Objective:To investigate the methods and skills required for the safe and swift removal of primary or secondary sacral tumors located between the second (inclusive) and fourth sacral vertebrae.Methods:The clinical images, pathology reports, surgical procedures, operation durations, intraoperative bleeding volumes, and postoperative functional follow-up data of 26 patients undergoing sacral tumor resection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Hospital between May 2020 and February 2025 were retrospectively examined. Additionally, the safety measures for sacral tumor resection and techniques for expedited specimen removal were evaluated.Results:According to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, all 26 patients presented with sacral tumors located between the second (inclusive) and fourth sacral vertebrae. Specifically, 9 patients were diagnosed with primary sacral tumors, pathologically confirmed as chordomas, while 17 patients had secondary sacral tumors. Among the secondary tumor cases, 12 were attributed to recurrent rectal cancer invading the sacrum, and 5 were due to malignant teratomas invading the sacrum. The 26 patients underwent a treatment strategy that began with managing the relationship between the internal iliac artery, vein branches, and the tumor, followed by the resection of the sacrum. During surgery, the bilateral sciatic foramina were accurately positioned, and the presacral fascia was dissected subsequent to the fracture of the sacrum. Among the 26 patients, 9 underwent sacral tumor resection directly through the posterior sacral approach. The average operation time for these patients was (71.1±4.9) minutes, with average blood loss of (186.7±72.8) milliliters. On the other hand, 17 patients underwent sacral tumor resection by transitioning from the supine position to the prone knife position through a combined abdominal and sacral approach. The average operation time for this group was (213.5±19.3) minutes, with average blood loss of (480.0±93.0) milliliters, significantly longer than that of the posterior sacral approach. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 48 months, with a median of 20 months, ending on March 31, 2025. During this time, 26 patients achieved autonomous defecation with the aid of medication. None of the patients reported any functional movement disorders or pain in their lower limbs. It was observed that two out of the 26 patients developed distant metastasis, while the remaining 24 patients survived without any tumors.Conclusion:By pretreated the relationship between the internal iliac vessels and sacral tumors prior to resecting sacral tumors, utilizing the approach of initially fracturing the sacrum followed by rupturing the presacral fascia, the tumor can be entirely eliminated, resulting in a brief surgical procedure, reduced intraoperative bleeding, and minimal postoperative complications.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder characterized by long-term low mood, anhedonia, and may even lead to suicidal behavior. The development and progression of MDD involves a range of pathological alterations in the central nervous system, including dysfunction of synaptic transmission, hyper-activation of neuroinflammation, and diminished neurogenesis. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is highly expressed in brain regions associated with depression, and can regulate physiological activities such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and synaptic transmission efficacy. Hence, the TRPV1 channel should be implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and be considered as a promising candidate for antidepressant treatment. This paper provides an overview of the structure and function of TRPV1 channel, with a focus on elucidating the potential mechanism of action of TRPV1 channel in depression, and explores its research trajectory and development prospects in the context of depression therapy.

Depressive disorder is a kind of mental disorder characterized by persistent and significant depressed mood, with complex etiology and high recurrence rate. At present, more precise and effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are still required. Increasing evidence suggests that hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and related pathways are involved in regulating the development and recovery of depression. HIF-1 enhances neuroplasticity, mitigates neuroinflammatory responses, alleviates oxidative stress, and modulates brain energy metabolism by influencing specific molecules associated with depression. This paper reviews pertinent domestic and international studies, examine the potential mechanisms of HIF-1 in the pathogenesis and progression of depression, and explore antidepressant treatment strategies targeting the HIF-1 signaling pathway. This article provides novel insights into elucidating the pathogenesis of depression and developing innovative therapeutic approaches.

Depressive disorder is a kind of mental disorder characterized by persistent and significant depressed mood, with complex etiology and high recurrence rate. At present, more precise and effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are still required. Increasing evidence suggests that hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and related pathways are involved in regulating the development and recovery of depression. HIF-1 enhances neuroplasticity, mitigates neuroinflammatory responses, alleviates oxidative stress, and modulates brain energy metabolism by influencing specific molecules associated with depression. This paper reviews pertinent domestic and international studies, examine the potential mechanisms of HIF-1 in the pathogenesis and progression of depression, and explore antidepressant treatment strategies targeting the HIF-1 signaling pathway. This article provides novel insights into elucidating the pathogenesis of depression and developing innovative therapeutic approaches.

Objective:To investigate the methods and skills required for the safe and swift removal of primary or secondary sacral tumors located between the second (inclusive) and fourth sacral vertebrae.Methods:The clinical images, pathology reports, surgical procedures, operation durations, intraoperative bleeding volumes, and postoperative functional follow-up data of 26 patients undergoing sacral tumor resection at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Hospital between May 2020 and February 2025 were retrospectively examined. Additionally, the safety measures for sacral tumor resection and techniques for expedited specimen removal were evaluated.Results:According to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, all 26 patients presented with sacral tumors located between the second (inclusive) and fourth sacral vertebrae. Specifically, 9 patients were diagnosed with primary sacral tumors, pathologically confirmed as chordomas, while 17 patients had secondary sacral tumors. Among the secondary tumor cases, 12 were attributed to recurrent rectal cancer invading the sacrum, and 5 were due to malignant teratomas invading the sacrum. The 26 patients underwent a treatment strategy that began with managing the relationship between the internal iliac artery, vein branches, and the tumor, followed by the resection of the sacrum. During surgery, the bilateral sciatic foramina were accurately positioned, and the presacral fascia was dissected subsequent to the fracture of the sacrum. Among the 26 patients, 9 underwent sacral tumor resection directly through the posterior sacral approach. The average operation time for these patients was (71.1±4.9) minutes, with average blood loss of (186.7±72.8) milliliters. On the other hand, 17 patients underwent sacral tumor resection by transitioning from the supine position to the prone knife position through a combined abdominal and sacral approach. The average operation time for this group was (213.5±19.3) minutes, with average blood loss of (480.0±93.0) milliliters, significantly longer than that of the posterior sacral approach. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 48 months, with a median of 20 months, ending on March 31, 2025. During this time, 26 patients achieved autonomous defecation with the aid of medication. None of the patients reported any functional movement disorders or pain in their lower limbs. It was observed that two out of the 26 patients developed distant metastasis, while the remaining 24 patients survived without any tumors.Conclusion:By pretreated the relationship between the internal iliac vessels and sacral tumors prior to resecting sacral tumors, utilizing the approach of initially fracturing the sacrum followed by rupturing the presacral fascia, the tumor can be entirely eliminated, resulting in a brief surgical procedure, reduced intraoperative bleeding, and minimal postoperative complications.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder characterized by long-term low mood, anhedonia, and may even lead to suicidal behavior. The development and progression of MDD involves a range of pathological alterations in the central nervous system, including dysfunction of synaptic transmission, hyper-activation of neuroinflammation, and diminished neurogenesis. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is highly expressed in brain regions associated with depression, and can regulate physiological activities such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and synaptic transmission efficacy. Hence, the TRPV1 channel should be implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and be considered as a promising candidate for antidepressant treatment. This paper provides an overview of the structure and function of TRPV1 channel, with a focus on elucidating the potential mechanism of action of TRPV1 channel in depression, and explores its research trajectory and development prospects in the context of depression therapy.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of stereotactic surgery in patients with refractory mental disorders.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed; clinical data, postoperative complications and medication intake of 149 patients with refractory mental disorders accepted stereotactic surgery in Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital, Wuhan University from August 2019 to December 2023 were collected. Outcomes were assessed at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery by Clinical Global Impression-Global Improvement (CGI-GI). Before and 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery, severities were assessed by Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-SI); cognition was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); positive and negative symptoms were evaluated by Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS); psychotic symptoms were evaluated by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90); obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and manic symptoms were assessed by Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), respectively; social functioning and quality of survival were evaluated by Social Disability Screening Schedule (SDSS) and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref Form (WHOQOL-BREF).Results:(1) Increased sleep was noted in 47 patients and fatigue in 38 patients within 1 week after surgery. Behavioral laziness and emotional apathy were still presented at 1 month after surgery in 6 patients, and complications disappeared in the rest patients. Mildly reduced initiative was presented at 12 months after surgery in 5 patients. (2) CGI-GI indicated that 149 patients were followed up 1 month after surgery with an overall efficiency of 85.90%; 135 patients were followed up at 6 months after surgery with an overall efficiency of 83.21%, 106 patients were followed up at 12 months after surgery with an overall efficiency of 79.24%, and 63 patients were followed up at 24 months after surgery with an overall efficiency of 80.95%. (3) Compared with those before surgery, significantly lower BPRS scores, significantly lower PANSS positive, negative, and overall scores, statistically lower BAI, BDI-II, YMRS, and MOAS scores, significantly lower Y-BOCS obsessional thinking, compulsive behavior and total scores, significantly higher WHOQOL-BREF (physical and psychological domains) scores, and significantly lower SDSS and SCL-90 scores were noted in patients at 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery ( P<0.05). (4) At 12 months after surgery, withdrawal drug was noted in 13 patients, reduced drug in 38, same dose in 52, and increased drug in 2 patients. Conclusion:Stereotactic surgery can obviously improve obsession, anxiety, depression, mania and aggression, and modify social functioning and quality of survival in patients with refractory mental disorders, enjoying good safety.

Objective To explore the causal relationship between inflammatory protein markers and the risk of colorectal cancer using a Mendelian randomization(MR)approach.Methods We obtained data pertaining to colorectal cancer from Genome-Wide Association Study(GWAS)datasets and used 91 inflammatory protein markers as the exposure variables.A two-sample MR analysis model was used to assess the causal link between the inflammatory markers and colorectal cancer risk.The robustness of the results was evaluated through heterogeneity,pleiotropy,and sensitivity analyses using 5 MR models:Inverse Variance Weighted(IVW),Weighted Median,MR Egger,Simple Mode,and Weighted Mode.We examined the mRNA expressions of PD-L1,AXIN1,and β-NGF using RT-qPCR in 86 untreated patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma admitted in Nanfang Hospital between December,2021 and December 2023,and analyzed their correlation with the clinical characteristics of the patients.Results Using the IVW model,MR analysis revealed significant causal associations between a reduced risk of colorectal cancer and lowered expressions of AXIN1(OR=0.866,95%CI:0.754-0.994,P=0.040),β-NGF(OR=0.914,95%CI:0.843-0.990,P=0.028;OR=0.884,95%CI:0.784-0.998,P=0.047 using Weighted Median model),and PD-L1(OR=0.903,95%CI:0.824-0.989,P=0.028).No significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy was observed,indicating good stability of the results.Sensitivity analysis confirmed the reliability of the findings.The clinical study demonstrated a significant correlation between PD-L1 expression and TNM staging,particularly in stage IV patients(P=0.007).AXIN1 and β-NGF expression levels were significantly correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation,and their expressions were higher in poorly differentiated samples(P<0.001).Conclusion Lowered expressions of inflammatory protein markers AXIN1,β-NGF,and PD-L1 are causally correlated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer and their expression levels are associated with TNM staging and tumor differentiation.These markers may thus serve as potential targets for colorectal cancer treatment and prevention.

Objective To explore the causal relationship between inflammatory protein markers and the risk of colorectal cancer using a Mendelian randomization(MR)approach.Methods We obtained data pertaining to colorectal cancer from Genome-Wide Association Study(GWAS)datasets and used 91 inflammatory protein markers as the exposure variables.A two-sample MR analysis model was used to assess the causal link between the inflammatory markers and colorectal cancer risk.The robustness of the results was evaluated through heterogeneity,pleiotropy,and sensitivity analyses using 5 MR models:Inverse Variance Weighted(IVW),Weighted Median,MR Egger,Simple Mode,and Weighted Mode.We examined the mRNA expressions of PD-L1,AXIN1,and β-NGF using RT-qPCR in 86 untreated patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma admitted in Nanfang Hospital between December,2021 and December 2023,and analyzed their correlation with the clinical characteristics of the patients.Results Using the IVW model,MR analysis revealed significant causal associations between a reduced risk of colorectal cancer and lowered expressions of AXIN1(OR=0.866,95%CI:0.754-0.994,P=0.040),β-NGF(OR=0.914,95%CI:0.843-0.990,P=0.028;OR=0.884,95%CI:0.784-0.998,P=0.047 using Weighted Median model),and PD-L1(OR=0.903,95%CI:0.824-0.989,P=0.028).No significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy was observed,indicating good stability of the results.Sensitivity analysis confirmed the reliability of the findings.The clinical study demonstrated a significant correlation between PD-L1 expression and TNM staging,particularly in stage IV patients(P=0.007).AXIN1 and β-NGF expression levels were significantly correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation,and their expressions were higher in poorly differentiated samples(P<0.001).Conclusion Lowered expressions of inflammatory protein markers AXIN1,β-NGF,and PD-L1 are causally correlated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer and their expression levels are associated with TNM staging and tumor differentiation.These markers may thus serve as potential targets for colorectal cancer treatment and prevention.

Depression is a common debilitating disorder affecting over 300 million individuals worldwide, emphasizing the pressing need to develop novel treatment targets for this disorder. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely elucidated, and the currently available antidepressant treatments are suboptimal in terms of their efficacy and delayed onset of action. Thus, identifying and exploring new therapeutic avenues is of paramount importance. Recent clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that numerous bitter taste receptor type 2 members (Tas2Rs) agonists, including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, caffeine, humulones, and berberine, can significantly alleviate depressive symptoms in both human patients and animal models of depression. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of Tas2Rs agonists remain largely unknown. Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence suggests that Tas2Rs agonists may modulate various signaling pathways and systems including neurotransmission, inflammation, brain-gut axis, and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, all of which are believed to be implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential mechanisms of Tas2Rs agonists in depression, It synthesizes current evidence regarding its involvement in neurotransmission, inflammation, brain-gut communication, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier function, and other relevant pathways. This review will not only provide a valuable foundation for future research on the therapeutic potential of Tas2Rs agonists for depressive disorders but also offer new insights into the understanding of the pathophysiology of depression and the development of novel treatment strategies for this disorder.