Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(anti-VEGF)therapy has been widely used, but the variability in its therapeutic efficacy limits individualized treatment. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence(AI)has opened up new avenues for personalized treatment response prediction, and its core branches include machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL). This review systematically retrieved and analyzed 41 relevant studies published up to April 2025. Comprehensive analysis reveals that AI predictive models are evolving from forecasting single endpoints(such as visual acuity or central retinal thickness)to integrating multi-dimensional endpoints(encompassing anatomical, functional, and treatment demand parameters)and generating predictive imaging outputs. In terms of technical approaches, DL models(28 studies, accounting for 68.3%)dominate this field due to their robust image interpretation capabilities, while ML models(10 studies, 24.4%)retain significant value in the analysis of structured clinical data. Cross-disease comparisons indicate that research efforts are most concentrated on age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)and diabetic macular edema(DME), with shared conceptual frameworks for model construction, yet distinct anatomical and functional indicators are prioritized for each disease. Currently, the field confronts several key challenges, including insufficient prospective clinical validation, limited model interpretability(the “black box problem”), and a scarcity of high-quality multi-center datasets. Moving forward, it is imperative to advance real-world validation and develop explainable AI techniques to expedite the clinical translation of these predictive models.

Objective To explore the genetic mutation characteristics, clinical manifestations, and treatment outcomes of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), and to construct a quantitative scoring system for the severity of CPVT. The correlation between the mutations in different structural domains of the RyR2 gene and clinical manifestations and prognosis was analyzed. Methods By searching the PubMed and Web of Science databases for CPVT-related case reports published up to December 2024, data such as patient age, clinical manifestations, gene mutation sites, and treatment responses were collected. The quality of the literature was assessed using the CARE guidelines. The χ2 test was used to compare the severity and treatment response differences among different RyR2 structural domain mutation groups, and an innovative quantitative scoring system based on symptoms and efficacy was established. Results A total of 80 articles were included, with 102 patients in total. The quality of the literature was reliable. The age of the patients ranged from 1 to 84 years, with a higher proportion of children under 10 years old (25.5%). Female patients (54.9%) outnumbered males (45.1%). For CPVT patients, a quantitative scoring system was developed, with a total score of 2 to 10 points. Among them, 2 to 4 points were classified as mild, 5 to 7 points as moderate, and 8 to 10 points as severe. The results showed that severe patients often had a history of cardiac arrest and were resistant to treatment. Out of the 102 CPVT patients, RyR2 gene mutations accounted for 53.9% (55/102) of patients. Among them, the proportion of severe patients with N-terminal structural domain mutations was significantly higher than other regions, indicating that the RyR2 gene mutation structural domain has a significant impact on the severity of CPVT (χ2=17.530, P=0.008). The proportion of patients with mutations in the central hinge region who were ineffective with β-blockers reached 42.9% (3/7), which was significantly higher than other regions. Left cardiac sympathectomy was performed in 24 cases, and postoperative symptoms were almost completely controlled, significantly better than the drug treatment group.Conclusion Mutations in the N-terminal structural domain of the RyR2 gene are significantly correlated with the severity of CPVT. Left cardiac sympathectomy has gradually become an effective intervention for refractory cases. The scoring system proposed in this study can provide a basis for clinical stratified treatment. In the future, there is a need to expand the sample size to verify mutation-specific treatment strategies.

To evaluate the design and implementation effects of the "Rapid Recognition and Management of Critically Ill Patients" course, and to provide a reference for the improvement of situational simulation teaching in emergency and critical care settings.

Objective To explore the feasibility,effectiveness,and safety of balloon catheter-assisted total hepatic vascular exclusion.Methods We designed and manufactured an endovascular catheter with three lumens and double balloons,which can be inserted into the retrahepatic inferior vena cava through the femoral vein.The superior and inferior vena cava of the liver can be blocked by filling balloon,and the total hepatic vascular exclusion was achieved by combining with pringle method.In animal experiments,total hepatic vascular exclusion was performed by balloon catheter-assist method(experimental group)or traditional methods(control group),and the complete time was compared between the two groups.Blood flow blocking effect was observed by angiography and incision of retrahepatic inferior vena cava under direct vision.The complications were recorded.Results Total hepatic vascular exclusion was successfully completed in both groups.The completion time in the experimental group was significantly shorter than that in the control group([12.5±1.2]min vs.[35.8±4.9]min,P<0.05).CT angiography,DSA,and direct vision of blood vessels all confirmed the effectiveness of balloon catheter-assisted hepatic blood flow exclusion.No catheter displacement,balloon rupture,or air embolism occurred.Conclusion The balloon catheter-assisted hepatic total vascular exclusion is simpler and more feasible than traditional method.

Objective To investigate the pathogenesis of high-altitude cerebral edema(HACE)and develop new therapeutic strategies.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats of 6 weeks old were selected and placed in a hypobaric chamber.The rats were exposed to the high-altitude environment of 7000 m above sea level for 3 days for HACE modeling.Whether the HACE model was successfully established in the rats was evaluated by measuring brain water content,the degree of disruption to the blood-brain barrier(BBB),and brain tissue Nissl staining.The experimental animals were divided into four groups,with 28 rats in each group.The blank control group was exposed to a normobaric and normoxic environment simulating the conditions at 500 m above sea level for 3 d.The other groups,including a model group(the HACE group),a bumetanide group(the positive control group),and a XH-6003 treatment group,were placed at an altitude of 7 000 m above sea level and were injected with normal saline,bumetanide,and XH-6003,a new type of Na-K-2C1 cotransporter 1(NKCC1)inhibitor,via the tail vein,respectively,twice daily for 3 d.The experimental animals were taken out of the hypobaric chamber for testing after 3 d.The primary outcome measures included brain water content,BBB permeability,changes in brain tissue morphology,and the expression levels of aquaporin-4(AQP4)and NKCC1.The secondary outcome measures included behavioral changes,apoptosis,and oxidative stress markers.Results The HACE rat model was successfully established.The model group exhibited increased brain water content(P＜0.0001),BBB disruption(P＜0.0001),impairment in learning skills and memory(P＜0.001),and anxiety/depression-like behaviors(P＜0.01).qPCR results showed significantly increased expression of NKCC1 and AQP4 in the brain tissue of the model group(P＜0.01).Pathology examination revealed neuronal and glial cell damage in the hippocampus of the model group(P＜0.01).Treatment with XH-6003,the NKCC1 inhibitor,reversed brain water content,BBB disruption,and neuronal and glial cell damage to a certain degree(P＜0.05),decreased the expression of NKCC1 and AQP4 in the brain tissue(P＜0.01),and inhibited apoptosis-related proteins.Among the oxidative stress indices,only glutathione(GSH)showed improvement(P＜0.001).Rats treated with XH-6003 showed functional improvement only in the time spent exploring novel objects,while other behavioral outcomes remained unchanged.Conclusion HACE is associated with the activation of the NKCC1/AQP4 pathway.Inhibition of this pathway alleviates brain edema,BBB disruption,and neuronal and glial cell damage.These findings suggest that XH-6003 holds potential as a therapeutic strategy for HACE at the cellular and molecular levels,but its effects in improving HACE-related behavioral disorders warrant further investigation.

Objective To test the longitudinal mediating mechanism of kinesophobia between family functioning and exercise adherence in elderly patients with postoperative adjacent vertebral re-fracture after osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture(OVCF).Methods Convenience sampling method was used to admit to the Department of Orthopaedics of a tertiary hospital in Xuzhou City with adjacent vertebral re-fracture after OVCF were conveniently selected as the survey subjects,and longitudinal investigation was conducted using the APGAR,Functional Exercise Adherence Scale,and TSK Scale.Unconditional potential growth model,structural equation and Bootstrap method were used for statistical analysis.Results A total of 232 valid questionnaires were collected.Longitudinal mediation modeling revealed that the intercept of family functioning significantly negatively predicted the intercept of kinesophobia(β=-0.456,P＜0.001)and the slope of family functioning significantly negatively predicted the slope of kinesophobia(β=-0.962,P＜0.001).The intercept for kinesophobia significantly negatively predicted the intercept for exercise adherence(β=-0.623,P＜0.001)and significantly negatively predicted the slope for exercise adherence(β=-0.354,P=0.013).Conclusion The initial level and rate of development of kinesophobia play a fully longitudinal mediating role in the development of family functioning on exercise adherence.Medical professionals should assess and manage patients'family functioning and kinesophobia in a timely manner,and rationally utilize their interrelationships to improve the level of exercise adherence as much as possible.

Objective:To report the nationwide surveillance results of pathogenic profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Gram-positive bloodstream infections in China in 2023.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-posttive bacteria from blood cultures were collected in member hospitals of National Bloodstream Infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）during January to December 2023. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the dilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. Statistical analyses were conducted using WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software.Results:A total of 4 385 Gram-positive bacterial isolates were obtained from 60 participating center. The top five pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus（ n=1 544，35.2%），coagulase-negative Staphylococci（ n=1 441，32.9%）， Enterococcus faecium（ n=574，13.1%）， Enterococcus faecalis（ n=385，8.8%），and α-hemolytic Streptococci（ n=187，4.3%）. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus（MRSA）and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci（MRCNS）was 26.2%（405/1 544）and 69.8%（1 006/1 441），respectively. Notably，all Staphylococci remained susceptible to glycopeptide or daptomycin. Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated excellent susceptibility（>97.0%）to cephalobiol，rifampicin，trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole，linezolid，minocycline，tigecycline，and eravacycline. No Enterococcus exhibiting resistance to linezolid were detected. Glycopeptide resistance was uncommon but more frequent in Enterococcus faecium（resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin：both 1.7%）compared to Enterococcus faecalis（both 0.3%）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS exhibited significant regional variations across the country（ χ2=17.674 and 148.650，respectively，both P<0.001）. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci were detected in central China. Institutional comparison demonstrated higher prevalence of MRSA（ χ2=14.111， P<0.001）and MRCNS（ χ2=4.828， P=0.028）in provincial hospitals than that in municipal hospitals. Socioeconomic analysis identified elevated detection rates of both MRSA（ χ2=18.986， P<0.001）and MRCNS（ χ2=4.477， P=0.034）in less developed regions（per capita GDP

Objective:To report the results of bacterial resistant investigation collaborative system（BRICS）on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2023，and provide reference for clinical tretment of bloodstream infections and prevention and control of bacterial resistance.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of BRICS were collected during January 2023 to December 2023. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period，11 492 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 60 hospitals，of which 10 098（87.9%）were Enterobacterales and 1 394（12.1%）were non-fermentative bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli（50.0%）， Klebsiella pneumoniae（26.1%）， Pseudomonas aeruginosa（5.1%）， Acinetobacter baumannii complex（5.0%）and Enterobacter cloacae complex（4.1%）. The ESBL-producing rates in Escherichia coli， Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirablilis were 46.8%（2 685/5 741），18.3%（549/2 999）and 44.0%（77/175），respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli（CREC）and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）were 1.3%（76/5 741）and 15.0%（450/2 999）；32.9%（25/76）and 78.0%（351/450）of CREC and CRKP were sensitive to ceftazidime/avibactam combination，respectively. 94.7%（72/76）and 90.2%（406/450）of CREC and CRKP were sensitive to aztreonam/avibactam combination. Furthermore，57.9%（44/76）and 79.1%（356/450）were sensitive to imipenem/relebactam combination. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CRAB）complex was 64.6%（370/573），while more than 80.0% of CRAB complex was sensitive to tigecycline，eravacycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（CRPA）was 17.0%（99/581）. There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of important Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions in China，with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CREC，CRKP，CRPA and CRAB complex（ χ2=10.6，28.6，10.8 and 19.3， P<0.05）. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli， CREC，CRAB complex and CRKP were higher in provincial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=12.5，9.8，12.7 and 57.8，all P<0.01）. Conclusions:Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogens causing bloodstream infections in China，and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top，while the trend of Klebsiella pneumoniae increases continuously with time. CRKP infection shows a slow upward trend，CREC infecton maintains a low prevalence level，and CRAB complex infection continues to exhibit a high prevalence rate. The composition and resistance patterns of pathogens causing bloodstream infections vary to some extent across different regions and levels of hospitals in China.

Due to the immaturity of visualization and quantitative analysis methods,the utilization rate of level 3 characteristics is seriously insufficient.In this work,based on the wet-membrane method and scanning electrochemical microscopy(SECM),and the introduction of conductive black ink to enhance the visualization effect,a systematic level 3 feature quantitative method was developed.Firstly,the feasibility and effect of the multi-level characteristics extraction strategy of latent fingerprints was investigated.Then,the influences of various deposition conditions on the level 3 features were explored.The results showed that the higher the deposition pressure,the wider the ridges,and the smaller the pore size.Moreover,excessive oil content could cause the pore size to be smaller and even been covered.Subsequently,the quantitative method was established from various pore characteristics such as pore number,pore activity,pore size,pore-to-pore distance and pore-to-pore angle.The stability of the level 3 features(pore number,pore-to-pore distance and pore-to-pore angle)was confirmed via repeated experiments on the same fingerprint region.After stability test,the recognition ability of three indicators was investigated for different fingerprints,verifying the uniqueness of pore-to-pore distance and pore-to-pore angle.Finally,a multiple recognition strategy was proposed that combined frequency distribution fitting curves for pore-to-pore distance and angle with other level 3 details,and was successfully applied to incomplete fingerprint recognition.This ink-enhanced optical and electrochemical extraction method and quantitative analysis provided a new path for fingerprint recognition.

Objective:This study aims to explore the characteristics of body temperature(BT)of the elderly population in China and the relationship with health status.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study.The data were derived from the China Health and Nutrition Study(CHNS)in 2015.A total of 4 176 elderly people over 60 years old were enrolled for analysis(1968 males, and 2208 females). The participants were divided into three groups according to their BT values: hypothermia group(BT<36.5℃), moderate BT group(36.5℃≤BT<37.0℃), and hyperthermia group(37.0℃≤BT<37.5℃). The differences in health status among each group were compared based on the disease conditions(four-week prevalence rate)in the past four weeks.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the relationships between BT and the four-week prevalence rate.Results:Among the elderly population included in the analysis, the average age was 68.4 ± 6.9 years(ranging from 60 to 99 years). The average BT of the elderly was 36.40 ± 0.37℃(males: 36.42 ± 0.37℃; females: 36.38 ± 0.37℃).3 348 study subjects were aged between 60-74 years old, while 828 study subjects were aged between75-99 years old.The older the age, the lower the body temperature.Of the participants, 2 212(53.0%)elderly people belonged to the hypothermia group, 1 656(39.6%)belonged to the moderate BT group, and 308(7.4%)belonged to the hyperthemia group.Among 4 176 elderly people, a total of 1368 had suffered from disease in the past four weeks(31.3%)The four-week prevalence rates of each group were as follows: the hypothermia group(33.1%), the moderate BT group(29.8%); hyperthemia group(26.6%)( χ2=8.403, P=0.015). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that for every 1℃ increases in BT among the elderly, the four-week prevalence rate decreased by 22%( OR=0.78, 95% CI=0.65-0.94, P=0.01). Conclusions:The BT of the elderly is generally lower than the current standard, and the lower the BT, the higher the four-week prevalence rate.Raising the BT of the elderly may help them improve their physical condition.