Background: According to a study by US scientists, 1/3 percent of the world’s population uses tobacco, and the use of tobacco has steadily decreased over the years, while the use of tobacco-like products, including electronic cigarettes, has increased rapidly. In order to combat this problem, it is necessary to assess the knowledge about e-cigarettes among young people, who are considered to be the main users of e-cigarettes. The lack of research on e-cigarettes is the basis for this study. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge of electronic cigarettes among Nursing students of the School of Nursing. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by randomly selecting 128 first-year Bachelor of Nursing students from the School of Nursing and taking a questionnaire. The results of the research were statistically processed using the IBM statistics SPSS-25.0 program. Results: Considering the age of the students in the study, 18 years old (41.4%), 19 years old (46.9%), and 20 years old (11.7%) were included. Regarding gender, 113 (88.3%) were female and 15 (11.7%) were male. 65 (50.8%) of the students are enrolled from Ulaanbaatar city, 63 (49.2%) from the local area. When assessing knowledge about electronic cigarettes, 100 (78.1%) had knowledge and 28 (21.9%) had no knowledge. Among students who smoke, 34 (87.2%) smoke e-cigarettes and 5 (12.8%) smoke cigarettes. Sex, where you started, and who you live with are irrelevant to e-cigarette use. But the smoking status is that 32 (36.0%) smoke by themselves with someone in the family who smokes, 7 (17.9%) smoke by themselves without a smoker in the family, friends smoke e-cigarettes 37 (34.3%) smoke by themselves, friends 2 (10%) are related to self-attractors who do not attract friends. (p=0.022) who the participants live with is the motivation for smoking. 36% of students who live with their parents smoke, while 64% of students who live apart from their parents smoke. 84.4% of respondents do not know that e-cigarettes contain propylene glycol, 15.6% do, 63.3% do not know that electronic cigarettes contain benzene, and 36.7% do. Conclusion The level of knowledge about electronic cigarettes among nursing students was insufficient. In addition, having family members or friends who smoke was found to influence students smoking behavior.

Background: Reconstruction of mandibular and maxillary defects resulting from malignant tumors has remained a complex challenge in recent years. Defects caused by tumors—as well as trauma, inflammatory diseases, and congenital anomalies—lead to impaired essential functions such as mastication, swallowing, and speech. Prior to the 1950s, reconstruction of maxillofacial hard tissue was not commonly performed. Instead, metal plates were used to reestablish bony continuity, and surrounding tissues were utilized to close soft tissue defects, without effectively restoring function. With modern advances in three-dimensional (3D) virtual planning, it is now possible to accurately plan free bone flaps for reconstructing jaw defects. During surgery, manually bending reconstruction plates to fit donor bone precisely is often not feasible. Preoperative 3D planning allows for precise fabrication of surgical guides and fixation plates, improving accuracy and significantly reducing operative time. Additionally, incorporating dental implant planning into the reconstruction process facilitates restoration of both structural and functional outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the outcomes of mandibular defect reconstruction using scapular free flaps in Mongolia and explore potential approaches to optimize the technique. Materials and Methods: This was a case study series. Data from reconstructive surgeries performed at the National Cancer Center of Mongolia, Central Dental Hospital, and the Mongolia-Japan Hospital were collected. Variables included patient age and sex, etiology of the mandibular defect, size of the scapular bone segment, operative time, ischemia time of the free flap, number of vascular anastomoses performed, and pedicle length. For 3D planning, CT scans of the patient's head and lower limb (slice thickness <1 cm) were used to generate 3D models via the 3D Slicer software. Cutting guides for the mandible and scapula (ASIGA), as well as the reconstruction models (AMS), were printed using a 3D printer. Results: A total of 400 free flap reconstructions were performed during the study period. Of these, 29 cases involved reconstruction of mandibular defects using scapular free flaps. The mean age of patients was 40.0 ± 18.3 years, with 52% (15 patients) being female. The etiologies of the defects included malignant tumors (13 cases, 45%), benign tumors (6 cases, 21%), and pre-existing defects (10 cases, 34%). In one case, tumor resection and mandibular reconstruction were performed using 3D planning. The total operative time was 9 hours and 30 minutes, and the ischemia time was 2 hours and 40 minutes. Conclusion Between 2012 and 2025, a total of 29 mandibular reconstructions using scapular free flaps were performed in Mongolia. Traditional reconstruction methods were associated with prolonged ischemia time. The use of 3D surgical planning has shown potential in significantly reducing ischemia time and improving surgical outcomes.

Background: The craniofacial region is one of the most frequently injured parts of the human body, with mandibular fractures being the most common type of facial skeletal injury. The leading causes of mandibular fractures include traffic accidents, falls, interpersonal violence, and sports-related injuries. In Mongolia, mandibular fractures are prevalent, with a higher incidence among males. However, to date, no national-level analysis of mandibular fractures has been conducted. This study aims to comprehensively examine mandibular fractures in Mongolia by identifying demographic factors and causes of injury. Aim: To determine the incidence and causes of mandibular fractures recorded in Mongolia over the past ten years. Materials and Methods: This study collected data on mandibular fractures recorded in the Health Development Center of Mongolia between 2014 and 2023. Cases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code S02.6. Information on patient age, gender, and hospital diagnosis was collected, along with the cause of injury, classified according to ICD-10 codes. Patient age was categorized based on the classification system of the National Statistics Office. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.00 software, employing the chi-square test for data analysis. Results: During the study period, a total of 2,872 patients were diagnosed with mandibular fractures, with the highest incidence occurring in the 20-40 age group. The average patient age was 31.1±12 years. Males were 5.6 times more likely to sustain mandibular fractures compared to females. The primary causes of injury were interpersonal violence (42%), mechanical trauma (17%), falls (16%), and traffic accidents (15%). Conclusion Between 2014 and 2023, 2,872 cases of mandibular fractures were recorded in Mongolia, with the majority occurring in individuals aged 20-40 years. The leading causes of mandibular fractures were interpersonal violence, mechanical trauma, falls, and traffic accidents. Specialized trauma care services were accessed differently in urban and rural areas.

: We report a case of a 1-year-6-month old baby presenting with classic clinical of Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare congenital disorder. Early identification and multidisciplinary management are critical to improving outcomes. Case presentation: Patient U is a 1.5-year old male. Due to his inability to breastfeed for the first day after birth, diagnostic tests were initiated. He was dependent on tube feeding for over two months. At 9 months, the child was able to hold their head up and began sitting independently around 11 months. His eyes are slightly slanted, the bridge of his nose is narrow, the upper lip is thin, and the corners of his mouth are downturned.The skin soft texture. Muscle tone is noted to be weak. The size of the arms and feet is small. Additionally, the neck is of short stature. Cytogenetic Analysis: November 2023. The analysis identified a microdeletion in the 15q11-q13 chromosomal region. He was discharged from the hospital upon demonstrating the ability to suck effectively, achieving consistent weight gain, and having his sucking and swallowing activities adequately controlled. Discussion and Conclusion Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder resulting from the non-expression of a gene located on chromosome 15 at the 15q11.2–q13 region. The prevalence of corresponding to an approximate global total of 350,000 to 400,000 cases. The sex ratio is equivalent at 1:1. In the initial year of life (0–1 year), affected infants commonly present with muscle weakness, difficulties in feeding, reduced sucking capabilities, absence of crying or vomiting, diminished motor activity, poor muscle strength, and low weight. For individuals aged 1 to 10 years, symptoms encompass increased appetite, obesity, delays in speech and psychomotor development, a long facial structure, narrow forehead, downturned mouth and eyes, small hands and feet, along with other distinctive facial features. In adolescence and adulthood, prevalent symptoms may include behavioral changes, irritability, uncontrolled eating habits, diabetes, and depression. From infancy onward, holistic care may include nutritional interventions (such as tube feeding and specialized diets), strategies for heat retention, enhancement of sucking abilities. Cardiovascular and respiratory monitoring, weight management, physical activity support, health education for families and caregivers, growth hormone therapy, psychological counseling, sex hormone replacement therapy, and assistance with movement, psychomotor skills, cognitive and intellectual development, alongside speech therapy. Timely diagnosis, integrated multidisciplinary care, and proactive family involvement have the potential to markedly enhance the quality of life for affected individuals.

Background: To prevent and combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Mongolia has implemented measures such as movement and time restrictions, social distancing and isolation, closure of schools, kindergartens and public places, immunization, and others. It has caused adverse consequences for people, social relations, and the economy, causing health, social, economic, and humanitarian crises. Not only does this situation, medical students, as frontline healthcare workers, are more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccines against COVID-19 have been researched quickly due to the pandemic and are being used under emergency use authorization. In our country the approach of mixing vaccine doses from different manufacturers was used (fractional doses). Therefore, there is no study on the exposure of medical students to the COVID-19 infection and the adverse effects after receiving a dose of a heterologous vaccine. Objective: To study the exposure to the COVID-19 infection and vaccination status of medical students. Methods: The survey was conducted from November 2023 to December 2023 using a cross-sectional study design, and 170 students who study at ASUSU and live in the dormitory were included. Results: A total of 170 students participated in the study. 55.9% (n=95) of them were in the first year, 22.4% (n=38) were in the second year, 10% (n=17) were in the third year, 7.6% (n=13) were in the fourth year, 2.4% (n=4) were from the 5th year and 1.8% (n=3) were from the 6th year students. 88.2% (n=150) of students were female and 11.8% (n=20) were male. In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. Among them, 50% of the students were infected from family members, 16.7% from the school environment, and 15.2% did not know about the source of infection. 76.2% of the respondents were diagnosed with COVID-19 in a medical institution, and forty-one students answered that they were treated at the hospital. 83% of the cases were treated at home and were cured within 14 days. In contrast, 93.8% of the hospitalized students were treated within four months to 1 year. The current study demonstrates neurological, respiratory, sensory, cardiovascular, psychiatric, digestive, and dermatological symptoms were in 37.6%, 24.1%, 27.6%, 17.6%, 11.8%, 11.2%, and 10% of the students who participated in the study, respectively. For a year or more, symptoms of all organ systems were present, but neurological symptoms appeared to be the highest. 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine, 3.5% (n=6) did not receive the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects and 65% (n=106) had no side effects. Conclusion In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. According to the current study, symptoms related to the nervous system was the most prevalent and 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects.

Background: Numerous studies among the western population have been demonstrated that the intolerance of uncertainty can cause mental disorders such as OCD, anxiety disorder major depressive disorder. The lack of research in this field among the eastern population, especially the Mongolians, is the basis of our study. Material and Methods The study was designed as a cross-sectional study with a self-report questionnaire and conducted between December 5th and February 5th of 2022. The Intolerance of Uncertainty scale (IUS-12) is for measuring intolerance of uncertainty, Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) were used to measuring mental health among study participants. The present study was undertaken following ethical approval from the MNUMS scientific research ethics committee (approval number: 2021/3-06). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. Purpose: The current study was aimed to explore the impact of intolerance of uncertainty on students’ mental health. Results: Total of 3137 students (2440 Chinese, 697 Mongolian), 65.7% of them were female students participated in the current study. The mean score of IUS-12 was 33.53±7.72 among Chinese students, while 38.65±8.48 among Mongolians. This reveals the statistically significant (p=0.003) difference intolerance level between Chinese and Mongolian students. Moreover, Chinese students were less depressed and less anxious than Mongolian students. The anxiety and depression level was directly impacted by the influence of intolerance of uncertainty. Conclusion Chinese students are more tolerant toward uncertainties than Mongolian students. The intolerance of uncertainty causes depression and anxiety, regardless of nationality.

BACKGROUND. The Dahl Concept refers to the relative axial tooth movement that is observed when a localized restorations are placed in supra-occlusion in dental hard tissue worn anterior area and posterior full arch occlusal contacts re-establishes over a period of time irrespective of age and gender. The literature reports that the objectives of the Dahl concept are achieved in the majority of cases (94%-100%). Some minor and transient adverse events, such as initial difficulty with mastication could develop. If dental arch is crowded and some of the teeth are pushed away, they tends to be pushed more even they were visually aligned by a heavy preparation under the ceramic restorations such as crowns and veneers. To avoid these costly and teeth-harmful treatment options for patients with anterior crowding and who wants straighter and beautiful looking teeth, we use a conservative approach of Align+Bleach+Bonding technique. MATEREALS AND METHOD. For tooth alignment we used Inman Aligner, Clear Aligner and Clear Smile Braces (fixed ceramic braces with super elastic Ni-Ti wires) or their combination. After short orthodontics a Dahl concept was applied to improve patients’ functional occlusion and anterior guidance. A “free-hand” and “no-any-drill” composite restoration technique was used to restore worn anterior teeth. For proper orthodontic diagnosis, assessment and treatment planning Spacewise analysis and Digital Caliper measurement were performed using models, their digital scans and intra/extraoral photos. We use Inman Orthodontic Lab in Florida for Inman Aligner fabrication and IAS Laboratory in London for Clear smile braces set up. Clear aligners (Scheu Dental, Germany) are planned and fabricated at the Digital Dental Office’s Clear Aligner certified laboratory. All treatments are start only after thorough diagnostic analysis, case discussion and acceptance from technical experts and orthodontists from UK, USA and Germany and acceptance of planned results from the patients. A course of home bleaching was then performed followed by resin bonding of anterior teeth edges to stabilize anterior guidance. RESULTS. More than 200 cases of upper and lower anterior crowding have been treated in comparably short period of time. From those we are introducing 3 different cases which were treated using above mentioned three appliances as an example. Average orthodontic treatment lasted 8-16 weeks depending on degree of crowding and type of appliances used. The arch crowding were less than 4 mm in all of them. No any teeth were extracted. After orthodontic treatment patients had double retentions (fixed+clear retainers). Dahl concept was performed in patients with anterior attrition and few patients experienced minor difficulty with chewing for their first week only. To control results of molar extrusion we measured space between occlusal surfaces of opposing molars in the SAM 3 articulator positioned in the centric relation. CONCLUSION. In order to get a long term proper stability of dento-facial function with a bonus of beautiful smile the concept of keeping own teeth and its structure became essential in cosmetic and restorative dentistry. The good thing of Dahl technique is its simplicity if it is done properly and its cost effectiveness. And as it was described the edge bonding itself could be a permanent retainer which prevents a future relapse in ortho-aligned teeth. Moreover patients were highly satisfied due to fast alignment, opportunity of keeping their teeth untouched and getting aesthetically pleasant result with a stable function.

65 Non-bacterial originated tooth wear is a normal process which occurs throughout lif. If the rate of loss is likely to prejudice the survival of the teeth, or is a source of concern to the patient, then it may be considered ‘pathological’. Robb reported that the prevalence of pathological loss of tooth tissue in patients less than 26 years of age was greater than in many older age groups. Tooth surface loss was classified into 4 groups: attrition, erosion, abfraction and abrasion. To find the prevalence of four different types of tooth wear among patients visited Digital Dental Office, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and investigate their dental attrition severity. Methods: From total of patients visited Digital Dental Office clinic between September 2016 and September 2017 adults aged 16-62 who was found with any type of tooth wear were explored by 4 types. Those patients with attrition were chosen and severity was determined by Bardsley’s simplified tooth wear index (TWI). There were total of 5432 patients examined and treated during this period of time. From them total of 1002 patients aged 16-62 presented some degree of tooth hard tissue wear/dental attrition. Most of the patients were with combination of 4 types of tooth wear: attrition, abrasion, abfraction and erosion. Attrition (At) was found in 68 patients which was only 6.7%, Abrasion (Ab) in14 people-1.3%, Abfraction (Abf) in 4-0.3%, Erosion (Er) in 2 -0.1% alone. The combination of these types of tooth hard tissue was dominant. At+ab+abf+er in 59 patients of total 1002 (5.8%). At+ab+er in 58 (5.7%). Ab+abf in 29 (2.8%). At+er in 25 patients (2.4%). Er+ab in 27 (2,6%). At+abf+er in 264 people (26.3%). At+abf in 452 (45.1%), which was the most prevalent combination. Dental attrition severity in these 1002 patients were shown as following: -0-0- No loss of contour. -1-229 people (22.8%) - Loos of enamel surface characteristics. Minimal loss of contour. -2- 505 people (50.3 %) - Loss of enamel exposing dentine for less than one third of surface.Loss of enamel just exposing dentine. Defect less than 1 mm deep. -3- 211 people (21 %) - Loss of enamel exposing dentine for more than one third of surface.Loss of enamel and substantial loss of dentine. Defect less than 1-2 mm deep. -4-57 people (5.6%) - Complete enamel loss - pulp exposure - secondary dentin exposure.Pulp exposure or exposure of secondary dentine. Defect more than 2mm deep - pulp exposure - secondary dentine exposure. In this descriptive study showed patients with some degree of tooth wear were around 19% from total patients visited during 1 year of period. Four types of tooth hard tissue wear shown as a different combination, very low percentage was in these types alone. Most of the attrition patients were with mild to moderate degree of enamel loss. This kind of study should be continued to explore harmful dentofacial change

Background : Low triglycerides and cholesterol was associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Chronic HCV infection is the main cause of liver injury and it may influence to serum lipid levels. We aimed to evaluate the effect of antiviral treatment on the change of lipid profiles during interferon-based anti-HCV treatment. Material and Methods : Totally 863 patients who completed the interferon-based antiviral therapy in Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital were included in this present study. The lipid profile measured and assessed in the baseline of the treatment and after 6 months of completion of the treatment. Results : The most of the patients (81.2%) were achieved sustained virological response (SVR) by antiviral therapy. There was no significant difference between baseline triglycerides (TG) levels in the SVR group and non SVR groups. The TG levels at 6 months after completion of the treatment was significantly elevated in SVR group (102.9±57.0 mg/dL, p=0.0001) but did not elevated in non SVR group (94.5±45.6 mg/dL, p=0.690) compared with baseline TG levels.
After adjusting patients by four indexes for fibrosis (FIB4) in cut-off point 3.25, serum TG levels significantly increased in low FIB4 group (103.2±57.9 mg/dL, p=0.0001) but not in high FIB4 group (98.1±49.6 mg/dL, p=0.095) after 6 months end of the treatment. Serum TG level was increased greater in patients who had low FIB4 score and patients who achieved SVR (baseline 89.1±34.8 mg/dL; 6 months after treatment 104.3±59.3 mg/dL, paired T test p=0.0001). Conclusion The eradication of HCV is the main cause of the increase of lipids after Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin treatment.
However advanced fibrosis also has an effect in increase of TG after the treatment.

In pathopsychology, one branch of mental analysis, recently we are using qualitative analyzing methods for mental phenomena. But improvement of professional methods of study, generalization of the new computer based technology, children’s psychology assessment and many other problems are becoming an urgent issue in this field.Our study involved 45 children from orphanage and the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) computer based questionnaire is used to measure the personality characteristics of orphan children. Spielberg-Hanin test is used to reveal anxiety. Study is analyzed by SPSS program.In total, 45 children (age from 9 to 18), 22 boys and 23 girls participated in our survey. 8.9% of them measured as a high intelligence, 91.1% measured as a lower and an average intelligence. Interestingly, 60% of children were good at controlling their emotions and behavior. Thus 55.6%had symptoms of flexible mind, imagining and probability of affect illness. Having more stress is due to introverted preference and self-blaming, also a feeling of self-blaming is due to not being bold. 51.1% of them assessed that they have dependent, emulative personality and submissive behavior which was very considerably. The anxiety of condition was high in 34.1% of children andlow in 12.2% of them, thus anxiety of individual was high in 36.6% and low in 7.3% of children. Therefore, it’s essential to help orphan children and consider reducing anxiety and improving their self-independence.