Endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)plays a crucial role in determining the fate and function of cells,and its functional imbalance is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases.Varicocele(VC),a common cause of male infertility,leads to an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species(ROS),inducing oxidative stress damage and apoptosis of germ cells,which is the core mechanism of VC-induced infertility.This disease is also closely related to ERS.This article reviews the research progress of ERS in VC-related reproductive dysfunction,specifically covering the molecular mechanisms of ERS,the damage to testicular and epididymal reproductive function caused by ERS,the interaction between ERS and the functions of mitochondria and other organelles,as well as the research progress of related intervention strategies.By ana-lyzing the results of existing studies,it provides references for in-depth exploration of the mechanism of ERS in VC-induced re-productive disorders and the development of precise treatment plans.

Objective:This study was to explore the behavioral and electroencephalographic characteristics of impaired cognitive flexibility in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with comorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder(OCPD).Methods:A cross-sectional study was designed to collect data prospectively from OCD patients who visited the psychology departments at two top-tier hospitals in Changsha between September 2019 and December 2021. The study included 31 patients with OCD+OCPD(18 males, 13 females; aged 15-46 (22.8±8.4) years) and 39 patients with OCD only(25 males, 14 females; aged 15-34 (21.6±4.2) years). Additionally, 32 age-matched healthy controls(HC: 18 males, 14 females; aged 18-25 (20.8±1.7) years). All participants completed the Task-Switching paradigm while behaioral and event-related potentials(ERPs) were recorded simultaneously. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the group differences in behavioral and ERP data(electrode sites: FZ, FCZ, CZ, PZ; ERP components: amplitude and latency of P2, N2, and P3).Results:The reaction times in both the comorbid and OCD groups were significantly longer than those in the healthy control group ((1 182±287) ms and (1 119±194) ms vs. (886±95) ms; F=18.48, both P<0.001). Accuracy rates in the comorbid and OCD groups were also significantly lower than in the healthy control group ((77±14)% and (77±13)% vs. (84±7)%; F=4.00, both P<0.05). In the task-switching condition, the N2 latency at the CZ electrode was significantly shorter in the comorbid and OCD groups compared to the healthy control group ((290±22) ms and (291±29) ms vs. (308±27) ms; F=3.81, both P<0.05). Furthermore, at the FZ and FCZ electrodes, the N2 latency in the comorbid group was significantly shorter in the switching task compared to the repetition task. Conclusion:OCD patients with comorbid OCPD show more severe cognitive flexibility impairments and display abnormal electrophysiological patterns.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)plays a crucial role in determining the fate and function of cells,and its functional imbalance is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases.Varicocele(VC),a common cause of male infertility,leads to an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species(ROS),inducing oxidative stress damage and apoptosis of germ cells,which is the core mechanism of VC-induced infertility.This disease is also closely related to ERS.This article reviews the research progress of ERS in VC-related reproductive dysfunction,specifically covering the molecular mechanisms of ERS,the damage to testicular and epididymal reproductive function caused by ERS,the interaction between ERS and the functions of mitochondria and other organelles,as well as the research progress of related intervention strategies.By ana-lyzing the results of existing studies,it provides references for in-depth exploration of the mechanism of ERS in VC-induced re-productive disorders and the development of precise treatment plans.

Objective:This study was to explore the behavioral and electroencephalographic characteristics of impaired cognitive flexibility in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with comorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder(OCPD).Methods:A cross-sectional study was designed to collect data prospectively from OCD patients who visited the psychology departments at two top-tier hospitals in Changsha between September 2019 and December 2021. The study included 31 patients with OCD+OCPD(18 males, 13 females; aged 15-46 (22.8±8.4) years) and 39 patients with OCD only(25 males, 14 females; aged 15-34 (21.6±4.2) years). Additionally, 32 age-matched healthy controls(HC: 18 males, 14 females; aged 18-25 (20.8±1.7) years). All participants completed the Task-Switching paradigm while behaioral and event-related potentials(ERPs) were recorded simultaneously. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the group differences in behavioral and ERP data(electrode sites: FZ, FCZ, CZ, PZ; ERP components: amplitude and latency of P2, N2, and P3).Results:The reaction times in both the comorbid and OCD groups were significantly longer than those in the healthy control group ((1 182±287) ms and (1 119±194) ms vs. (886±95) ms; F=18.48, both P<0.001). Accuracy rates in the comorbid and OCD groups were also significantly lower than in the healthy control group ((77±14)% and (77±13)% vs. (84±7)%; F=4.00, both P<0.05). In the task-switching condition, the N2 latency at the CZ electrode was significantly shorter in the comorbid and OCD groups compared to the healthy control group ((290±22) ms and (291±29) ms vs. (308±27) ms; F=3.81, both P<0.05). Furthermore, at the FZ and FCZ electrodes, the N2 latency in the comorbid group was significantly shorter in the switching task compared to the repetition task. Conclusion:OCD patients with comorbid OCPD show more severe cognitive flexibility impairments and display abnormal electrophysiological patterns.

Objective To discuss the clinical value of interventional treatment for Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome complicated by spinal arteriovenous fistula and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and to report 1 patients with this disease who were successfully treated with interventional treatment. Methods One female children patient with clinically confirmed Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome complicated by spinal arteriovenous fistula and subarachnoid hemorrhage were enrolled in this study, who was underwent the embolization of arteriovenous fistula in the spinal. Results The interventional procedure was successfully accomplished in this case. The patient's clinical symptoms was disappeared gradually. No complications occurred. Conclusion For the treatment of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome complicated by spinal arteriovenous fistula and subarachnoid hemorrhage, interventional management is minimally-invasive, safe and Reliable.

Objective To discuss the application value,safety and feasibility of indwelling guidewire technique in performing mechanical thrombectomy for acute cerebral artery occlusion.Methods The clinical data of 15 patients with acute ischemic stroke,who were treated with mechanical thromnectomy at authors' hospital during the period from December 2015 to February 2016,were retrospectively analyzed.The diseases included middle cerebral artery occlusion (n=6),internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery occlusion (n=5) and vertebral basilar artery occlusion (n=4).Indwelling guide-wire technique was adopted to quickly and accurately determine the vascular occlusion characteristics,then,endovascular mechanical thrombectomy was carried out.Results By using indwelling guide-wire technique,the occlusive features of the diseased arteries were successfully and precisely determined.Immediate recanalization of the occluded artery was obtained in 13 patients (87％).The blood flow classification score after thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) reached 3 points in 10 patients and 2b points in 5 patients.In 2 patients,the vascular recanalization procedure failed because the thrombus load was large,the length of occluded segment was long,and the effect of mechanical thromnectomy was poor.According to American National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS),the evaluation score was improved from preoperative (19.2±7.0) to postoperative (6.3±3.6),the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Three months after the treatment,the score measured by modified Rankin scale(mRS) was ≤2 points in 10 patients.Conclusion Mechanical thrombectomy is safe and effective for the treatment of acute cerebral artery occlusion.The indwelling guide-wire technique can safely,conveniently,quickly and accurately determine the characteristics of the occluded blood vessels,which is very helpful in assisting surgical manipulation,reducing procedure-related complications,and improving vascular recanalization rate.(J Intervent Radiol,2017,26:202-205)

Objective To investigate the clinical features,pathogenesis and treatment of intracranial hemorrhage occurring after carotid artery stenting (CAS) angioplasty.Methods The clinical data and imaging materials of 5 patients with carotid artery stenosis,who were admitted to authors' hospital during the period from January 2008 to January 2017 to receive CAS and developed intracranial hemorrhage after CAS,were retrospectively analyzed.Results Of the 513 patients with carotid artery stenosis who received CAS angioplasty,5 patients (0.97％) developed intracranial hemorrhage,which was confirmed by postoperative cranial CT and/or DSA.The 5 patients included 3 males and 2 females,with an average age of (71.4±5.0) years.The stenosis rate of carotid artery ranged from 90％ to 99％.The intracranial hemorrhage occurred during CAS procedure or within 10 days after CAS.DSA examination demonstrated moyamoya vessels at ipsilateral basal ganglia region in one patient and perforating artery bleeding in another patient.Conservative medication was employed in 3 patients,one of them recovered well and the other two died.Two patients received hematoma puncture drainage and developed hemiplegia.Conclusion The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage after CAS is very low,but intracranial hemorrhage carries higher mortality and morbidity.Clinically,there are a lot of causes that can induce intracranial hemorrhage.Sufficient preoperative assessing and screening of the risk factors are helpful for reducing the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage.Once intracranial hemorrhage after CAS occurs,active measures,including control of blood pressure,drug sedation,discontinuation of anticoagulant,reduction or discontinuation of antiplatelet drugs and surgical intervention,can improve the survival rate of patients.

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of using 6 F guiding catheter to perform the carotid artery stenting (CAS) via transradial approach (TRA). Methods A retrospective analysis of 28 cases with carotid atherosclerotic stenosis who were using 6 F guiding catheter to perform the CAS via TRA, and the preoperative assessment confirmed that some of whom were difficult to operate via femoral artery, or couldn't tolerate the lying in bed after the operation, and the others were failure to perform via femoral artery. The atherosclerotic carotid stenosis lesion of 9 cases were located in the left internal carotid artery (ICA), and the other 19 cases were in the right ICA. All the patients were performed via the right radial artery approach, a 6 F guiding catheter was used to super-select the target vessel, implanted the distal protection device, then underwent balloon angioplasty and stent implantation. We observed and recorded that whether the guiding catheters were in the right places, the success rate of stent implantation, the incidence of radial artery spasm and the puncture site bleeding. The postoperative pulse and occlusion of radial artery, and the occurrence of cardio-cerebrovascular complications during perioperative period were also observed. The fluoroscopy time of surgery ray were also recorded, and compared with corresponding 30 cases who were performed CAS via the tranfemoral approach (TFA) by t test. Results The guiding catheters were in the right places and stenting success of all the 28 cases. There was no significant difference in the fluoroscopy time between TRA and TFA group [(8.6 ± 1.4) min vs. (9.0 ± 2.1) min,t=-0.717,P=0.477)]. Two cases appeared radial artery spasm after puncture, and 1 case experienced puncture site bleeding at 8 h after the operation. After examined the radial artery by color doppler ultrasound at 1 week after the operation, we found that blood flow of 27 cases were patency, but another 1 was slowed down, which was restored at 3 months follow up. None of the cases occurred cerebrovascular events in the present research. Conclusion Transradial approach for CAS using 6 F guiding catheter is safe and technically feasible.

Objective To compare the perioperative complications of prophylactic use of three antiplatelet strategies in unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated by stent assisted coiling. Methods A total of 203 consecutive patients were brought into this retrospective study including the following three groups:the loading group (n=54), with a loading dose of 300 mg to 600 mg clopidogrel at 2 h to 24h before the stenting; tirofiban group (n=50), a loading dosage of tirofiban (8 μg/kg/min over 3 min) followed by a 0.1μg/kg/min maintenance dosage; dual antiplatelet group (n=99), dual oral antiplatelet drugs (clopidogrel 75 mg + aspirin 100 mg) pretreated for 3-5 days before the operation. Events of hemorrhage and thromboembolism were recorded and the complications were compared to assess the safety and efficacy of various antiplatelet strategies. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used for categorical variables. Results The hemorrhagic rates were 11.1% in loading group, 2.0% in dual antiplatelet group, and 0% in tirofiban group, respectively, while the thromboembolic rates were 7.4% in loading group, 4.0% in dual antiplatelet group, and 0% in tirofiban group, respectively. For total complications, significant difference (P<0.05) existed among the three groups, and the complication rate in loading group was significantly higher than that of the dual group (P=0.016) and tirofiban group (P=0.001), while there was no significant difference between tirofiban group and dual antiplatelet group(P>0.05). The hemorrhagic rate in loading group was significantly higher than that of the dual group (P=0.023) and tirofiban group (P=0.027), while there was no significant difference between tirofiban group and dual antiplatelet group (P>0.05). In subgroup analysis of the loading group, the postoperative thromboembolic rate was significantly higher in those exposed to low molecular weight heparin than those not (P=0.039) with no increase of hemorrhagic events (P>0.05). Conclusions When compared with the dual antiplatelet strategy, tirofiban strategy may be used as a new prophylactic protocol in unruptured intracranial aneurysms treated by stent assisted coiling. Those treated by low molecular weight heparin postoperatively after receiving dual antiplatelet therapy may increase the hemorrhagic risk, although there was a significant decrease in thromboembolic events postoperatively.

Objective To explore the application value of L VIS stetu in interventional treatment of intracranial wide-necked small aneurysms,and evaluate its safety and effectiveness.Methods A total of 11 patients with intracranial wide-necked small aneurysms,admitted to and received LVIS stent-assisted coil embolization in our hospital trom November 2014 to June 2015,were chosen in our study.Their clinical data and treatment effects were retrospectively analyzed.Results All operations were successful in 11 patients;11 LVIS stents were deployed;Raymond classification right after the surgery hinted grade Ⅰ in 4 aneurysms,grade Ⅱ in 5 aneurysms,and grade in in 2 aneurysms.There were 2 patients enjoying suboptimal opening ofLVIS stents.Raymond classification 6 months after the surgery hinted grade Ⅰ in 8 aneurysms and grade Ⅱ in one aneurysm.Modified Rankin scale 6 months after the surgery indicated that 10 patients had 0 point and one patient had 2 points.Conclusion The LVIS stent is safe and effective for treatment of intracranial wide-necked small aneurysms;short-term effect is good;the technique requirements of stetu releases are relatively high and require more attention of clinicians.