Introduction: Ageing is commonly linked with physical inactivity. This review was performed to identify the factors associated with participation in physical activity among older adults in Malaysia. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using five databases; Pubmed, Sagepub, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Science Direct. Observational and intervention studies published between January 2010 and December 2020 were included, with Malaysian older adults aged 55 years and older being the main subject. Results: A total of 9 articles were included in the review. Analysis was guided by the Social Ecological Model for Health Promotion. The review had successfully identified gender, age, education level, health reasons, ethnicity and attitude as intrapersonal factors, social support (friend) and marital status as interpersonal factors, and locality as well as availability of facilities as environmental factors. Conclusions: Physical activity participation among Malaysian older adults were mainly determined by intrapersonal factors, particularly gender, health condition and educational level.

Introduction: This systematic review aimed to investigate the level of participation, obstacles, and facilitator factors that influence activities of daily living among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in four online databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, OT Seeker, and Cochrane Library covering the ten-years period from January 2012 to December 2022. Inclusion criteria encompassed original published studies in English focusing on daily activities, work, participation, obstacles, and facilitators in persons with SCI. Non-peer review sources (e.g., abstracts, grey literature, preprints), and studies unrelated to occupational therapy were excluded. The selected studies were assessed for quality using McMaster University Occupational Therapy Evidence-Based Practice critical review form. Results: Out of the 678 articles identified, ten studies were included after the screening, exploring participation in daily living activities, employment, return to work, leisure activities, family tasks, and community mobility among persons with SCI. Obstacles and facilitators influencing participation in activities of daily living were classified using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework. This review highlighted that long-term participation is challenging for persons with SCI, affected by obstacles such as body functions, pain, low self-esteem, and environmental and social factors. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of adopting a multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach to enhance participation in daily activities for persons with SCI. Occupational therapy plays a significant role in improving participation levels among persons with SCI.

Introduction: Poor appetite is prevalent among older adults and may negatively impact on their overall health. This is especially true for institutionalised residents. Despite this, there is a paucity of research on appetite and its associated factors among institutionalised residents, which signified the present study. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among elderly residents at long-term care facilities in the state of Selangor, Malaysia to ascertain their appetite status and its associated factors. Results: A total of 97 residents with mean age of 74.2±8.4 years old were recruited. They comprised 61.9% females and 38.1% males. More than 50% had poor appetite with early satiety. There were 63.0%, 82.4%, and 94.8% who had poor oral health, poor sleep quality, and depression, respectively. Ethnicity (OR=2.73; 95% CI=1.00-7.44; p=0.049) was the only factor that predicted poor appetite among older adults in long-term care facilities, with Malay residents having poorer appetite than their Chinese and Indian counterparts. Conclusion: The prevalence of poor appetite was high among residents staying at long-term care facilities in Selangor, Malaysia, especially among Malays. This issue deserves further studies to identify the specific underlying factors contributing to poor appetite among older adults from different ethnicities. Acknowledging the high prevalence of poor appetite among older adults and its possible unfavourable outcomes, appropriate nutrition interventions are therefore needed to address this issue among institutionalised elderly.

Background: There are a few dry eye remedies available in the market. Currently, artificial tears and lubricants are still the most common management for dry eyes. Objective: We proposed a new method in managing dry eyes. Methods: A pre-soaked contact lens in virgin coconut oil (VCOCL) is being used as a vehicle to deliver virgin coconut oil (VCO) in dry eyes. VCOCL was prepared in sterilised conditions where daily soft hydrogel contact lenses were immersed in raw VCO. The efficacy of VCOCL in delivering the VCO to eyes was assessed by measuring the Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT) values, corneal staining of the anterior eye, Schirmer Test values and the measurement of residual VCO volume in tears at baseline and at 15 minutes after insertion on subjects with dry eyes. Pre- and post-data were used to analyse all the measurable variables. Results: This study showed a significant difference in the TBUT, corneal staining, and residual VCO volume for both eyes (p<0.05). However, there were no changes in the Schirmer Test value (p>0.05). VCOCL was proven to improve tear quality in dry eye subjects and was able to maintain its presence in the eye even after 15 minutes. Conclusion This study suggests a new method for dry eye management.
Contact Lenses ; Therapeutics ; Dry Eye Syndromes

Public health clinical rotation in the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, was conducted in Puskesmas (community health center). This study aims to evaluate the public health clinical rotation in Puskesmas, part of the clinical clerkship of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia. Several concerns have been highlighted regarding the implementation of clinical rotations in public health in Puskesmas. A briefing session before placement in the village must be coherent with a guidebook. The placement of students in the village was based on community health issues determined by the Puskesmas supervisor. Priority in the curriculum was given to converting the alertness village (Desa Siaga) into a Program Indonesia Sehat–Pendekatan Keluarga (Healthy Indonesia Program–Family Education) program throughout implementation. Moreover, scheduling after four major clinical programs was difficult, and the writing of reports served as a guide for establishing the correct format. Therefore, the objective of the evaluation was to assess knowledge, skill, and psychomotor, and the burden of assignment in Puskesmas was difficult to accomplish a primary task in the community.

Purpose: The objective of this scoping review was to investigate the applicability and performance of various convolutional neural network (CNN) models in tooth numbering on panoramic radiographs, achieved throughclassification, detection, and segmentation tasks. Materials and Methods: An online search was performed of the PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases.Based on the selection process, 12 studies were included in this review. Results: Eleven studies utilized a CNN model for detection tasks, 5 for classification tasks, and 3 for segmentationtasks in the context of tooth numbering on panoramic radiographs. Most of these studies revealed high performance of various CNN models in automating tooth numbering. However, several studies also highlighted limitations of CNNs, such as the presence of false positives and false negatives in identifying decayed teeth, teeth with crown prosthetics, teeth adjacent to edentulous areas, dental implants, root remnants, wisdom teeth, and root canal-treated teeth. These limitations can be overcome by ensuring both the quality and quantity of datasets, as well as optimizing the CNN architecture. Conclusion CNNs have demonstrated high performance in automated tooth numbering on panoramic radiographs.Future development of CNN-based models for this purpose should also consider different stages of dentition, such as the primary and mixed dentition stages, as well as the presence of various tooth conditions. Ultimately, an optimized CNN architecture can serve as the foundation for an automated tooth numbering system and for further artificial intelligence research on panoramic radiographs for a variety of purposes.

Introduction: Detection of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with higher disease activity and lower functional ability. This study investigated the presence of the new generation of anti-CCP antibodies (anti-CCP2 IgG, anti-CCP2 IgA and anti-CCP3.1 IgG/IgA) and their association with disease severity and functional status of RA patients. Methods: A total of 46 RA patients and 40 healthy controls participated in this cross-sectional study that was conducted at the Rheumatology Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Blood samples were taken from all participants for anti-CCP2 IgG, anti-CCP2 IgA, and anti-CCP3.1 IgG/IgA analysis. Disease severity and functional status of RA patients were measured using the Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) and the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (mHAQ) respectively. Results: Significantly higher proportion of RA patients were found with positive anti-CCP2 IgG (63.0%), anti-CCP2 IgA (37.0%), and anti-CCP3.1 IgG/IgA antibodies (63.0%) than the healthy controls. No significant association was found between anti-CCP antibodies status and mean DAS28 score of the RA patients. However, RA patients with negative anti-CCP2 IgG status had higher mean mHAQ score than patients with positive anti-CCP2 IgG status. Conclusion: Our study has demonstrated detection of the new generation anti-CCP antibodies in RA patients, supporting the use of autoantibodies in RA diagnosis. While no significant association was found between the presence of anti-CCP antibodies and disease severity of RA patients, the absence of anti-CCP2 IgG was associated with worse function and greater disability of the patients.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-vaccinated (SEIRV) models to examine the effects of vaccination on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case trends in Malaysia during Phase 3 of the National COVID-19 Immunization Program amidst the Delta outbreak. METHODS: SEIRV models were developed and validated using COVID-19 case and vaccination data from the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, from June 21, 2021 to July 21, 2021 to generate forecasts of COVID-19 cases from July 22, 2021 to December 31, 2021. Three scenarios were examined to measure the effects of vaccination on COVID-19 case trends. Scenarios 1 and 2 represented the trends taking into account the earliest and latest possible times of achieving full vaccination for 80% of the adult population by October 31, 2021 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Scenario 3 described a scenario without vaccination for comparison. RESULTS: In scenario 1, forecasted cases peaked on August 28, 2021, which was close to the peak of observed cases on August 26, 2021. The observed peak was 20.27% higher than in scenario 1 and 10.37% lower than in scenario 2. The cumulative observed cases from July 22, 2021 to December 31, 2021 were 13.29% higher than in scenario 1 and 55.19% lower than in scenario 2. The daily COVID-19 case trends closely mirrored the forecast of COVID-19 cases in scenario 1 (best-case scenario). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that COVID-19 vaccination reduced COVID-19 case trends during the Delta outbreak. The compartmental models developed assisted in the management and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia.

Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease affecting exocrine glands with known properties to cause chronic systemic multi-organ disease involvement. It produced the typical features of sicca syndrome, but due to insidious onset of the disease, patient may present with complications of the condition at the initial presentation. We present a case of primary Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) who first presented with pulmonary manifestations and was subsequently diagnosed as Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP). The patient was extensively investigated and received appropriate treatment modalities.

Introduction: Childhood anxiety is one of the common mental health problems in children. Untreated childhood anxiety will lead to a higher risk of developing mental health problems in adulthood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental emotional styles and family values to anxiety level among primary school children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a selected primary school in Kelantan, Malaysia. A set of questionnaires consisted of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale–Parents’ Report (RCADS-P 25), the Parental Emotional Style Questionnaire (PESQ), and the Asian Family Characteristics Scale (AFCS) was used for assessing anxiety, parental emotional styles, and family values, respectively. Data were collected via an online survey using Google Form, and were analysed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) to determine the factors associated with childhood anxiety. The significance value was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 150 parents of primary school children from the selected school was involved in this study. The majority of respondents were females (82.0%), married (94.7%), hold a degree (66.7%), and were working in the government sector (60.0%). Most of the respondents’ child were twelve years old (20.7%) and males (62%). Based on the MLR, emotional dismissing parental style (p = 0.025) and family values (p = 0.016) were significantly associated with anxiety in these children. Conclusion: Emotional dismissing parental style and family values were significant predictors of anxiety in primary school children. Future intervention research on childhood anxiety is needed.