Background: Copper is a mineral that is involved in many functions og the human body and copper has antibacterial reaction. However many scientists have studied the antibacterial activity of nano copper, in our country, the lack of research is the basis of our research. Aim: Determination of antibacterial activity of colloidal copper (CuNP) Materials and Methods: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences on February 18, 2022 (Protocol No. 2022/3-02). An ionized copper solution was produced by passing an electric current (19–20 V, 3–5 A, for 24 h) through sterilized distilled water using copper plates. Ascorbic acid was then added to prepare colloidal copper. The concentration was determined using a PPM meter, and the solution was filtered through a 0.22 µm bacterial filter. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against standard bacterial strains were determined by the broth dilution method. To determine the bactericidal time, bacterial cultures were exposed to the bactericidal concentration and subcultured hourly for 10 hours. Additionally, antibacterial activity was evaluated on Mueller–Hinton agar using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI standards, where 20 µL of colloidal copper was applied onto antibiotic disks. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, and the diameter of the inhibition zones was measured. Result: The concentration of the prepared colloidal copper was 0.7 ppm. Using the broth dilution method, complete bactericidal activity was observed at 0.006 ppm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely killed at 0.008 ppm. In terms of exposure time, complete bacterial killing occurred after 2 hours for S. enteritidis and K. pneumoniae, after 6 hours for E. coli, and after 11 hours for P. aeruginosa. In addition, antibacterial activity was evaluated on Mueller–Hinton agar using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI standards. Colloidal copper increased the inhibition zone diameter of most antibiotics by 1–5 mm, particularly against P. aeruginosa. In K. pneumoniae, the activity of aztreonam and ceftriaxone was enhanced. When evaluating the inhibition zone diameter of cefotaxime against E. coli, the susceptibility result changed from intermediate to susceptible, while no significant change was observed for the other antibiotics tested. For K. pneumoniae, the addition of colloidal copper increased the inhibition zone diameter of aztreonam and ceftriaxone by approximately 1–2 mm. In P. aeruginosa, the inhibition zone diameters of most antibiotics increased by 1–5 mm; however, the activity of imipenem decreased. For S. enteritidis, most antibiotics showed an increase in susceptibility of approximately 1–2 mm, while ceftriaxone showed no observable effect. Conclusion 1. Colloidal copper solution, at low concentrations, exhibits bactericidal activity against some Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. 2. Colloidal copper solution shows a synergistic effect with certain drugs, enhancing their activity; however, it exhibits an inhibitory effect on the activity of imipenem.

Background: Numerous international studies have established that the antibacterial activity of honey is attributed to its key components, including hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, peptides, polyphenolic compounds, high sugar content, and acidic pH. Despite the vast consumption of different types of honey in Mongolia, there is a lack of sufficient scientific evidence on their antibacterial properties, which served as the rationale for conducting this study. Aim: A study comparing the antibacterial activity of honey commonly traded in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using an experimental research design. Eight standard pathogenic bacterial strains were utilized: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 1706, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 700699, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13076, and Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606. A total of 14 honey samples were selected for the study, comprising 11 samples sourced from the Uvs, Tuv, Sukhbaatar, Khentii, Dornod, Darkhan, Selenge, and Khuvsgul provinces of Mongolia, and 3 Manuka-type honey samples from Australia. The samples were serially diluted in broth using a 96-well U-bottom microtiter plate. One microliter of each bacterial suspension was added, and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours. Subsequently, the cultures were spread onto Mueller-Hinton agar and incubated under the same conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by evaluating bacterial growth inhibition and bactericidal activity, respectively. Result: Among the tested samples, the Manuka honey with MGO 570 and the honey collected from Tumentsogt soum in Sukhbaatar province exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity against MRSA, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5% (v/v) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 25% (v/v). In contrast, the antibacterial activity of Manuka honey with UMF 5 and the honeys sourced from Tuv, Uvs, and Khalkhgol soum in Dornod province demonstrated MIC and MBC values of 25% (v/v) and 50% (v/v), respectively. The Manuka honey with MGO 30, as well as the honeys collected from Selenge, Darkhan, Sukhbaatar, Khentii, and Rashaant and Tarialan soums in Khuvsgul province, showed comparatively weaker activity against MRSA, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion 1. The antibacterial activity of natural and cultivated floral honeys was assessed by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against eight standard bacterial strains. 2. All seven natural floral honey samples exhibited measurable antibacterial effects against the tested strains, whereas some of the cultivated floral honey samples showed no observable activity against certain bacterial strains.

Background: Helicobacter pylori is a highly prevalent pathogen infecting more than half of the global population, with considerable geographic variation in its genetic characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns. The EPIYA motifs of the CagA protein play a critical role in bacterial virulence; however, data on the association between CagA genotypes and antibiotic resistance remain limited in Mongolia. Aim: To determine the antibiotic resistance, CagA EPIYA patterns, and clarithromycin resistance-associated mutations of H. pylori strains in Mongolia, and to evaluate the agreement between phenotypic and molecular diagnostic methods. Materials and Methods: Gastric biopsy specimens were collected from 210 patients undergoing endoscopy and cultured for H. pylori. Antibiotic susceptibility to metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline was determined using the E-Test method according to EUCAST guidelines. CagA EPIYA patterns were analyzed, and clarithromycin resistance-associated mutations (A2142C, A2142G, A2143G) were detected using real-time PCR. Result: H. pylori was successfully cultured in 86 of 210 samples (41%), and 61 isolates were included in the final analysis. CagA-positive strains accounted for 86.9%, with a predominance of Western-type CagA (52/53), while only one East Asian-type strain was identified. Among Western-type strains, the ABC (58.5%) and ABCC (37.7%) patterns were most common. The highest resistance rate was observed for metronidazole (70.5%), followed by levofloxacin (50.9%). Clarithromycin and amoxicillin resistance were both 19.7%, whereas no resistance to tetracycline was detected. Multidrug resistance (≥2 antibiotics) was observed in 45.9% of isolates, and 14.8% showed resistance to ≥3 antibiotics. Clarithromycin resistance-associated mutations were detected in 21.3% of isolates, predominantly A2143G. The agreement between E-test and real-time PCR methods was excellent (κ=0.95, p<0.001). Conclusion H. pylori strains in Mongolia are characterized by a predominance of Western-type CagA, with ABC and ABCC as the most common subtypes. Notably, the AAABC and AAAAB subtypes were identified for the first time. High levels of antibiotic resistance, particularly to metronidazole and levofloxacin, as well as a substantial prevalence of multidrug resistance, highlight the need for region-specific treatment strategies. In Mongolia, H. pylori demonstrated the highest resistance to metronidazole, accompanied by a high proportion of multidrug-resistant isolates.

Background: Research on lactic acid bacteria has confirmed how specific strains possess probiotic properties and impart unique sensory characteristics to food products. The use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in many food products, thus confers various health benefits to humans when they are frequently consumed in adequate amounts. Aim: To determine the effect of lactic acid bacteria on the growth of tomatoes. Materials and Methods: The lactic acid bacteria were cultured using the Lactobacillus medium from whipping cream and Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) and identified using the MALDI-TOF MS automated microbial identification analyzer. A solution was prepared using Lactobacillus delbrueckii isolated from whipping cream and Lactobacillus gasseri isolated from Dandelion (10^7CFU/ml), and sterilized tomato seeds were watered for 10 days with the solution, while sterilized distilled water was used as a control. The germination rate of the seeds and the root length were measured and recorded every day. Results: The solution of L.delbrueckii bacteria isolated from cream germinated 100% of the seeds, which is 4% higher than the control seeds, while the solution of L.gasseri bacteria isolated from Dandelion germinated 100%, supporting 4% higher than the control seeds. Seedlings irrigated with the L.delbrueckii bacterial solution exhibited an average length of 10.3cm, which was 1.3cm longer than the control (P=0.003), indicating a statistically significant difference. Similarly, those treated with the L.gasseri solution had an average length of 11.5cm, 2.5cm longer than the control (P=0.005), also demonstrating statistical significance. Conclusion The application of the lactic acid bacterial solution significantly enhanced both the germination of tomato seeds and the growth of the plants compared to the control solution.

Background: The following ancient medical book currently known to us is relatively detailed about ring srel. Herein: a handwritten sutra by Darmo maaramba Luvsanchoidog called “legs bshad be ed’u dkar po’i ‘phreng ba zhes bya ba bzhugs so”. However, there is no academic research on the medicinal use of this supreme precious medicine ring srel in Mongolia. Therefore, we have chosen this topic to make it possible to use the written medical scriptures and woodblock books written about ring srel for research and training, especially to explain and interpret the supreme precious medicine in detail. Purpose: We will study the facts about ring srel in Darmo maaramba Luvsanchoidog’s “ legs bshad be ed’u dkar po’i ‘phreng ba zhes bya ba bzhugs so” manuscript, enrich it with information about ring srel in other ancient medical books, and explain some words. Conclusion Supreme precious medicine is a word that means ring srel in Tibetan, a relic in English or whitish, pill-like stuff from cremation residues, and sharil or chandar (cremains) in Mongolian. There are four categories of ring srel: Body ring srel, hair, and nails ring srel, mustard seed-like ring srel and dharma body ring srel. There are five colors of the ring srel: white from bones, red from flesh, blue from yellow water, gold from skin so on. If we distinguish each of its uses, from the medical point of view: Demons and evil spirits, all diseases can not be attacked and not harmed, and from the ritual point of view: it is said that everything you wish to do by keeping it on your body and wearing it on your body will come true.

This article provides an overview of the clinical evidence of interactions between herbal and conventional medicines. Herbs involved in drug interactions – or that have been evaluated in pharmacokinetic trials – are discussed in this review. While many of the interactions reported are of limited clinical significance and many herbal products (echinacea, valerian) seem to expose patients to minor risk under conventional pharmacotherapy, a few herbs, notably St. John’s wort, may provoke adverse events sufficiently serious about endangering the patient’s health. Healthcare professionals should remain vigilant for potential interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs, especially when drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are used. Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) extracts are widely used as a safe alternative to conventional antidepressant drugs for mild to moderate forms of depressive disorders. St. John’s wort represents the herbal product that is most involved in herb-to drug interactions. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the clinical data regarding the E2 interactions between herbal remedies and prescribed drugs. For patients on prescription medications, the concomitant use of herbal medications can cause serious and adverse effects. It is the responsibility of health professionals to be well informed about the clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions.

Background: Induction of labor is a procedure performed to prevent maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The effects of birth control pills on babies are still controversial. Therefore, we conducted this study to compare the effects of oxytocin and misoprostol on fetal blood gas parameters. Aim: To compare the effects of misoprostol and oxytocin used in labor induction on umbilical cord blood parameters Materials and methods: We conducted this study among mothers who gave birth in the NICU, according to the inclusion criteria, a control group (n=30), misoprostol alone vaginally (n=30) and oxytocin drip alone (n= 30) and oxytocin with misoprostol group (n=30) 4 groups used 100 mothers were selected respectively. Umbilical artery blood was sampled and umbilical artery blood pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, and VE (blood base excess) parameters were measured in the laboratory. The umbilical cord blood acid-alkaline parameters and lactate levels were analyzed and evaluated using COBAS C311 and COBAS B221 instruments. It was compared and determined using SPSS26 and EXCEL programs. Results: The average age of all mothers included in the study was 27.87±6.12, the average gestation period was 39.6±0.7 weeks, and the average weight of the newborn was 3466±323 gr. The average umbilical cord blood pH value was 7.34±0.04 in the control group, 7.25±0.07 in the oxytocin group, 7.27±0.04 in the misoprostol group, and 7.24±0.04 in the oxytocin and misoprostol group. And lactate valie was 5.8 in the control group, 7.5 in the oxytocin group, 9.87 in the misoprostol group, 8.7 in the combined group. Conclusions Compared to the group that did not use labor-inducing drugs, the mean pH of umbilical cord blood and lactate level were higher or statistically significant in the 3 groups that used labor-inducing drugs, indicating that birth-inducing drugs affect the umbilical cord blood parameters.

“Tanjur” is the greatest sutra written on thick Chinese muutuu paper with red nature dust paint size 22,7 x 71,8 cm and has 107839 pages. It is the largest collection of ten great and small sciences (philosophy, technology, logic, medicine, philology, astrology, model dance, poetics, Abhidarma, and composition) created by ancient Indian and Tibetan scientists and panditas. The Mongolian dust paint printed Tanjur had been translated from Tibetan into Mongolian by over 200 translators under the supervision of reincarnated Janjaa Rolbiidorj and Shireet Luvsandambiinyam between 1741 and 1742 and had been printed in Beijing between 1742 and 1749.
To print “Mongolian Tanjur” from blocks, 2160.9 ounces of silver were used. The “Mongolian Tanjur” contains 8 Indian Ayurvedic medical books. As a result of this research, we have briefly explained each of the 8 Ayurvedic medical books. Namely:
1. “One Hundred Medical Preparations” composed by Nagarjuna Acharya,
2. “Medical Advice for Longevity” composed by Nagarjuna Acharya,
3. “Ritual Ava Medicine” composed by Nagarjuna Acharya,
4. “Essence of Eight Branches” written by master Vagbhata,
5. “An Explanation of Medical Practices called “The Essence of the Eight Branches” written by master Vagbhata,
6. “A Commentary on the Essence of the Eight Branches called Rays of Moonlight on the Meaning of the Words” written by the Kashmiri Candranandana,
7. “Lexicon of Medical Terms from the Commentary on the Essence of Eight Branches” written by the Kashmiri Candranandana and
8.“A powerful healer to treats all diseases and promotes physical strength” written by Sivadasa.
Ayurveda is perceived as one of the most ancient and well-documented systems of medicine, equally relevant in modern times. Its holistic approach, whether for healthy individuals or diseased ones, remains unparalleled. Prevention of disease and promotion of health are the main objectives of Ayurveda. Ayurveda is an ancient medicine system of the Indian subcontinent. It is said to have originated in India about 5000 years back. The word Ayurveda is a conjugation of two Sanskrit words, “ayus,” meaning “life,” and “Veda,” meaning “science,” thus, it literally means the 'science of life. Unlike other medicinal systems, Ayurveda focuses more on healthy living than the treatment of diseases.

Introduction: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has emerged as a significant public health and economic issue worldwide, affecting both developed and developing countries. Our research has been motivated by the increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa, A.baumannii, and K. pneumonia in recent years. Goal: To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogens isolated from wound infection and to detect its multidrug resistance. Material and Method: Samples were collected from patients with wound infections. Pathogens were identified by using the traditional culture methods and the API system with serotypes determined phenotypically. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the disk diffusion method and the MIC to analyse antibiotic resistance. Results: In the study, among 11,221 recorded cases of wound infections in 2023, bacterial pathogens were detected and identified at the species level in 10,339 cases (92.1%).
For identification results showed that A. baummannii were detected from 138 cases (1.3%), 216 cases (2.08%) of Ps. aeruginosa, 5 cases (0.04%) of B. cepacia, 1,383 cases (13.4%) of Enterobacteriaceae, 205 cases (2.0%) of Enterococcus spp., 8,329 cases (80.5%) of Staphylococcus spp., and 63 cases (0.6%) of Streptococcus spp.
Antibiotic susceptibility of these bacteria was assessed and determined multidrug resistance. We found the followings: For A. baumannii were resistant with MDR in 68 cases (49.3%), MRSA in 4,243 cases (51.1%), MDRSta. aureus in 1,805 cases (29.4%), VRE in 34 cases (16.5%), ESBL in 4.6%, KPC in 26 cases (11.1%), FRNF in 24 cases (11.6%), and CRPA in 13 cases (6.3%). Conclusion
1. Of all wound infections reported in 2023 in 92.1% there were detected pathogenic bacteria, of which S.aureus were in 80.5% and E. coli was in 13.4%
2. 60.7% of the pathogenic bacteria detected in wound infections were multidrug-resistant, with MRSA accounting for 51.1% and MDR A.baumannii accounting for 49.3%, indicating high antimicrobial resistance(AMR).

Falsifiability, according to the philosopher Karl Popper, defines the inherent testability of any scientific hypothesis. Falsifiability is the assertion that for any hypothesis to have credence, it must be inherently disprovable before it can become accepted as a scientific hypothesis or theory. The idea is that no theory is completely correct, but if it can be shown both to be falsifiable and supported with evidence that shows it’s true, it can be accepted as truth. For example, Newton’s Theory of Gravity was accepted as truth for centuries, because objects do not randomly float away from the earth. It appeared to fit the data obtained by experimentation and research but was always subject to testing.
Compare and contrast Popper’s Theory of Falsifiability and Kuhn’s Theory of Paradigms. Popper’s theory of falsifiability and Kuhn’s theory of paradigms have some significant differences, although they both argue for falsification as the general research method for all scientific disciplines. In Kuhn’s view, this is not possible, since any research and knowledge is subjective, it is influenced by the scientist’s paradigm. But here, a scientist can interpret social behavior on a large scale and from within a specific worldview, a way that is not open to Popper. The opportunity to find the truth about social reality comes at the expense of explanatory power.
According to Popper’s Theory of Falsifiability and Kuhn’s Theory of Paradigms, a new paradigm containing progress, and unique opinions can be seen on pages of “The Mongolian Four Medical Tantras” written by Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir, and “Satisfaction for the Readers” or Uzegsdiin Bayasgalan by Jigmeddanzanjamts and “Secrets of Prescription Recipes” or Uvidasyn Dalai by Mindol Jambal. These scholars reflected new concepts that were not specifically clear in the “Four Medical Tantras” such as warm and cold diseases which were the basis to categorize cold and common diseases and treat them differently, and the theoretical and practical understanding of the categorization of infectious diseases, in their book. In order to clarify their paradigm, let’s refer to some historical pages.
Not every scientific progress result in revolution. However, I would like to note that a laggard period with weak mental development is ended by an intellectual outburst. In other words, although in the 17th century Mongols accepted Tibetan medicine within the frame of the “Four Medical Tantras” with recognition and a common scientific mind, later in the 18th century they thought beyond the box of the “Four Medical Tantras” and created the opportunity to develop a new paradigm. This shift made a valuable contribution to the establishment of, in the broader sense, Mongolian medicine and, in the smaller sense, Traditional Mongolian Medicine.