AIM:To analyze differential proteins associated with the pathogenesis of dry eye(DE)using bioinformatics methods, in order to reveal their potential molecular mechanisms.METHODS: Articles published in PubMed and EMBASE databases from the inception of the database to August 31, 2023, that used proteomic methods to detect protein expression in clinical samples of dry eye were searched. Differential proteins were selected and further analyzed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software for hub gene screening and module analysis. Protein-protein interaction(PPI)analysis, gene ontology(GO)functional annotation, and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis were performed.RESULTS: A total of 21 articles were included, identifying 74 differentially expressed proteins. The most frequently occurring differential proteins were calgranulin A(SA1008), lipocalin-1(LCN1), lysozyme C(LYZ), mammaglobin-B(SCGB2A1), proline-rich protein 4(PRR4), transferrin(TF), and calgranulinB(S100A9). The top 10 hub genes were serum albumin(ALB), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), interleukin 6(IL6), IL1B, IL8, matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9), alpha-1-antitrypsin(SERPINA1), IL10, complement component 3(C3), and lactotransferrin(LTF). Module analysis suggested MMP9 and PRR4 as seed genes. KEGG analysis showed that differential proteins were mainly enriched in the IL17 signaling pathway(61.9%).CONCLUSION: The results reveal potential molecular targets and pathways for DE and confirm the association between the pathogenesis of DE and inflammation. Further in-depth research is needed to confirm the significance of these biomarkers in clinical practice.

Diabetes is a very complex endocrine disease whose common feature is the increase in blood glucose concentration. Persistent hyperglycemia can lead to blindness, kidney and heart disease, neurodegeneration, and many other serious complications that have a significant impact on human health and quality of life. The number of people with diabetes is increasing yearly. The global diabetes prevalence in 20-79 year olds in 2021 was estimated to be 10.5% (536.6 million), and it will rise to 12.2% (783.2 million) in 2045. The main modes of intervention for diabetes include medication, dietary management, and exercise conditioning. Medication is the mainstay of treatment. Marketed diabetes drugs such as metformin and insulin, as well as GLP-1 receptor agonists, are effective in controlling blood sugar levels to some extent, but the preventive and therapeutic effects are still unsatisfactory. Peptide drugs have many advantages such as low toxicity, high target specificity, and good biocompatibility, which opens up new avenues for the treatment of diabetes and other diseases. Currently, insulin and its analogs are by far the main life-saving drugs in clinical diabetes treatment, enabling effective control of blood glucose levels, but the risk of hypoglycemia is relatively high and treatment is limited by the route of delivery. New and oral anti-diabetic drugs have always been a market demand and research hotspot. Inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) peptides are a class of multifunctional cyclic peptides. In structure, they contain three conserved disulfide bonds (C3-C20, C7-C22, and C15-C32) form a compact “knot” structure, which can resist degradation of digestive protease. Recent studies have shown that ICK peptides derived from legume, such as PA1b, Aglycin, Vglycin, Iglycin, Dglycin, and aM₁, exhibit excellent regulatory activities on glucose and lipid metabolism at the cellular and animal levels. Mechanistically, ICK peptides promote glucose utilization by muscle and liver through activation of IR/AKT signaling pathway, which also improves insulin resistance. They can repair the damaged pancrease through activation of PI3K/AKT/Erk signaling pathway, thus lowering blood glucose. The biostability and hypoglycemic efficacy of the ICK peptides meet the requirements for commercialization of oral drugs, and in theory, they can be developed into natural oral anti-diabetes peptide drugs. In this review, the structural properties, activity and mechanism of ICK pattern peptides in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism were summaried, which provided a reference for the development of new oral peptides for diabetes.

Combined seawater Hf and Nd isotope compositions have been applied as reliable tracers of water mass mixing and weathering input changes.The establishment of standardized synchronous extraction methods for Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide in sediments,which serve as effective carriers for isotopic signals of ancient seawater,is a prerequisite and key for paleoceanography research.The research material of this study was the surface sediments of the Western Arctic Ocean obtained from China's 7th Arctic Scientific Expedition,and a reliable simultaneous Nd-Hf isotope extraction method in Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide fraction was established through systematic optimization of pretreatment procedures and key extraction parameters.This research focused on analyzing the effects of pretreatment(Milli-Q water pre-wash)and key extraction parameters(leaching time,solution/solid ratios,concentration of EDTA-2Na,and concentration of mixed solution of hydroxyamine hydrochloride(HH)and acetic acid(HAc))on element extraction efficiency and isotopic composition.The experimental results indicated that the Milli-Q water pre-wash was not necessary,Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide extraction could be directly performed.Nd extraction amount in Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide fraction was not sensitive to changes in extraction conditions,while the Hf extraction amount was significantly affected by leaching time,solution/solid ratios and concentration of EDTA-2Na.The optimal conditions for synchronously extracting Nd-Hf isotopes were as follows:adding 20 mL of a mixed solution of 0.005 mol/L HH+1.5%HAc+0.03 mol/L EDTA-2Na per gram of sample,and reaction at room temperature for 3 h under shaking.Through systematic verification of 87Sr/86Sr ratio,εNd value,εHf value,Al/Nd ratio and Al/Hf ratio,it was confirmed that this method could effectively avoid interferences from residual components and accurately obtain Nd-Hf isotope signals of ancient seawater preserved in sediments.The standardized method established in this work provided reliable technical support for reconstructing water mass mixing between the Arctic,North Atlantic,and North Pacific Oceans and riverine input histories.It also provided important reference for the extraction methods of Nd and Hf isotopes from marine sources in sediments from other sea areas around the world.

Due to the poor ionization efficiency and the weak mass spectrometry(MS)intensity of weakly polar substances,direct analysis using the traditional electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS)is a big challenge.In this study,a novel rapid on-site detection method of four prohibited sex hormones in cosmetics was proposed using online derivatization strategy coupled with a miniature mass spectrometer.The target substances in the samples were extracted by a custom-made polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube solid-phase microextraction(SPME)probe.The stirring speed was 200 r/min,the extraction temperature was 40℃,and the extraction time was 2 min.A pulled dual-channel θ borosilicate glass capillary emitter was used as the nano-ESI ion source.The SPME probe was inserted into the channel containing methanol in theθborosilicate glass capillary.When the spray voltage was applied,the four sex hormones were desorbed and formed spray microdroplets,which then collided with the hydroxylamine microdroplets generated from the other channel.The microdroplets of reaction product entered into the miniature mass spectrometer for direct analysis.The limits of detection(LOD)and limits of quantification(LOQ)for the four sex hormones were 10-20 ng/mL and 20-50 ng/mL,respectively.The recoveries were from 84.6%to 107.8%with the relative standard deviations(RSD)from 4.1%to 11.6%.Compared to detection without derivatization,the MS signals of the four target substances were increased by 3 to 15 times.This method was simple,rapid,highly efficient and sensitive,and suitable for on-site rapid analysis of weakly polar sex hormones in cosmetics.

This study investigated the association between a proximal promoter polymorphism of IFNGR1 (interferon-γ receptor α chain, IFNGR-α) and breast cancer susceptibility, as well as the prognostic value of its expression variation in breast cancer patients. A case-control study was conducted at the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from June 2020 to June 2022. The study included 182 pathologically confirmed breast cancer patients as the breast cancer group, 177 non-tumor patients with benign breast lesions as the benign breast lesions group, and 229 healthy individuals as the normal control group. 2-3 ml EDTA anticoagulant whole blood samples were collected from all participants, and genomic DNA was extracted and stored for further analysis. Basic patient information was retrieved from the hospital′s electronic medical records by patients′ ID number. The proximal promoter sequence of IFNGR1 was obtained from NCBI, and sequencing primers were designed using Primer Premier 6.0. Sanger sequencing was employed to analyze the IFNGR1 promoter sequence in the three groups, and the results were compared with the Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD) sequence using Bioedit software. Statistical analysis was performed on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFNGR1 promoter. The TCGA database was utilized to assess the relationship between IFNGR1 expression levels and breast cancer patient survival. The findings revealed that the -56 TG genotype of the IFNGR1 promoter was significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk ( Z=2.73, P<0.05). Notably, IFNGR1 expression was lower in breast cancer group compared to normal control group ( P<0.05). Analysis of the TCGA database indicated that patients with high IFNGR1 expression had longer survival times than those with low expression ( HR=0.87, 95% CI:0.77-0.98, P<0.05). In summary, the IFNGR1 -56 TG genotype is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and there is a positive correlation between IFNGR1 expression levels and the survival of breast cancer patients.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Turning to critical illness is a common stage of various diseases and injuries before death. Patients usually have complex health conditions, while the treatment process involves a wide range of content, along with high requirements for doctor′s professionalism and multi-specialty teamwork, as well as a great demand for time-sensitive treatments. However, this is not matched with critical care professionals and the current state of medical care in China. Telemedicine, which shortens the distance of medical professionals and the gap of disease diagnosis and treatments in various regions through electronic information, can effectively solve the current problem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a standardized, high-quality visualization telemedicine round system .Therefore, experts have been organized to search domestic and foreign literature on telemedicine round for critically ill patients and to form this consensus based on clinical experiences so as to further improve the level of critical care treatments in regions.

Peripheral nerve injury refers to the impairment that occurs when the sens-ory nerves and motor nerves are damaged.Professor Zhang Hong has unique insights into the treatment of neurologically diseases in children.Based on the different manifestations of the disease,it is categorized under the traditional Chinese medicine concepts of"atro-phy syndrome","muscle injury"and"Bi syndrome".Professor Zhang believes that the disease is fundamentally rooted in the liver and kidneys,and that treatment should notonly address the acquired symptoms but also nurture the innate foundation.This article a-nalyze and summarize professor Zhang's clinical experience in using acupuncture,electroa-cupuncture,moving cupping,and moxibustion in the comprehensive treatment of peripheral nerve injury,providing a reference for clinical treatment of peripheral neuropathy in chil-dren.

Objective To analyze the microanatomical characteristics of the internal carotid artery(ICA)bifurcation through the lateral orbital keyhole(LOK)approach,thereby providing anatomical support for clipping the ICA bifurcation aneurysm.Methods A total of 15 cases(30 sides)of frozen cadaveric head specimens fixed with 10%formaldehyde and infused with red and blue latexes were selected.Craniotomy was performed by simulated LOK approach.The structure,and the course and quantity of the surrounding major perforator vessels of the ICA bifurcation were observed under the microscope,and the relevant data were recorded.Results The terminal diameter of ICA was(5.40±0.65)mm,and the length of ICA above the optic nerve plane was(11.99±1.86)mm.The proximal diameter of A1 was(1.85±0.26)mm,and the length of A1 was(12.90±3.13)mm;meanwhile,the proximal diameter of M1 was(3.64±0.64)mm,and the length of M1 was(15.54±2.10)mm.There were significant differences in the proximal diameter and length between A1 and M1(P<0.05).The angle between A1 and ICA was(77.61±19.43)°,while the angle between M1 and ICA was(137.93±10.31)°,and the difference between the two was statistically significant(P<0.001).There was no obvious linear relationship between the diameter ratio of A1 and ICA and the angle between A1 and ICA,and there was no obvious linear relationship between the diameter ratio of M1 and ICA and the angle between M1 and ICA.The peripheral perforator branches mainly consisted of 8.50(5.00,12.00)branches deriving from the proximal end of A1,0.50(0,3.25)branch deriving from the proximal end of M1,0(0,0.25)branch deriving from the distal end of ICA,(8.80±2.40)branches deriving from the posterior communicating artery,and(9.60±3.80)branches deriving from the anterior choroidal artery.The recurrent artery of Heubner was found in 28 sides,its main body could be the single trunk(30.00%),double trunk(43.00%),and triple trunk(20.00%).Conclusion The main structure and perforator branches of the ICA bifurcation can be clearly exposed through the LOK approach.When applying the LOK approach,it should be combined with the bifurcation angle,perforator branches distribution,and vascular variation characteristics of ICA bifurcation to optimize the aneurysm clipping plan,thereby thoroughly treating the lesion and minimizing the injury risk of perforator branches.

Objective:To analyze the factors associated with long-term survival after radical resection of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and to construct random forest and Cox regression models,to evaluate the two models.Methods:A total of 368 patients with HBV-infected HCC who underwent radical resection were selected retrospectively.These patients were categorized as having a good prognosis(n=266)or a poor prognosis(n=102)based on their survival and mortality status.Univariate and Cox regression analysis were used to identify fac-tors that predict poor prognosis in HCC patients after surgery,and Cox regression and random forest prediction models were constructed and evaluated.Results:There were significant differences in smoking history,Child-Pugh classifica-tion,cirrhosis,microvascular invasion,TNM staging,tumor capsule integrity,platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR),regular antiviral therapy,HBV-DNA load,alpha-fetoprotein(AFP),neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR),systemic immune in-flammatory index(SII),and albumin-to-globulin ratio(AGR)between the two groups(P<0.05);Cox regression showed that cirrhosis,microvascular invasion,regular antiviral treatment,HBV-DNA load,NLR,PLR,SII,and AGR were related factors that negatively affected the prognosis of patients with HBV-infected HCC after surgery(P<0.05),with an AUC of 0.870 for predicting prognosis;the importance ranking obtained by the random forest model was HBV-DNA load,cirrho-sis,regular antiviral therapy,microvascular invasion,NLR,PLR,AGR,and SII,with an AUC of 0.926 for predicting prog-nosis;the AUC predicted by the random forest model was greater than that predicted by the Cox regression model(Z=2.411,P=0.016).Conclusion:HBV-DNA load,cirrhosis,regular antiviral therapy,microvascular invasion,NLR,PLR,AGR,and SII are factors that affect the poor prognosis of patients with HBV-related HCC after surgery.The random for-est prediction model constructed based on these factors has high predictive value and is superior to the Cox regression prediction model.