OBJECTIVE: To analyze the current status and trends of the disease burden of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in China from 1990 to 2023, and to examine the epidemiological characteristics of age, gender differences, and attribution to high body mass index (BMI), in order to provide a basis for formulating prevention and treatment strategies to reduce the disease burden of KOA in China. METHODS: Based on the 2023 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) database, data on the number, rate, and age-standardized rate of incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for KOA, and DALYs for KOA attributable to high BMI in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2023 were integrated. The Joinpoint 5.4.0.0 software was used to analyze the age and gender differences in KOA and the epidemiological characteristics attributable to high BMI. RESULTS: The standardized incidence, prevalence, and DALYs rates of KOA in China in 2023 increased by 6.46%, 6.43%, and 6.93%, respectively, compared with 1990. In terms of age, the disease burden of KOA in China was lowest in the age group of 30-34 years, with the highest incidence rate in the age group of 50-54 years, whereas the prevalence rate and DALYs rate continued to increase with age, and both were highest in the age group of ≥70 years. In terms of gender, all disease burden standardized rate indicators were higher in females than in males, and the difference widened with age. The rate of BMI-attributable DALYs increased at an annual average rate of 1.57% (95% CI: 1.55, 1.59) from 1990 to 2023, again with significant age and gender differences. CONCLUSION The continued growth of the KOA disease burden and significant population differences characterizing China call for focused attention on the female middle-aged and elderly population, enhanced weight management, and implementation of targeted preventive and control measures.
Humans ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Incidence ; Aged ; Adult ; Prevalence ; Body Mass Index ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Cost of Illness ; Aged, 80 and over ; Sex Factors ; Global Burden of Disease ; Age Factors ; Young Adult ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

BACKGROUND:N6-methyladenosine(m6A)is a hot research topic in the mechanism of pathological cardiac remodeling and plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the possible mechanism by which m6A modification in non-coding RNAs regulates the main processes of pathological cardiac remodeling,such as pathological cardiac hypertrophy,cardiomyocyte death,myocardial fibrosis and vascular remodeling. METHODS:"m6A,non-coding RNA,pathological cardiac hypertrophy,cardiomyocyte apoptosis,cardiomyocyte pyroptosis,cardiomyocyte ferroptosis,myocardial fibrosis,vascular remodeling"were used as search terms in Chinese and English.Relevant literature from CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science databases published from January 1974 to April 2023 was retrieved,and finally 86 eligible articles were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:m6A modification is a highly dynamic and reversible modification.Pathological cardiac remodeling mainly involves pathological cardiac hypertrophy,cardiomyocyte apoptosis,cardiomyocyte pyroptosis,cardiomyocyte ferroptosis,myocardial fibrosis and vascular remodeling.m6A-related enzymes can regulate pathological cardiac remodeling processes through various non-coding RNAs and different signaling pathways,which can be used as a new potential intervention for cardiovascular diseases.In pathological cardiac remodeling,research on the regulatory relationship between m6A modification and non-coding RNAs is still in its infancy.With the development of epigenetics,m6A modification in non-coding RNAs is expected to have a new development in the regulation of pathological cardiac remodeling.

Objective : To study the effect of hydroquinone on autophagy of human L-02 hepatocytes. Methods : L-02 cells were treated with different concentrations of hydroquinone(0,10,20,40 and 80 μmol/L) for 24 hours, the formation of autophagosomes was observed by transmission electron microscope;autophagosome formation was traced by mCheery-GFP-LC3B fusion protein. Western blot experiment was used to detect the expression of autophagy marker proteins LC3,Beclin-1,P62;immunofluorescence experiment was used to detect the subcellular localization and expression of autophagy proteins LC3,Beclin-1,P62. Results : Under the transmission electron microscope,it was observed that the autophagosomes and lysosomes of L-02 cells increased after the action of hydroquinone. Under the fluorescence microscope,the number of GFP-LC3B punctate yellow spots increased with the increase of hydroquinone dose,while the red flake spots decreased. Western blot results showed that hydroquinone increased the ratio of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ protein in L-02 cells,and the difference between treatment groups and the control group was statistically significant(P<0. 05). Hydroquinone had no significant effect on Beclin-1 and P62 protein expression in L-02 cells(P>0. 05). The results of immunofluorescence experiments showed that LC3 and Beclin-1 were both expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of L-02 cells,hydroquinone had no effect on the subcellular localization of LC3 and Beclin-1 in L-02 cells,while 40 and 80 μmol/L hydroquinone could induce the translocation of P62 in L-02 cells from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Conclusion Hydroquinone induces the increase of autophagosomes in L-02 cells,which may be related to the obstacles to autophagosome clearance.

Objective:To accurately estimate the health burden and corresponding economic loss attributed to PM 2.5 pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) area in China in 2015. Method:By using satellite-retrieved PM 2.5 concentration data and population data provided by NASA (the spatial resolution was 1 km×1 km), this study estimated excess mortality attributed to long-term PM 2.5 exposure in BTH area in 2015 based on Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM). Besides, Value of Statistic Life (VSL) method was used to evaluate the corresponding health economic loss. Result:In BTH area, the population-weighted average PM 2.5 concentration during 2012-2014 was 46.25 μg/m 3, and 56.6% of total population lived in the area where annual average PM 2.5 concentration exceeded Grade Ⅱ of National Ambient Air Quality Standard in China (35 μg/m 3); The PM 2.5-related premature deaths amounted to 193.8 thousand (95 %CI: 140.9 thousand-233.3 thousand), Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Handan were the top five cities with high incidences of PM 2.5-related premature deaths; The corresponding health economic loss was about 35.934 billion (95 %CI: 26.099 billion - 43.255 billion) RMB, accounting for 0.70% (95 %CI: 0.51%-0.85%) of the area’s GDP in 2015, Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding, Shijiazhuang, and Cangzhou were the top five cities with high health economic loss. Conclusions:PM 2.5 pollution has caused severe disease and economic burden in BTH area. Its spatial distribution suggested that it is particularly necessary to develop the air pollution prevention and control policies for key cities.

Objectives: To provide new ideas on how to shift students' learning attitude from passive learning to active learning, we explored and evaluated a case/problem-based and interactive teaching mode in pathophysiology curriculum. Methods: Case/problem-based and interactive teaching mode is an innovative teaching model adopted in pathophysiology curriculum for grade 2015 students of 5-year program in clinical medicine and other medical students of non-clinical majors in Xiangya Medical School, Central South University. The teaching effectiveness of the case/problem-based and interactive teaching mode was evaluated by questionnaire survey, with 460 medical students enrolled in the survey whose approval degree on current teaching mode was analyzed. Excel was used to collect and process data, complete descriptive analysis and calculation of the percentage of indicators. Results: A total of 460 anonymous questionnaires were distributed and 453 valid questionnaires were retrieved, from which the following information was obtained: ① Pre-class learners' guidance designed for current teaching mode: 88.7% of students (402/453) believed that "Pre-class Learners' Guidance" motivated them to preview relevant teaching contents before class. 82.8% of students (375/453) believed "Pre-class Learners' Guidance" improved discussion quality in class. 76.6% of students (347/453) believed "Pre-class Learners' Guidance" expanded thinking and exploring space, while it did not increase student study burden (306/453, 67.6%). ② Compared with traditional teaching mode, the case/problem-based and interactive teaching mode had following advantages: It's helpful to cultivate students' clinical thinking (414/453, 91.4%), strengthen students' memory and understanding during study (400/453, 88.3%), attract students' attention in class (380/453, 83.9%), and aroused student's interest in class discussion (327/453, 72.2%). ③ 83.4% of students (379/453) preferred current teaching mode: they believed this teaching mode could improve students' ability to analyze and solve problems (325/453,71.7%), train clinical thinking (321/453, 70.9%), improve students' self-study ability (247/453, 54.5%) and increase students' capabilities of making summary and conclusion (197/453, 43.5%). Conclusion Case/problem-based and interactive teaching mode in pathophysiology curriculum enhances students' ability of self-studying, activates classroom's atmosphere, improves teaching quality, and effectively fosters students' clinical thinking. Therefore, this teaching mode deserves to be spread and applied in classroom teaching of pathophysiology and other basic medicine disciplines as well.

Emotional and cognitive disorders (EACD),such as depression and anxiety,have become very common in today′s society,seriously affecting human lives and health. Neural plasticity can reflect the anti-stress ability of the nervous system to the internal and external stimulation,and is capable of dynamic changes in structure or function to adapt to environmental changes,as is often manifested in the process of compensation and repair of nerve injuries. EACD is often accompanied by macroscopic and cellular morphological changes in brain tissues and functions. Thus,studies on the mechanisms of neural plasticity will contribute to the treatment of EACD. In this paper ,the role of neural plasticity in the active components of Chinese herbal medicine(ACCHM) is reviewed. The effects of ACCHM on 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)system,and the antioxidant activities and neurotrophic effects of ACCHM are described. ACCHM can affect neural plasticity,playing a neuroprotective role by improving 5-HT levels,reducing oxidative stress in brain cells,and increasing the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF). In summary,one ACCHM could affect neural plasticity through one or more mechanisms. There are interactions between different mechanisms of the same ACCHM. Different ACCHM can play a synergistic effect on the enhancement of neural plasticity because of their different mechanisms.

ObjectiveTo investigate the spiral CT and ultrasound findings of hepatic adenoma and the value of spiral CT and ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatic adenoma. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the spiral CT and ultrasound findings of 15 patients with pathologically confirmed hepatic adenoma in Langfang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2009 to December 2015. ResultsAll the 15 patients showed hypoechoic, isoechoic, or hyperechoic ultrasound findings. Seven of these patients had single hepatic adenoma. In the 7 cases, 4 had low-density lesions, 1 had a slightly low-density lesion, and 2 had equal-density lesions; as for the arterial phase, 5 showed obvious enhancement, 1 showed moderate enhancement, and 1 showed mild enhancement; as for the portal venous phase and delayed phase, 3 showed reduced enhancement, 2 had equal-density lesions, and 2 showed gradual enhancement. Eight patients experienced multiple hepatic adenoma with 80 lesions in total. In the 80 lesions, 4 lesions (3 patients) showed a mixed density, 40 lesions (4 patients) showed a low density, 36 lesions (4 patients) showed a slightly low density; 8 lesions (4 patients) showed obvious enhancement in the arterial phase and reduced enhancement in the portal venous phase and delayed phase; 3 lesions (1 patient) showed obvious enhancement in the arterial phase and an equal density in the portal venous phase and delayed phase; 18 lesions (2 patients) showed obvious enhancement in the arterial phase and portal venous phase and reduced enhancement in the delayed phase; 49 lesions (5 patients) showed moderate enhancement in the arterial phase and reduced enhancement in the portal venous phase and delayed phase; 2 lesions (1 patient) showed no enhancement in any phase. The correct rates of spiral CT in the diagnosis of single hepatic adenoma and multiple hepatic adenomas were 143%(1/7) and 87.5%(7/8), respectively. ConclusionUltrasound can only suggest space-occupying lesions, but cannot analyze the lesions qualitatively; spiral CT with three-phase enhancement scanning has a great value in the diagnosis of hepatic adenoma, especially multiple hepatic adenoma.

Objective To analyze the changes of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2014, so as to provide the evidence for formulating“The thirteenth five year”schistosomiasis control plan. Methods The information for schistosomiasis control and the data of the endemic surveillance of schistosomiasis were collected and analyzed for the chang?es of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2014. Results The Oncomelania hupensis snail areas presented on a rising trend,and reached to the largest area with about 3.1 billon m2 in 2011. However,the snail areas decreased from 2012,and reduced by 10.55%in 2012 compared with the areas in 2011,and reduced to the lowest level in 2014 in recent 10 years. The density of living snails presented a fluctuation situation from 2004 to 2008,and on a decreasing trend from 2008, and the density of living snails was below 1 snail/0.1 m2 after 2011. The infection rate of snails remained stagnant state from 2004 to 2011,and decreased rapidly in 2012,and no schistosome infected snails were found in 2013 and 2014. The schistosome in?fection rate of residents decreased gradually,and the number of acute schistosomiasis was under 50 cases with scattered distribu?tion after 2006,and no acute cases occurred in 2013 and 2014. The infection rate of livestock was above 1%from 2004 to 2011, and reduced to 0.55%in 2012,and it was the first time that the infection rate of livestock was lower than that of residents in the same year in 2014. The progress for achieving the goal of schistosomiasis transmission control accelerated after 2011,and the number of counties that reached the standard of schistosomiasis transmission controlled from 2012 to 2014 was 4,9 and 14 and the number of townships was 33,76 and 32,respectively. Conclusion Schistosomiasis control has achieved remarkable effec?tiveness in Anhui Province,but there still exists hard work to consolidate the achievement and reach schistosomiasis transmis?sion interrupted.

OBJECTIVETo develop a portable field anesthesia machine system suitable for the medical first-aid on the spot.

METHODSThe three-dimensional structure of PFAM was designed with modeling software of Pro/E and manufactured according to the GB9706.29 and other national standards.

RESULTDue to its small footprint and very light weight, PFAM is completely portable and convenient on different occasions within or outside a hospital environment. It can support breathing of patients and delivery anesthetic gas, fitted for both adult and children patients. All of the safety alarm systems required are employed on board.

CONCLUSIONPFAM may play an important role in the first-aid in the field or outside the hospital.

Objective To explore the relationship between the distribution of infected snails and transmission of acute schistosomiasis in hilly regions.Methods The data concerning the distribution of the infected snails and acute schistosomiasis in Shitai County,Anhui Province from 1999 to 2008 were collected and analyzed.Results The sehistosome infection rate of human increased as the distance between the settings with infected snails and activity sites of humans shortened.Conclusions Acute infection of schistosome of human is associated with the distance between the settings with infected snails and activity sites of them.Strengthening the measures of snail control in key regions,protecting key populations and carrying out health education for schistosomiasis control are important approaches to control the transmission of acute schistosomiasis in hilly regions.