Background: Research on lactic acid bacteria has confirmed how specific strains possess probiotic properties and impart unique sensory characteristics to food products. The use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in many food products, thus confers various health benefits to humans when they are frequently consumed in adequate amounts. Aim: To determine the effect of lactic acid bacteria on the growth of tomatoes. Materials and Methods: The lactic acid bacteria were cultured using the Lactobacillus medium from whipping cream and Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) and identified using the MALDI-TOF MS automated microbial identification analyzer. A solution was prepared using Lactobacillus delbrueckii isolated from whipping cream and Lactobacillus gasseri isolated from Dandelion (10^7CFU/ml), and sterilized tomato seeds were watered for 10 days with the solution, while sterilized distilled water was used as a control. The germination rate of the seeds and the root length were measured and recorded every day. Results: The solution of L.delbrueckii bacteria isolated from cream germinated 100% of the seeds, which is 4% higher than the control seeds, while the solution of L.gasseri bacteria isolated from Dandelion germinated 100%, supporting 4% higher than the control seeds. Seedlings irrigated with the L.delbrueckii bacterial solution exhibited an average length of 10.3cm, which was 1.3cm longer than the control (P=0.003), indicating a statistically significant difference. Similarly, those treated with the L.gasseri solution had an average length of 11.5cm, 2.5cm longer than the control (P=0.005), also demonstrating statistical significance. Conclusion The application of the lactic acid bacterial solution significantly enhanced both the germination of tomato seeds and the growth of the plants compared to the control solution.

Introduction: Following the COVID-19 lockdown, the introduction of powered mopeds and scooters into urban mobility in Mongolia, without basic traffic regulatory frameworks such as vehicle classification, participation rules, age limits for riders, or parking regulations may have contributed to an increased risk of pedestrian injuries. Objective: To examine temporal trends in pedestrian injuries in Mongolia and to assess the impact of the emergence of micro mobility, while accounting for COVID-19 lockdowns, using an interrupted time-series analysis. Methods: We conducted an interrupted time-series analysis using national data on pedestrian injuries in Mongolia from January 2016 to December 2024. Monthly pedestrian injury rates per 10,000 population were calculated and stratified by age groups, regressing it on the number of months after January 2016 (the beginning of the study), after November 2020 (the lockdowns started), after May 2021 (the lockdown lifted and new mode of urban transportation started to release). Results: During the 9-year study period, there were 41,063 pedestrians, of whom 51.5% were male. The monthly rate of overall pedestrian injury started to decrease after the COVID-19 lockdowns possibly due to reduced traffic activity. However, following the lifting of restrictions, the trend started to increase among the age groups under 10 years (1.8%, 95% CI: 0.8–2.8), 10–19 years (1.6%, 95% CI: 0.3–2.9), 50–59 years (0.6%, 95% CI: 0.1–1.2), and 60–69 years (1.3%, 95% CI: 0.4–2.2). Conclusion The increase in pedestrian injuries suggests that the emergence of micromobility may have contributed to higher injury risk for pedestrians in Mongolia. This highlights the urgent need for change in infrastructure and regulations governing micromobility usage to enhance pedestrian safety.

Abstract: The basis of the development of traditional medicine in the XXI century is to study the old medical books and scriptures created by ancient Mongolian doctors and scientists of previous generations. For example, it is important to deepen the scientific understanding of “Man ngag rin chen ‘byung” written by Mongolian doctor ‘Jam dpal chos kyi bstan ‘dzin phrin las in Tibetan, and to understand the content and charms of the Man ngag rin chen ‘byung. Purpose: Sampling and analysis of experimental prescriptions in the “Man ngag rin chen ‘byung” written by Mongolian doctor ‘Jam dpal chos kyi bstan ‘dzin phrin las in Tibetan. Research methods: Methodologies of ancient textbook analysis and check list of textbook were used. Conclusion In the concluding remarks of the “Man ngag rin chen ‘byung” written by Mongolian doctor ‘Jam dpal chos kyi bstan ‘dzin phrin las, it was stated that there are many medicinal raw materials in the practice. He mentioned that: “I have summarized the benefits of medical literature written by the ancient doctors of Mongolian medicine to facilitate for people to learn.” An analysis of this sentence reveals that in the current understanding of medical science, it is evidence-based practice (EBP).

Background: The intestinal microbiota of Mongolians and its composition is of great interest of researchers, a few studies have did in this fields. Maybe Mongolian encompass a uniquely wide range of environmental conditions, ethno geographical cohorts and traditional nomadic lifestyles. Goal: We aimed to determine the amount of gut microbiota, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the fecal samples of relative healthy Mongolian adults residing in various regions of Mongolia by conventional culture method and PCR. Material and Methods: The study was performed population based cross sectional study in healthy volunteers. In this study, 256 relative healthy Mongolian adults with no history of gastrointestinal associated diseases were enrolled between July 2018 and April 2019. Each participants was asked to complete a questionnaire containing 164 questions about demographics, physical activity, dietary habits. Fecal samples were collected for Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium analysis using culture method and determination of genus of Bifidobacterium sрp and Lactobacillus spp by PCR. ResultsParticipants had a mean age of 38.9±12.8 years. The mean values of Lactobacillus by culture method were 5.9±1.28 and 6.24±0.94 log10 CFU/ml (4.67х106 , 4.66х106 CFU/ml), respectively. The abundance of Lactobacillus had a positive correlation with grams for fiber and amount of bifidobacterium ((r= 0.495, р<0.001, r=0.288, p<0.05), respectively). Significant difference were observed between groups of milk frequency per day for amounts of lactobacillus. In adult intestinal tracts, B.Bifidum was the most common taxon 31 (29%) followed by B. angulatum 14 (13.1%), B. adolescentis 10 (9.3%), B. catenulatum group 10 (9.3%), B. longum 9 (8.4%). B. lactis, B. breve, B. dentium and B. gallicum were subdominant species. Conclusion: The mean amount of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus of all participants were 6.24±0.94 and 5.9±1.28 log10 CFU/ml (4.66*106 , 4.67*106 CFU/ml) respectively. The Lactobacillus abundance of healthy adults was higher in region of Khangai, East and West of Mongolian than other regions. The composition of lactobacillus altered with ageing. Significant correlations were found between fiber, fats, potato and amount of Lactobacillus. Keywords: Bifidobacterium, Colony forming unit, Gut microbiota, Lactobacillus

Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites of the fungi namely, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. They can colonize and contaminate grain before harvest or during storage. There are about twenty related secondary forms of aflatoxins, and subtypes B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂. These aflatoxins frequently contaminate the foods and feeds (Yu J et al, 2000, Imanaka BT et al, 2007). Aflatoxin B1, the most toxic, is a potent hepatocarcinogenic and genotoxigenic metabolites that have been classified as group I carcinogens by International Agency of Research on Cancer (International Agency for Research on cancer, 1993). Aflatoxin M1 is found in milk of lactating cows that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B₁. Aflatoxin M₁ was originally classified as a Group 2B human carcinogen in 1993, but subsequent evidences of its cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects led to a new categorization of aflaoxin M1 as Group I (International Agency for Research on cancer, 2002). Aflatoxins can affect a wide range of commodities, including crops, cereals, oilseeds, spices, tree nuts, milk, meat, and dried fruit (Wilson DM et al, 1994, Bao L et al, 2010). Mongolia has been imported foods about 60 percent of food demands including wheat, flour, rice, milk, dairy products, peanuts and maize. This situation is required to study aflatoxin contamination in food in Mongolia. Epidemiological studies have found that dietary exposure to aflatoxin and chronic infection with hepatitis B, C virus are three major risk factors for HCC (Viviani et al. 1997; Hall et al. 2003). HCC as a result of chronic aflatoxin exposure has been well documented, presenting most often in persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (Wild and Gong, 2010). The risk of liver cancer in individuals exposed to chronic HBV infection and aflatoxin is up to 30 times greater than the risk in individuals exposed to aflatoxin (Groopman et al., 2008). According to the WHO, the national liver cancer incidence rates was 54.1 per 100.000 population, the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in 11.8%, 15.6% were respectively (J.Abarsanaa, 2012). This situation is a serous public health problem in Mongolia. Thus, we aimed to carry out the monitoring surveillance survey on the aflatoxin contamination level in some food.

Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency in humans, affecting 400 million people worldwide and a high prevalence in persons of African, Middle Asian countries. The most common clinical manifestations are neonatal jaundice and acute hemolytic anemia, which is caused by the impairment of erythrocyte’s ability to remove harmful oxidative stress triggered by exogenous agents such as drugs, infection, or fava bean ingestion. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia caused by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is strongly associated with mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment. Aim:To determine a level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in healthy neonates.The 76.5% of all participants (n=205) was assessed 4.36±1.15 Ug/Hb in normal reference range of G6PD other 23.5% (n=63) was 0.96±0.51 Ug/Hb with G6PD deficiency. In the both sex, 51.5% of male 0.88±0.46Ug/Hb (n=33) and 47.6%of female (n=30) 0.97±0.55Ug/Hb was assessed with G6PDdeficiency. Developing Jaundice period in number of 63 neonates with G6PD deficiency, 85.7% of neonates (n=54)was in 24-72 hours, 4% of neonates (n=3) was in 5-7 days and there is no sign of jaundice in 9% (n=6).Therefore neonates with G6PD deficiency, 53.9% (n=34)contiuned jaundice more than two weeks.G6PD deficiency was determined in male neonates (51.5%) more than female(47.6%). The 76.5% of all participants (n=205) was assessed 4.36±1.15 Ug/Hb in normal reference range of G6PD other 23.5% (n=63) of all participants was 0.96±0.51 Ug/Hb with G6PD deficiency. It shows that G6PD might be one potential risk of neonatal jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia in neonates in Mongolia.

BACKGROUNDPhysical, mental and gross motor development occur intensively during the childhood. Therefore it is important to detect any developmental delays early in order to take proper intervention which is significant for mental ability and personal development of a child. In this study, we aimed to evaluate mental and gross motor development of the kindergarten’s children in Bayanzurkh and Khan-Uul district.METHODSWe selected 157 children, aged from 3 to 6 years, from Bayanzurh district’s kindergarten and 125 children from Khan-Uul district’s kindergarten randomly. Population basedcross sectional study design was used. Mental and gross motor development was measured by Denver-II test. Statistical analysis of the collected data was conducted using SPSS 17.0 software program.RESULTSLanguage development delay, fine motor-adaptive development delay, gross motor development delay and personal-social development delay were observed in 42%, 15%, 12%, 8% of the kindergarten children, respectively.CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that it is imperative to pay more attention to mental, language and gross motor developments of children in kindergarten.