procedure that yields satisfactory healing outcomes and has minimal impact on anal function.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure in treating high transsphincteric fistulas. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the success rate of LIFT treatment in 82 patients with high transsphincteric fistulas involving at least one-third of the external sphincter. This study was carried out across 2 centers from November 2009 to February 2023. Results: All patients underwent successful surgery with a median operative time of 48.9 minutes (range, 20–80 minutes), and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported. The median follow-up duration was 85.5 months (range, 4–120 months), with 5 patients (6.1%) lost to follow-up. Treatment was successful in 62 patients, whose symptoms disappeared and both the external opening and the intersphincteric incision completely healed, yielding an overall efficiency rate of 80.5%. There were 15 cases (19.5%) of treatment failure, including 6 (7.8%) that converted to intersphincteric anal fistula and 9 (11.7%) that experienced persistent or recurrent fistulas. Only 1 patient reported minor overflow during the postoperative follow-up, but no other patients reported any significant discomfort. There were no statistically significant differences between patients with surgical success and those with treatment failure in terms of fistula length, history of previous abscess or anal fistula surgery, number of external orifices or fistulas, and location of fistulas (all P>0.05). Conclusion LIFT is a safe and effective sphincter-preserving procedure that yields satisfactory healing outcomes and has minimal impact on anal function.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure in treating high transsphincteric fistulas. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the success rate of LIFT treatment in 82 patients with high transsphincteric fistulas involving at least one-third of the external sphincter. This study was carried out across 2 centers from November 2009 to February 2023. Results: All patients underwent successful surgery with a median operative time of 48.9 minutes (range, 20–80 minutes), and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported. The median follow-up duration was 85.5 months (range, 4–120 months), with 5 patients (6.1%) lost to follow-up. Treatment was successful in 62 patients, whose symptoms disappeared and both the external opening and the intersphincteric incision completely healed, yielding an overall efficiency rate of 80.5%. There were 15 cases (19.5%) of treatment failure, including 6 (7.8%) that converted to intersphincteric anal fistula and 9 (11.7%) that experienced persistent or recurrent fistulas. Only 1 patient reported minor overflow during the postoperative follow-up, but no other patients reported any significant discomfort. There were no statistically significant differences between patients with surgical success and those with treatment failure in terms of fistula length, history of previous abscess or anal fistula surgery, number of external orifices or fistulas, and location of fistulas (all P>0.05). Conclusion LIFT is a safe and effective sphincter-preserving procedure that yields satisfactory healing outcomes and has minimal impact on anal function.

Apical microsurgery is accurate and minimally invasive, produces few complications, and has a success rate of more than 90%. However, due to the lack of awareness and understanding of apical microsurgery by dental general practitioners and even endodontists, many clinical problems remain to be overcome. The consensus has gathered well-known domestic experts to hold a series of special discussions and reached the consensus. This document specifies the indications, contraindications, preoperative preparations, operational procedures, complication prevention measures, and efficacy evaluation of apical microsurgery and is applicable to dentists who perform apical microsurgery after systematic training.
Microsurgery/standards* ; Humans ; Apicoectomy ; Contraindications, Procedure ; Tooth Apex/diagnostic imaging* ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control* ; Consensus ; Treatment Outcome

Pulpotomy, which belongs to vital pulp therapy, has become a strategy for managing pulpitis in recent decades. This minimally invasive treatment reflects the recognition of preserving healthy dental pulp and optimizing long-term patient-centered outcomes. Pulpotomy is categorized into partial pulpotomy (PP), the removal of a partial segment of the coronal pulp tissue, and full pulpotomy (FP), the removal of whole coronal pulp, which is followed by applying the biomaterials onto the remaining pulp tissue and ultimately restoring the tooth. Procedural decisions for the amount of pulp tissue removal or retention depend on the diagnostic of pulp vitality, the overall treatment plan, the patient's general health status, and pulp inflammation reassessment during operation. This statement represents the consensus of an expert committee convened by the Society of Cariology and Endodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association. It addresses the current evidence to support the application of pulpotomy as a potential alternative to root canal treatment (RCT) on mature permanent teeth with pulpitis from a biological basis, the development of capping biomaterial, and the diagnostic considerations to evidence-based medicine. This expert statement intends to provide a clinical protocol of pulpotomy, which facilitates practitioners in choosing the optimal procedure and increasing their confidence in this rapidly evolving field.
Humans ; Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Consensus ; Dental Pulp ; Dentition, Permanent ; Oxides/therapeutic use* ; Pulpitis/therapy* ; Pulpotomy/standards*

Protrusive facial deformities, characterized by the forward displacement of the teeth and/or jaws beyond the normal range, affect a considerable portion of the population. The manifestations and morphological mechanisms of protrusive facial deformities are complex and diverse, requiring orthodontists to possess a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the relevant orthodontic field. To further optimize the correction of protrusive facial deformities, this consensus proposes that the morphological mechanisms and diagnosis of protrusive facial deformities should be analyzed and judged from multiple dimensions and factors to accurately formulate treatment plans. It emphasizes the use of orthodontic strategies, including jaw growth modification, tooth extraction or non-extraction for anterior teeth retraction, and maxillofacial vertical control. These strategies aim to reduce anterior teeth and lip protrusion, increase chin prominence, harmonize nasolabial and chin-lip relationships, and improve the facial profile of patients with protrusive facial deformities. For severe skeletal protrusive facial deformities, orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment may be suggested. This consensus summarizes the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of numerous renowned oral experts nationwide, offering reference strategies for the correction of protrusive facial deformities.
Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Patient Care Planning ; Cephalometry